青海省共和-玉树高速公路新建块石路基下的温度状况分析

块石路基是多年冻土区应用最为广泛的多年冻土路基形式. 为了研究多年冻土区修筑高速公路后块石路基的效果,选取青海省新建共和-玉树高速公路3个块石路基监测断面的实测资料,对路基修筑初期多年冻土温度状况进行了分析. 结果表明：路基修筑初期路基中心原天然地表下0.5 m处仍表现出季节变化规律,至原多年冻土上限深度处,温度波动幅度急剧减小. 块石路基的保温效果与年平均地温密切相关,年平均地温越低,对冻土的保护效果越显著. 受阴阳坡效应的影响,左路肩/坡脚温度高于右路肩/坡脚. 左右路肩及中心孔下多年冻土上限都得到不同程度的抬升,抬升幅度主要受路基高度影响,与多年冻土年平均地温没有必然关系.     

工程活动下多年冻土热稳定性评价模型

提出了用季节融化层底板到潜在季节冻结深度区间沉积物融化所需要的热量与季节冻结层底板温度升高至0 ℃所需要的热量之和(Qt), 与夏半年土体吸收的热量(Q+)的比值来描述冻土热稳定性(ST=Qt/ Q+). 根据青藏公路沿线地温温度场的监测资料,对多年冻土热稳定性模型进行了计算,并分析了多年冻土热稳定性与年平均地温、多年冻土顶板温度和季节融化深度间的关系. 根据人类工程活动对多年冻土影响,将多年冻土热稳定性分为4类:热稳定型、热稳定过渡型、热不稳定型和热极不稳定型多年冻土.     

大兴安岭东坡新林林区冻土变化特征

大兴安岭处于欧亚大陆多年冻土带南缘, 其多年冻土形成、 发展和保存更多受制于植被、 水分等局地因子的影响。采用钻探、 探地雷达和冻土温度长期监测等手段研究发现, 放牧活动会影响大兴安岭东坡新林林区活动层厚度, 放牧活动比较强烈的地段, 活动层可达2.5 m, 放牧区边缘至未放牧区域, 活动层缩减至1.5 m。塔头2013年11月2.0 m处的地温仍然在0 ℃以上（0.04 ℃）, 当放牧行为终止及加漠公路改道后, 2.0 m处的温度开始逐渐恢复, 温度由-0.12 ℃降到-0.69 ℃, 1.5 m处的温度则由0.17 ℃降到-0.42 ℃, 2018年底塔头的活动层厚度已经小于1.5 m。从地表植被类型上看, 松树林、 塔头和灌丛的活动层多年平均厚度分别为0.8 m、 1.3 m和0.7 m, 近地表0.5 m处的年平均地温为0.07 ℃、 0.52 ℃和0.22 ℃, 年变化深度处（11 m）的年均温度为-1.34 ℃, -0.98 ℃和-2.19 ℃。从地温曲线类型上看, 灌丛下的多年冻土比较稳定, 地温曲线属于正梯度型。松树林和塔头下的冻土温度比较复杂, 松树林地温曲线为偏负梯度型-零梯度型-偏正梯度型, 塔头为负梯度型-扭曲型。在地表植被类型和人类活动的共同影响下, 研究区多年冻土经历了地表干扰开始退化、 干扰消除不再退化以及慢慢恢复的过程。     

边界条件对多年冻土路基热稳定性的影响分析

多年冻土区的年平均气温是影响冻土路基边界条件的重要因素. 在附面层原理的基础上,考虑采用带有相变的控制方程和数值方法,以相同尺度的路基模型为前提,选取不同的年平均气温为影响因素,对青藏工程走廊公路路基的人为冻土上限和年平均地温进行了研究. 结果表明：公路路基下年平均地温随着年平均气温的升高而升高,人为冻土上限随着年平均气温的升高而显著下降. 在年平均气温为-7.16 ℃时,路基修筑50 a后其年平均地温为-3.61 ℃,其人为冻土上限为-0.97 m;年平均气温为-3.21 ℃的条件下,路基修筑50 a后其年平均地温仅为-0.1 ℃,其人为冻土上限也降至-13.11 m. 因此,可以看出：在未来气候持续变暖的背景下,现有处于稳定状态的冻土路基将逐渐变得不稳定.     

