上海地区基坑开挖数值分析中土体 HS-Small模型参数的研究

数值分析方法已成为分析敏感环境下基坑开挖对环境影响的最重要手段,其关键是选择合适的土体本构模型和计算参数。HS-Small模型可以同时考虑土体剪切硬化和压缩硬化,而且还可以考虑土体剪切模量在微小应变范围内随应变衰减的行为,因此,HS-Small模型在基坑开挖数值分析中具有很好的适用性。但HS-Small模型的参数较多,不仅包含了HS模型的参数,还包含了小应变参数,因此,获取完整的HS-Small模型参数存在一定困难。通过上海地区5个基坑开挖数值分析的实例对基于室内试验得出的上海典型土层HS模型参数进行了检验。通过参数的敏感性分析,对HS-Small模型的部分参数的确定方法进行了修正。在此基础上,采用反分析法确定了敏感性最强的小应变参数,从而初步完整地获取了上海典型土层土体HS-Small模型参数。采用文中确定的上海典型土层HS-Small模型参数对该地区若干典型基坑工程实例进行计算,结果表明,计算值与实测值吻合得较好,从而验证了确定的上海典型土层HS-Small模型参数的适用性。     

基于Midas GTS NX土的三种本构模型工程应用实例

有限元软件数值模拟是现在从业人员分析敏感环境下基坑工程的重要手段,选择合适的本构模型是其关键。为了解工程中常用的三种土的本构模型适宜性,运用三维有限元软件Midas GTS NX模拟了某大型深基坑开挖过程,将采用不同本构模型的数值模拟结果与基坑监测结果进行对比,进而分析本构模型的适用性。可为本区类似工程进行有限元数值模拟分析时提供参考和借鉴。     

考虑土体硬化的基坑开挖性状及隆起稳定性分析

基坑开挖过程中,土体应力路径、卸载回弹再压缩特性与简单加载或卸载不同,采用常规的理想弹塑性模型模拟基坑开挖,得到的围护墙位移、坑内土体回弹以及坑外沉降较大。分析了基坑开挖不同区域土体的性状,采用土体硬化模型模拟基坑开挖的卸载与土体硬化行为,结合工程算例,对比土体硬化模型和理想弹塑性模拟以及实测的围护结构土压力、围护墙水平位移和坑外土体沉降,并利用强度折减法分析基坑的稳定性。计算结果表明,考虑土体硬化的HS模型有限元方法能体现土体卸载再加载与开挖的特性,所得土压力、围护结构水平位移以及基坑抗隆起稳定性符合软土地区基坑工程的实践。     

软土本构模型在深基坑环境影响分析中的适用性探讨

基坑降水开挖的环境影响常采用顺序耦合法和全耦合法两种方法进行数值分析,其计算结果的可靠性主要受土本构模型和计算参数选取的影响,对于全耦合分析尤其突出。针对该问题,在系统地比较分析几类常用土体本构模型优缺点的基础上,对某基坑实例在降水开挖作用下引起的基坑周边地面沉降等规律进行分析;通过对比数值计算结果和实测结果,评价了不同本构模型在基坑降水开挖耦合分析中的全耦合数值模拟,分析降水开挖引起的地面沉降、围护结构水平位移适用性。分析结果表明:降水开挖耦合分析中,在重点关注地表沉降值时,应根据关注位置与开挖区边缘的相对距离而选用不同本构模型;关注地面沉降时采用修正剑桥模型较合适,而关注围护结构侧移时采用摩尔—库伦模型更合理。     

模拟深基坑开挖和支护全过程的有限元数值分析

选用Drucker-Prager弹塑性本构关系,建立了模拟深基坑开挖和支护全过程的平面有限元数值分析模型.运用该模型并结合工程实际,对深基坑开挖过程巾边坡土体的应力场和塑性区的分布以及变形进行了分析,找出了影响深基坑变形的主要因素:支护结构的刚度、支护结构入土深度、基坑开挖深度和宽度以及土层强度参数等.     

