华北克拉通南缘潘河~1.5Ga正长岩的厘定及其构造意义

华北克拉通是否曾是Columbia超大陆的组成部分并具有一致的裂解过程一直存在争议,而已知的中元古代非造山岩浆组合集中分布于华北克拉通北缘是引起有关裂解过程争论的重要原因。作者近来在华北克拉通南缘,河南省卢氏县潘河地区,厘定了一组中元古代走向近东西的正长岩脉群。正长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为1469±8Ma(MSWD=1.4)。岩石类型主要为黑云母正长岩,局部有少量霞石正长岩。岩体的SiO2变化于51.3%～65.7%之间,碱含量较高,K2O+Na2O总量8.32%～13.0%,铝含量较高(Al2O3=18.7%～20.0%),为碱性过铝质岩类。岩体轻重稀土分馏较为显著(La/Yb)N=14.5～34.5,具有显著的Eu负异常(δEu=0.2～0.3),强烈富集Rb、Ba、Th等大离子亲石元素和Nb、Ta、Nd、Tb等高场强元素,而Sr、Ti、P、Eu等元素显著亏损。岩石εHf(t)=-14.79～+8.16,Hf模式年龄为2.93～1.74Ga,指示成岩物质主要来源于富集岩石圈地幔的部分熔融并有地壳物质的加入。岩体形成于板内伸展构造环境,这表明华北克拉通的南缘也同时记录了华北克拉通曾经在中元古代发生过大规模的伸展作用,其伸展过程可能与Columbia超大陆的裂解有关。     

河北承德甲山正长岩成因的Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf同位素制约

报道了华北克拉通北缘承德地区甲山正长岩的锆石U-Pb年龄及Hf同位素、主微量元素、Sr-Nd-Pb同位素组成。甲山岩体的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为111~108 Ma,代表岩体的结晶年龄,表明其侵位于早白垩世晚期。岩体高Si O2、K2O+Na2O、Al2O3、LILEs(Rb、K)和LREE,低Fe2O3T、Ca O、Ti O2、Mg O和HFSE,具有板内裂谷岩浆岩的特征,属A型花岗岩。甲山岩体εNd(t)=-5.0~-0.9,tDM2(Nd)=0.98~1.31 Ga;εHf(t)=-2.7~+4.3,tDM2(Hf)=0.90~1.33 Ga;Δ8/4=84.9~91.3,Δ7/4=-6.4~-4.0,(206Pb/204Pb)i=16.63~17.10,(207Pb/204Pb)i=15.24~15.30,(208Pb/204Pb)i=36.54~37.20。根据野外地质观察、实验岩石学以及元素地球化学和Sr-Nd-PbHf同位素示踪的综合分析,认为甲山岩体可能起源于下地壳与亏损地幔的混合源区,是华北克拉通北缘岩石圈强烈减薄、地壳伸展作用的结果。早白垩世甲山岩体形成过程中亏损地幔物质的参与指示了华北克拉通北缘岩石圈减薄和软流圈地幔上涌,记录了陆内伸展环境下与软流圈底侵作用相关的岩浆事件。     

河南舞阳南部张士英岩体的地球化学与成因及其构造意义

张士英岩体岩石类型以石英二长岩、石英正长岩为主。岩体属于准铝质的高钾-钾玄岩系列(Al2O3为14.8%～16.7%,A/CNK=0.77～1.02,K2O/Na2O在1.00～1.43之间),稀土元素总量在261.7～381.0μg/g之间,轻稀土元素相对富集,稀土元素球粒陨石标准化模式呈右倾平滑曲线,(La/Yb)N比值为28～50,具有轻微的Eu负异常,Eu/Eu?比值在0.73～0.87之间。微量元素组成上表现为Sr、Ba、Nb、Ta的亏损,而Th、U相对富集。(87Sr/86Sr)i初始平均值为0.709,εNd(t)值为-13.9～-19.9,Nd的模式年龄为1.48～2.10Ga。岩体锆石LA-ICP-MSU-Pb年龄为(124.2±0.5)Ma,为早白垩世岩浆作用的产物。岩体侵位的区域地质背景为华北克拉通白垩纪大规模岩石圈转型和减薄时期,岩石的微量元素及同位素特征表明,岩体主要来源于下地壳物质的部分熔融,但有年轻地幔物质的加入。反映在区域强烈伸展拉张和岩石圈减薄背景下,软流圈地幔岩浆底侵所造成的下地壳部分熔融及壳幔混合过程。     

