关于土壤中“化学定时炸弹”及其触爆因素的探讨

运用目前环境科学研究中较为流行的“化学定时炸弹”的概念,详细分析了我国土壤中可能的“化学定时炸弹”。认为土壤中存在着地带性和泛地带性的“化学定时炸弹”,地带性的包括土壤盐渍化、土壤酸化等;泛地带性的包括施肥造成的、工业污染造成的及特殊成土作用形成的“化学定时炸弹”。同时,探讨了导致土壤中这些“化学定时炸弹”内在和外在的可能触爆因素。提出了今后开展该领域宏观和微观研究的方向和建议。     

可持续发展能力“资产负债表”理论解析

论述了制订区域可持续发展能力“资产负债表”的意义。从可持续发展系统学研究方向,对区域可持续发展能力作了系统解析。提出了制订区域可持续发展能力“资产负债表”的基本原理与基本方法,进一步设计了区域可持续发展能力“资产”与“负债”的计量方法。“资产负债表”的制定为开展区域“发展质量”精确评判奠定了坚实的理论基础。     

地质考古学

关于术语“地质考古学”“地质考古学”这一术语是由CollinRenfrew于1975年提出的,指所有应用于考古学研究的地质方法,与早年考古工作中涉及到生物方面研究时所用的术语“生物考古学”非常类似。RolandPaepe几乎在同时引进了“考古地质学”这一术语,指考古地点的地质     

地球科学“十五”优先资助领域

简要阐述了地球科学“十五”优先资助领域,对它的战略目标和遴选原则作了介绍。指出了“十五”优先资助领域各分支学科重点研究领域的形成和强化的积极导向作用,并对它的实施提出了几点建议。     

李希霍芬和“中亚人与环境”

德国地质、地理学家李希霍芬(Ferdinandvon Richthofen,1833年5月5日～1905年10月6日)是外国地质学家中,对早期中国地质学有重要贡献的一位学者。他对中国黄土成因的风成学说,不仅广为人知,而且影响深远,直至今天。1933年5月5日在他诞辰100周年的时候,德国举行了“李希霍芬日”;中国地质学会举行了纪念活动,在会上,翁文灏和斯文·赫定^[1,2]根据当时的科学进展,对李希霍芬在中国的地质、地理工作做了总结性的论述。2005年10月6日在他逝世100周年之际,德国将举行以“中亚人与环境”为主题的国际科学讨论会。这是从当代的科学进展出发重新认识李希霍芬的一次具有时代意义的     