基于年平均地温的青藏高原冻土分布制图及应用

年平均地温是指多年冻土年较差为零的深度处的地温,是冻土分带划分的主要指标之一.利用青藏公路沿线钻孔实测年平均地温数据,进行回归统计分析,获取年平均地温与纬度、高程的关系,并基于该结果,结合TOPO30高程数据模拟得到整个青藏高原范围上的年平均地温分布.以年平均地温0.5℃作为多年冻土与季节冻土的界限,对比分析模拟图与青藏高原冻土图,除个别区域有较明显的差异,模拟结果图较好地体现了青藏高原冻土的分布情况.利用模拟结果,根据青藏高原多年冻土分带指标及寒区工程多年冻土区划指标,对青藏高原多年冻土分布进行了分带划分,并统计各分带面积;根据简化的冻土厚度计算公式,计算了青藏高原多年冻土的厚度分布.最后,利用数值预测方法的结果,在气候年增温0.04℃的背景下,对高原未来冻土分布进行了预测.     

祁连山大通河源区冻土特征及变化趋势

大通河源区位于祁连山中东部, 属高山多年冻土区, 利用源区内冻土钻探及监测资料对源区冻土发育的基本特征及变化趋势进行了分析和探讨. 冻土地温分析表明, 源区冻土年平均地温随海拔的变化梯度约为3.82 ℃·km^-1, 且冻土地温与表层覆被条件关系密切. 盆地平原地带多年冻土厚度约为17~86 m, 且以海拔每上升100 m冻土厚度增加约10 m的梯度增加. 多年冻土活动层厚度受海拔地带性作用不显著, 更多地受局地因素的控制, 地表覆被条件成为其主要影响因素. 在气温升高以及人类活动日益增多的影响下, 源区冻土整体处于退化状态, 多年冻土年平均地温以0.0075 ℃·a^-1的速率上升.     

祁连山中东部的冻土特征(Ⅱ):多年冻土特征

祁连山中东部地区多年冻土年平均地温、冻土厚度等基本特征参量与海拔具有明显的相关性,海拔越高,地温越低,厚度亦越厚.年平均地温、厚度与纬度、经度关系不明显,可能与工作范围较小有关.对比分析了地表植被、地层岩性、土层含水(冰)量等局域性(非地带性)因素对冻土年平均地温的影响,发现腐殖层较厚,下伏细粒土层,较高的含水(冰)量对保持多年冻土较低的温度有利.阐述了冻土厚度的变化及其影响因素.与前人工作比较,分析冻土层钻孔测温曲线,发现该地区多年冻土正处于退化之中.     

青藏高原封闭道碴层对下部多年冻土保护作用的现场实验研究

为了研究封闭道碴层对其下部多年冻土是否具有积极的保护作用,在青藏铁路北麓河试验段附近建立了封闭碎石道碴坑和卵石地表对比试验场,并对下部地温进行监测.结果发现:经过两个冻融循环后,道碴坑底部(1.3 m深度处)年平均地温为-1.11℃,比卵石地表相同深度低0.73℃;道碴坑中部(0.7m深度处)年平均地温为-1.60℃,比卵石地表相同深度地温低1.4℃.封闭碎石道碴层可以提升冻土上限,降低多年冻土温度,对下部多年冻土起到很好的保护作用.封闭道碴层的这种降温效果是由于道碴层具有可变导热系数的特点,暖季道碴层上部温度高,下部温度低,不产生对流,等效导热系数小,传入道碴层以下土体的热量较少;相反寒季道碴层上部温度低,下部温度高,产生自然对流,等效导热系数增大,有利于道碴层以下土体释放热量.     

呼伦贝尔高平原全新世早晚期砂、土楔及其古气候环境意义

砂、土楔等楔状构造是多年冻土曾经存在的可靠证据,其与多年冻土及年均地、气温度的关系也是重建古冰缘环境的依据.在呼伦贝尔高平原中南部的乌尔逊河、辉河、新巴尔虎东旗和鄂温克旗发现大量砂、土楔及伴生的冻融褶皱.通过对其形态、规模及围岩(土)结构分析,并根据楔内充填物及围土的14C定年结果判断,砂楔形成于早全新世(约10.0 ～ 7.5kaB.P.),当时研究区年平均气温为-6.5 ～ -7.0℃;土楔形成十晚全新世(约2.3～2.0kaB.P.),其时年平均气温为-5.0 ～ -5.5℃.这表明,早全新世更为于寒,风沙堆积活跃,多年冻土分布广泛;进入晚全新世后,气候转暖,呼伦贝尔气温与现今大兴安岭北部(即满归以北)的年平均气温(-5.0～-5.4℃)大体相当.据此推测,当时呼伦贝尔高平原的冻土发育程度与满归以北地区现今大片多年冻土状况相似.早全新世砂楔(脉)形成时期气温比现今大兴安岭北部低1.5～2.0℃.依此可见,早全新世该区多年冻土地温低于现今大兴安岭北部的地温(-1.5～-2.0℃),冻土厚度超过80 ～100m.     