东秦岭磨沟碱性岩体年代学、地球化学及岩石成因

河南嵩县磨沟碱性岩体位于华北陆块南缘,其主体岩性为霓辉正长岩,局部出露正长岩和少量似斑状(霓辉)正长岩,发育岩浆暗色包体。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果显示,霓辉正长岩和正长岩成岩年龄分别为210.4±2.0Ma(MSWD=0.39)和237.6±2.9Ma(MSWD=0.95),结合前人研究成果,认为该岩体是中三叠世和晚三叠世两期岩浆活动的产物。岩石地球化学特征显示,霓辉正长岩的σ值为8.93~11.08,K2O含量为10.70%~13.76%,K2O/Na2O值为3.87~10.35,属于过碱性岩石系列的钾质碱性岩;在微量元素组成上,富集轻稀土和大离子亲石元素,亏损高场强元素,具有弱或不明显的负铕异常。在同位素组成上,霓辉正长岩具有偏高的、变化范围很大的(87Sr/86Sr)i值和显著偏低的εNd(t)值;锆石的εHf(t)值变化于-21.6~-4.5之间,两阶段Hf模式年龄为1 555~2 629 Ma。磨沟岩体是由含金云母的富集地幔部分熔融产生的幔源岩浆与壳源岩浆混合并经一定程度的分异演化形成的,岩石中高含量的K来源于这种含金云母的富集地幔。磨沟岩体早期岩浆活动发生于秦岭造山带主碰撞峰期的局部伸展环境,晚期岩浆活动则发生于后碰撞伸展环境。     

燕山地区寿王坟杂岩体锆石U-Pb年代学、Hf同位素和地球化学特征及其地质意义

燕山地区寿王坟杂岩体由石英闪长岩、石英二长岩组成。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学研究表明,石英闪长岩和石英二长岩形成于(128±1) Ma,是早白垩世岩浆活动的产物。对比区域岩浆作用特点显示,研究区岩浆作用与华北克拉通东部大规模岩浆活动时代相近。寿王坟杂岩体富碱(Na2O+K2O含量为8.48%~9.06%(质量分数),属钾玄质系列(K2O 3.87%~4.96%)、准铝质岩石(A/CNK=0.69~0.89,A/NK=1.19~1.35),富集Rb、Ba、Sr等元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Th、P等元素,具高Sr((684~1 018)×10-6)和Ba((1 163~1 506)×10-6)、高Sr/Y(43~102)和La/Yb(31~91)比值、低Y((7.19~16.55)×10-6)和Yb((0.47~1.28)×10-6)、富集LREE、基本无Eu异常等特征。εHf(t)值较低,石英闪长岩εHf(t)=-18.1~-11.1,石英二长岩εHf(t)=-18.6~-13.2。研究认为寿王坟杂岩体主要形成于早白垩世古太平洋板块向欧亚大陆俯冲背景下的伸展环境,来源于古元古代地壳物质的部分熔融,并有不同程度富集地幔的贡献。Sr/Y值与SiO2含量呈正相关表明其不具源区特征,主要是岩浆在侵位过程中富水岩浆分异演化发生角闪石等矿物的结晶分异作用造成的。     