济南典型地层HSS参数选取及适用性研究

针对济南地区典型地层上的基坑工程,土体采用PLAXIS 3D中的硬化土小应变（HSS）模型,建立了有限元模型,并根据实际监测数据结合位移反分析技术,得到了该典型地层下土体HSS模型参数的一般选取方法。之后简化模型,分别采用土体的HSS模型与Mohr-Coulomb（M-C）模型进行有限元分析,对比基坑开挖至不同深度时,应用两种模型模拟所得挡土墙变形与墙后地表沉降的差异。结果表明：基坑数值分析中,土体采用M-C模型与HSS模型所得结果的差异随基坑挖深增加而增加,且采用HSS模型所得结果更符合深基坑的实际变形。综合考虑采用HSS模型与M-C模型建模时的参数选取难易程度、经济性以及两种模型数值分析的工程适用性,建议基坑开挖超过15 m时,土体采用HSS模型进行数值分析,反之可采用M-C模型。研究结果对指导深基坑支护设计及岩土工程参数的勘察、选取,具有重要参考价值。     

敏感环境下深基坑工程变形控制方法及应用

以南京水游城深基坑工程的地质环境和周边敏感环境为出发点,探讨了该深基坑工程的设计原则、支护结构型式、对周边敏感环境保护和施工变形控制的措施,利用Plaxis软件对深基坑北侧敏感环境的开挖效应进行了数值模拟。结果显示:传统的基坑支护形式仍是深基坑工程变形控制首选方法;周边环境敏感、施工场地狭小的基坑,施工前可对周边敏感建(构)筑物地基进行加固;设计时可在支撑梁上设置材料堆放场地和栈桥,及在基坑内设置挖土操作平台;数值模拟能很好地预测深基坑支护结构和土体在施工过程中的变形;根据场地土体基本性质、周边敏感环境特性,因地制宜,使设计、施工方案更加优化。     

含裂隙岩质深基坑桩锚支护结构变形特征研究

由于开挖量大、施工周期长、施工环境复杂等特点,深基坑工程容易发生施工安全事故。以重庆市某含裂隙岩质深基坑工程为背景,采用有限差分软件FLAC3D建立三维数值模型,模拟了在多层预应力锚索桩板挡墙支护下基坑全开挖过程。基于数值结果分析了基坑开挖过程中土体以及支护结构变形特征。数值计算结果及实测数据表明:(1)受裂隙及邻近建筑的影响,基坑支护结构体系变形以及坑外地表沉降分布具有明显的空间效应;(2)基坑角点处冠梁弯矩随开挖深度的变化规律与基坑中部明显不同;(3)基坑北、南侧中部支护桩的桩身变形呈复合式,东、西侧中部呈悬臂式;(4)采用HS土体本构模型获得的结果与工程实测结果更加符合。地表沉降的数值结果与实测数据较为接近,证实了数值模型的可靠性。研究结果可为类似工程提供参考。     

深基坑开挖与支护模拟仿真分析

运用FLAC3D软件中的Mohr-Coulomb本构模型对北京市某高层住宅楼基坑工程进行了数值模拟分析,对基坑开挖、失稳破坏、边坡支护进行了评价,并对模拟结果与实测结果进行了对比,分析了基坑变形、失稳破坏和支护过程。研究表明,FLAC3D软件中的Mohr-Coulomb本构模型能够方便、准确地模拟基坑开挖、边坡的大位移失稳破坏、边坡的支护过程,其计算结果安全可靠。分析结果也证实了FLAC3D在基坑工程数值模拟方面具有良好的适应性。     

基坑装配式可回收支护和桩锚支护结构的受力与变形分析

基坑支护工程在我国城市化建设过程中具有重要的作用,一些新型支护形式的出现极大丰富了基坑支护的多样性。本文以衡水市现场基坑支护实验工程为背景,工程将装配式可回收支护结构和桩锚支护结构作为研究对象,通过室内土工试验数据确定本构模型参数,利用有限元软件PLAXIS3D建立三维有限元模型,模拟基坑开挖和支护的全过程,并分析基坑土体和支护结构的受力、变形特征。对比相同土体和开挖条件下装配式可回收支护结构和桩锚支护结构的稳定性,结果表明：装配式可回收深基坑支护形式能更好地控制土体隆起变形,更利于限制深层土体的位移,也可以更好地控制坑顶水平位移。装配式支护结构施工简单速度快,且能回收利用,符合我国绿色建筑理念。     