新编世界地图的“双经双纬”学术思想

传统世界地图于明朝万历十二年(1584年)由西方传教士在广东肇庆绘制,并从此传入我国,距今已有400多年的历史。我国地处东、北半球,但是,我国现行的世界地图适用于表达中国与东半球的地理关系,却不适用于表达中国与北半球的地理关系;而国际上通行的传统世界地图适用于表达东、西半球的地理关系,其投影方法采用经线分割地球仪,是一种“经向世界地图”。与“经向世界地图”对应的是“纬向世界地图”,其投影方法采用纬线分割地球仪,适用于表达南、北半球的地理关系。为了准确和完整地表达中国与东、西、南、北半球的地理关系,项目组于2000-2002年提出并成功实施了“双经双纬”的设计方案：新编世界地图一套四种,“东半球版”和“西半球版”为“经向世界地图”,“北半球版”和“南半球版”为“纬向世界地图”。 在“新编世界地图”之前,国际上通行的“传统世界地图”有两种：一种是以东经150°为中央经线的太平洋格局的世界地图,我国现行的世界地图就是这种模式,另一种是以0°经线为中央经线的大西洋格局的世界地图。这两种传统世界地图以不同经线为中央经线,沿着经线方向切割地球仪,就如同将苹果纵向切开,故可称为“经向世界地图”。“经向世界地图”适用于表达东、西半球的地理关系,但却不适用于表达南、北半球的地理关系。例如,南极大陆的实际面积为澳大利亚面积的1.8倍,但在“经向世界地图”上,南极大陆的图形面积却为澳大利亚图形面积的3.8倍;再如,2002年9月中国国际航空公司开通北京经北极直飞纽约的航线,这条北极航线在“经向世界地图”上无法直观标注。 新编世界地图包含了以上两种“经向世界地图”,同时创编了两种“纬向世界地图”。“纬向世界地图”以不同纬线为中央纬线,沿纬线方向切割地球仪,如同将苹果横向切开,适用于表达南、北半球的地理关系。 新编世界地图的“东半球版”是以东经150°为中央经线的太平洋格局的世界地图,“西半球版”是以0°经线为中央经线的大西洋格局的世界地图,“北半球版”是以北纬60°为中央纬线的北冰洋格局的世界地图,“南半球版”是以南纬15°为中央纬线的印度洋格局的世界地图。 新编世界地图的“经向世界地图”与“纬向世界地图”互为补充,扬长避短,克服了数学投影所带来的不可抗拒的局限性。在“纬向世界地图”上,南极大陆恢复了原有的面积和形状,北京经北极直飞纽约的航线可直观标注。所以,“新编世界地图”具有不同视角的“全球化功能”和不同内容的“专题化功能”两大基本功能：以东、西、南、北四种视角,从经度、纬度两个方向,准确地将世界地理和中国与世界的地理关系完整地展现在读者面前,能直观地表达航海、时区、航空和南北极科考等专题内容。 新编世界地图已被国家科考采用并由国家图书馆收藏,所提出北斗卫星导航系统的“北扩方案”被国家采纳,为国防建设做出了重大贡献。 经国家有关部门批准,新编世界地图中的“南半球版”(大全开,1∶3 100万竖版《世界(知识)地图》)已于2014年由湖南地图出版社出版。     

“西康系”的时代问题

1930年譚錫畴和李春昱在四川西部(原西康省)进行地貭調查吋,曾将康定以西的一套黑灰色板岩、頁岩和砂岩,以及綠灰色板岩和砂岩的地层命名为“西康系”,并在雅江以西地区采得植物化石。化石多为Podozamites,故将“西康系”与香溪煤系对比,并将它划归侏罗紀(見譚錫畴、李春昱,1959:四川西康地貭志)。黄汲清在1945年所著的“中国主要地貭构造单位”一书中,曾列举了五点証据,否定“西康系”为侏罗紀地层,并认为主要属古生代。在1955年所出的“康藏路线地貭图”中,将“西康系”地层另命名为“札科系”,将其时代定为二迭紀。1958年甘孜地貭队将它划为石炭二迭紀,另外亦有人将它定为石炭紀。总之,这套地层的时代,长期以來是爭論不休的。     

从反“理论风”看“四人帮”形而上学猖獗——批驳姚文元的“基础的基础”论

一九七二年以来,自然科学领域刮起了一股反“理论风”的妖风,其矛头直接对准伟大领袖毛主席和敬爱的周总理。这股妖风的风源,盖出于王张江姚“四人帮”反党集团。一九七二年,毛主席对一位科学家关于加强自然科学基础理论研究和教学的意见,表示了称赞。周总理根据毛主席的革命科技路线,做了重要的指示和部署。“四人帮”心怀叵测,借以发端。     

“泥河湾层”的古地磁学初步研究

自本世纪二十年代以来,中外的地质和古生物学者曾对桑干河谷两岸出露的所谓“泥河湾层”进行过不少工作。1954年我国地质界正式提出把“泥河湾层”划归早更新世,从此“泥河湾层”就成为我国华北地区这一时期的标准地层。     

电法勘探中“双极-偶极”装置的某些特点

本文通过对球体上ρ_s与η_s异常及观测信号的理论计算,阐明了“双极-偶极”装置的异常特征以及“双极- 偶极”较“偶极-偶极”装置在增大观测信号、节约电源方面的主要优点.并由计算提出“临界AB/MN值”的概念,为实际工作中双极距AB的选择提供了理论依据.     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.