鲁西沂南铜井闪长质岩体锆石U-Pb年龄、元素及同位素地球化学特征

对鲁西沂南铜井岩体的中生代闪长玢岩进行了主量元素、微量及稀土元素、Sr-Nd-Pb同位素以及锆石U-Pb年龄、Hf同位素研究,结果表明,铜井闪长玢岩SiO2含量为54.68%～63.01%,富Na,Na2O/K2O为0.93～4.46,Mg#较高,为55～66,为中钾-高钾钙碱性系列,TiO2含量较低,0.2%～0.71%。样品具有显著的LREE富集[(La/Yb)n=10～15]以及高场强元素Nb、Ta和Ti的负异常,Eu基本无异常,Sr、Ba含量高(分别为241×10-6～711×10-6和554×10-6～822×10-6)的特征。ISr和εNd(t)值分别为0.706473～0.708867和-15.13～-9.18,与鲁西方城玄武岩和前人所研究的沂南辉长岩结果有所差异,显示其源区具有多端员混合特征,除了富集岩石圈地幔外,亏损地幔和地壳物质的贡献也很重要,Pb同位素也显示其源区有扬子克拉通物质的贡献,佐证了华北克拉通中生代富集岩石圈地幔的形成与扬子克拉通的俯冲有关。闪长岩中锆石具有典型的岩浆锆石特征,U-Pb年龄为128～129Ma,锆石εHf(t)值主要在-13～-8(平均值为-10.3)范围内,暗示了岩浆来源于富集岩石圈地幔,但受到亏损地幔物质的混染。沂南铜井闪长玢岩岩浆源区的多元性以及亏损地幔物质参与程度的逐渐增强,说明该地区中生代岩石圈减薄已达到最大,岩浆源区的差异可能也是该地区与胶东地区成矿性差异的主要原因之一。     

粤东新寮岽铜多金属矿区石英闪长岩锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学及Hf同位素组成

新寮岽铜多金属矿是近年来在粤东地区新发现的一个铜矿床。对该矿床中与成矿关系密切的石英闪长岩进行了锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学、Hf同位素研究,以约束其形成时代和岩石成因。测得石英闪长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为161±1Ma(n=25,MSWD=0.57),被解释为岩体的成岩年龄。地球化学数据显示,石英闪长岩具有碱含量中等(Na2O+K2O=3.99%~5.05%),高镁(Mg O=4.53%~4.91%)的特征,属准铝质钙碱性系列。稀土和微量元素特征表明,其富集轻稀土元素和大离子亲石元素(K、Rb、Ba、Th、U),亏损重稀土元素和高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Ti、P),具弱负Eu异常(δEu=0.68~0.76)。电子探针分析结果表明,石英闪长岩中黑云母为镁质黑云母,具环带结构,斜长石为拉长石。锆石Hf同位素分析结果表明,石英闪长岩εHf(t)为-5.8~2.7,tDM2=1.03~1.58Ga。岩石地球化学和锆石Hf同位素组成特征表明,石英闪长岩源区较复杂,为壳幔混合源,可能为俯冲板片部分熔融并与楔形地幔橄榄岩相互作用形成,且岩浆上侵过程中有古老地壳物质的混染。综合岩石地球化学、矿物化学及Hf同位素特征,结合区域构造演化史和前人研究成果,推测岩体形成于俯冲背景下的活动大陆边缘环境。     