Comparison of two inverse analysis techniques for learning deep excavation response

Performance observation is a necessary part of the design and construction process in geotechnical engineering. For deep urban excavations, empirical and numerical methods are used to predict potential deformations and their impacts on surrounding structures. Two inverse analysis approaches are described and compared for an excavation project in downtown Chicago. The first approach is a parameter optimization approach based on genetic algorithm (GA). GA is a stochastic global search technique for optimizing an objective function with linear or non-linear constraints. The second approach, self-learning simulations (SelfSim), is an inverse analysis technique that combines finite element method, continuously evolving material models, and field measurements. The optimization based on genetic algorithm approach identifies material properties of an existing soil model, and SelfSim approach extracts the underlying soil behavior unconstrained by a specific assumption on soil constitutive behavior. The two inverse analysis approaches capture well lateral wall deflections and maximum surface settlements. The GA optimization approach tends to overpredict surface settlements at some distance from the excavation as it is constrained by a specific form of the material constitutive model (i.e. hardening soil model); while the surface settlements computed using SelfSim approach match the observed ones due to its ability to learn small strain non-linearity of soil implied in the measured settlements.     

锚杆对双排桩结构变形和受力影响分析

采用适用于敏感环境下基坑数值分析的硬化类弹塑性本构模型,针对锚杆对双排桩变形和受力的影响进行数值模拟。分析表明：锚固角度的增加能有效减小双排桩的最大水平位移和后排桩的桩身控制弯矩,但减小幅度随锚固角度增大而减小;在实际设计中,在周边环境允许的条件下,应尽可能增加锚杆与后排桩的夹角。锚固力的增加对双排桩结构的变形控制作用明显,能显著降低桩身最大水平位移,减小幅度也随锚固力的增加而减小;锚固力较大时会增大桩的控制弯矩,使桩的截面或配筋增加;在实际设计中,锚固力不应过大,可随信息化施工对基坑变形进行主动控制。     

Impact of constitutive models on the numerical analysis of underground constructions

The constitutive model frequently used in numerical calculations of tunnel excavation is linear-elastic perfectly plastic with a Mohr–Coulomb (MC) failure criterion. Generally, this leads to shallower and wider surface settlement troughs than those observed experimentally. It is therefore necessary to use adapted constitutive models for the design of underground works. In this paper, three constitutive models are implemented in a two-dimensional simulation of an underground excavation in plane strain: a linear-elastic perfectly plastic model (the MC model), an elastoplastic model with isotropic hardening [the hardening soil (HS) model, Schanz et al., Beyond 2000 in computational geotechnics, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 281–290, 1999] and an extension of this model which implies an evolution of the stiffness modulus in the small-strain range according to the strain level (the HS model with small-strain stiffness “HS-Small”, Benz, Small-strain stiffness of soils and its numerical consequences. Ph.D. thesis, Universitat Stuttgart, 189 pp., 2007). The study is based on the results of drained triaxial compression tests representing an overconsolidated clay (Gasparre, Advanced laboratory characterisation of London clay. Ph.D. thesis, Imperial College London, 598 pp., 2005); and is then applied to a shallow tunnel. The impact of the constitutive model is highlighted as well as the limits of the simplest constitutive model.     

On a multilaminate model for soil incorporating small strain stiffness

In this paper a constitutive model for soils incorporating small strain stiffness formulated in the multilaminate framework is presented. In the multilaminate framework, the stress–strain behaviour of a material is obtained by integrating the mechanical response of an infinite number of randomly oriented planes passing through a material point. Such a procedure leads to a number of advantages in describing soil behaviour, the most significant being capture of initial and induced anisotropy due to plastic flow in a physically meaningful manner. In the past, many soil models of varying degree of refinement in the multilaminate framework have been presented by various authors. However, the issue of high initial soil stiffness in the range of very small strains and its degradation with straining, commonly referred to as ‘small strain stiffness’, has not been addressed within the multilaminate framework. In this paper, we adopt a micromechanics‐based approach to derive small strain elastic stiffness of the soil mass. Comparison of laboratory test data with results obtained from numerical simulations based on the proposed constitutive model incorporating small strain stiffness is performed to demonstrate its predictive capabilities. The model is implemented in a finite element code and numerical simulations of a deep excavation are presented with and without incorporation of small strain stiffness to demonstrate its importance in predicting profiles of deformation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evaluation of deformation parameter for deep excavation in sand through case histories

This study back analyzed deformation parameters of in situ sand through two excavation case histories in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Two main features are highlighted; deformation prediction based on monitoring data at the first excavation stage and in situ Young’s modulus evaluation for sand considering monitoring data at the overall excavation stages. The former tends to establish a reliable method to predict the wall deflection at the critical stage based on the data at the first stage and the latter to enrich the limited database of Young’s modulus correlation for sand, specifically applicable for deep excavations analysis. The two constitutive models, linear elastic perfectly plastic and non-linear stress–strain constitutive models, were selected. The stiffness parameters of the models were discretely distributed along the subdivided soil body mesh to reflect the effect of overburden pressure on the in situ soil. In addition, relationship between Standard Penetration Test value (SPT-N value) and Young’s modulus and relationships for estimating the in situ Young’s modulus of the Kaohsiung sand as a function of depth were evaluated. The results greatly enhanced a framework for estimating the in situ Young’s modulus of sand.     

Prediction of dilation and permeability changes in rock salt

A numerical procedure has been developed for predicting dilation (porosity) and gas permeability changes in rock salt. The hierarchical single-surface constitutive model of Desai and co-workers is used a finite element program to calculate the state of stress and strain surrounding excavations in rock salt. The elastoplastic constitutive model accounts for strain hardening, a non-associative volumetric response and stress-path-dependent behaviour. The calculated stress and strain fields are used in a flow model based on the equivalent channel concept to predict permeability. Parameters for both the mechanical and permeability models are developed from laboratory test results. Two field experiments adjacent to underground excavations are modelled. The extent of the dilated rock zone around the excavation is predicted well, but the magnitude of the porosity and gas permeability is underpredicted very near the excavations. This discrepancy is attributed to model parameters derived from loading-only laboratory tests, whereas significant unloading occurs in the field. The shape of the yield surface was found to be an important factor in dilation and permeability predictions. Similar stress, strain and permeability fields were obtained with different model types (plane strain or axisymmetric) and initial stress states, and with instantaneous and progressive excavation.     

基坑开挖数值分析中土体硬化模型参数的试验研究

土体硬化模型已成为基坑数值分析中最常用的本构模型之一,其应用的关键是计算参数的确定。首先采用薄壁取土器现场取得土样,通过基于GDS的三轴固结排水剪切试验、三轴固结排水卸载-再加载试验及标准固结试验获得了上海典型土层土体的三轴试验应力-应变曲线和固结试验荷载-应变关系曲线。然后根据曲线确定了各土层的HS模型参数,建立了各土层HS模型参数中切线模量 、割线模量 、加载模量 的比例关系,并探讨了这些模量与压缩模量 之间的比例关系。最后将各层的模型参数与模量间的比例关系与国内外其他软土地区的结果进行了比较。试验结果可作为上海地区及其他软土地区基坑工程数值分析中确定HS模型参数时的参考。     

Three‐dimensional inverse analyses of a deep excavation in Chicago clays

Numerical models are commonly used to estimate excavation‐induced ground movements. Two‐dimensional (2D) plain strain assumption is typically used for the simulation of deep excavations which might not be suitable for excavations where three‐dimensional (3D) effects dominate the ground response. This paper adapts an inverse analysis algorithm to learn soil behavior from field measurements using a 3D model representation of an excavation. The paper describes numerical issues related to this development including the generation of the 3D model mesh from laser scan images of the excavation. The inverse analysis to extract the soil behavior in 3D is presented. The model captures the measured wall deflections. Although settlements were not sufficiently measured, the predicted settlements around the excavation site reflected strong 3D effects and were consistent with empirical correlations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

考虑临近建筑物超载作用下的基坑变形及稳定性分析

以某深基坑工程为研究对象,利用有限元分析软件ABAQUS建立了考虑临近建筑物荷载影响的二维数值模型,模拟开挖实际工况。对土体开挖引起的土体塑形应变及基坑的稳定性进行分析计算,对建筑物位置及基础埋深对基坑稳定性的影响进行探讨。计算结果可为工程设计与施工提供理论依据,也可为类似工程提供参考。