华北克拉通东缘金岭杂岩体岩浆源区及构造背景:来自岩相学、岩石地球化学及年代学的证据

金岭杂岩体由细粒黑云角闪闪长岩、中细粒黑云角闪闪长岩、中细粒黑云角闪二长闪长岩和细粒角闪二长闪长岩组成,是鲁西地区典型矽卡岩型富铁矿(金岭铁矿)控矿岩体。本次研究对细粒黑云角闪闪长岩和细粒角闪二长闪长岩进行了锆石LA‐ICP‐MS U‐Pb定年,其结果分别为129.2±3.2 Ma和132.8±1.2 Ma,表明该杂岩体的侵位时代为早白垩世。样品SiO2、K2O和Na2O含量分别介于54.17%~63.73%、1.92%~4.76%和3.10%~5.41%之间,K2O/Na2O为0.58~0.94,A/CNK为0.60~0.93,具有轻稀土富集,重稀土亏损的右倾型稀土配分模式,轻、重稀土分馏程度中等((La/Yb)N=9.94~23.49),Eu异常不明显(δEu=0.84~1.10),具中—弱负Ce异常(δCe=0.56~0.92)。样品以富集大离子亲石元素(Ba、K、U、Pb等)、亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Ti)以及高Sr/Y为特征。金岭杂岩体为燕山晚期岩浆活动产物,属准铝质高钾钙碱性系列,岩浆主要来源于富集岩石圈地幔的部分熔融,并在岩浆上升侵位的过程中有地壳物质的同化混染。燕山晚期华北克拉通在古太平洋板块俯冲后后撤引起的板内伸展环境下,增厚陆壳减薄阶段,岩浆上侵就位形成金岭杂岩体。     

华北克拉通南缘崤山地区后河岩体锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学特征及对区域成矿潜力的启示

后河岩体位于华北克拉通南缘崤山北部,岩体侵位于太古宙太华超群地层中,主要岩性是黑云母石英二长岩和黑云母二长花岗岩。黑云母石英二长岩和黑云母二长花岗岩的锆石U-Pb年龄分别为(131.0±1.8) Ma和(127.3±1.0) Ma。地球化学特征表明二者均具有富钾(K2O/Na2O =1.00~1.51)、过铝(A/CNK =1.12~1.17)、贫镁(Mg#=26~34)的特征,属高钾钙碱性系列的过铝质花岗岩。轻重稀土元素分馏程度较高,富集轻稀土,亏损重稀土,总体富集大离子亲石元素(LILE)而亏损高场强元素(HFSE),Eu异常不明显(δEu=0.84~0.97),(La/Yb)N比值高。Hf同位素特征显示,εHf(t)具有明显的负值(-17.8~-9.5),TDM2主要集中在2.3~1.7 Ga。综上所述,早白垩世后河岩体是华北克拉通南缘加厚下地壳部分熔融的产物,形成于地壳由挤压加厚向伸展减薄转换的阶段。     

江西彭山锡多金属矿集区隐伏花岗岩体的岩石地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学和Hf同位素组成

本文对江西彭山锡多金属矿集区隐伏花岗岩体进行了详细的锆石U-Pb年代学、Hf同位素组成和岩石地球化学研究。SHRIMP和LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年表明,该岩体年龄为128~129Ma,属燕山晚期岩浆活动的产物。详细的地球化学分析显示,彭山隐伏花岗岩体具有高硅(SiO2=75.42%~76.46%)、富碱(Na2O+K2O=7.93%~8.35%,K2O/Na2O=1.32~1.61)的特征,极度贫Mg(普遍MgO=0~0.07%),贫Ca(CaO=0.37%~0.69%),弱过铝质(A/CNK=1.04~1.11),富集Rb、Th、U等大离子亲石元素及Hf、Nb等高场强元素,强烈亏损Sr、Ba、Eu、P、Ti。稀土总量偏低(∑REE=41.18×10-6~85.06×10-6),强烈的Eu负异常(Eu/Eu*=0.05~0.11)。104×Ga/Al比值变化于2.75~4.04,平均值为3.19。这些特征均不同于典型的A型和S型花岗岩。岩石学和地球化学特征指示该岩体可能是一个高分异的I型花岗岩。该花岗岩中锆石εHf(t)值偏高,主要集中在-0.6~-4.5,显示在成岩过程中有地幔组分的参与,属壳幔混源花岗岩,推测该岩体的形成可能与燕山晚期华南岩石圈伸展拉张环境有关。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the