混凝土的入模温度和水化热对青藏直流输电线路冻土桩基温度特性的影响

施工过程中混凝土的入模温度和水化热对多年冻土区桩基施工期间的热稳定性具有重要影响. 针对该问题,利用有限元方法定量研究了±400 kV青藏直流输电线路冻土区锥柱基础入模温度、水化热和含冰量对桩基回冻过程、温度场变化和桩底融化深度的影响规律. 结果表明：水化热影响下,桩基中心温度在第3天达到最高,桩底滞后1 d,基坑表面受其影响较小,主要受环境温度影响;第24天,桩底出现最大融化层,随着入模温度增加,融化层厚度相应增加,入模温度为6℃时融化层厚度为34 cm,15℃时为55 cm;入模温度越高,回冻时间越长,当入模温度为6℃时,完全回冻需经历52 d,15℃时,回冻时间将增加7 d. 含冰量对桩底融化深度有影响,含冰量越大底部融化深度越小;冻土年平均地温是影响桩底融化深度的重要因素,少冰高温（-0.52℃）、低温（-1.5℃和-2.5℃）冻土条件下,最大融化层厚度分别为38 cm、34 cm和25 cm. 基于上述结果,在多年冻土地区的桩基工程,建议混凝土入模温度为6~8℃,底部碎石垫层至少40 cm.     

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液的研究

通过烧杯搅拌实验对混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液进行研究,从混凝剂适应p H值范围、混凝效果、沉降速度三方面研究比较,找出一种较为理想的混凝剂,并分析了影响混凝剂性能的主要因素,确定了混凝剂的最佳投放剂量。      

黄河源区水环境变化及黄河出现冬季断流的原因

自1954年有水文观测资料以来，黄河曾在青海省玛多县黄河沿水文站发生过3次断流。本文在分析黄河源区水环境特征及其影响因素的基础上指出，鄂陵湖、扎陵湖的环湖融区调节能力低，当遇到连续干旱、冬季其调节水量不足以维系黄河径流时便会发生断流，这是断流的主因。湖水位降低、开采沙金、过度放牧等自然和人为因素也会对黄河发生断流产生影响。鄂陵湖口附近黄河上修建的水电站开始蓄水，提高了两湖及环湖融区的调节能力，今后黄河冬季出现断流的可能性将大为降低。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the     

天山南坡科其喀尔冰川表碛区小气候特征研究

利用天山南坡科其喀尔冰川3号观测站2009年全年的气象观测资料,分析研究了科其喀尔冰川表碛区的小气候特征. 结果表明：总辐射和净辐射夏秋季较高、冬春季较低;反射辐射和地表反照率反之. 与其他地区不同,该区主要受积雪物理性质和下垫面状况的影响,冬春季地表反照率日变化表现为由大到小的变化过程,夏秋季表现为倒U型. 温度年变化表现为夏秋季高、冬春季低,最高月均值出现在8月,为9.4℃,最低月均值出现在1月,为-9.6℃. 受山谷风和冰川风的影响,全年的风向以西北风和西北偏西风为主,风向的日变化以11：00为界发生转向. 受降水和冰川消融等的影响,比湿夏秋季月均值较大,冬春季月均值较小.     

Climate: Is the past the key to the future?

 The climate of the Holocene is not well suited to be the baseline for the climate of the planet. It is an interglacial, a state typical of only 10% of the past few million years. It is a time of relative sea-level stability after a rapid 130-m rise from the lowstand during the last glacial maximum. Physical geologic processes are operating at unusual rates and much of the geochemical system is not in a steady state. During most of the Phanerozoic there have been no continental ice sheets on the earth, and the planet’s meridional temperature gradient has been much less than it is presently. Major factors influencing climate are insolation, greenhouse gases, paleogeography, and vegetation; the first two are discussed in this paper. Changes in the earth’s orbital parameters affect the amount of radiation received from the sun at different latitudes over the course of the year. During the last climate cycle, the waxing and waning of the northern hemisphere continental ice sheets closely followed the changes in summer insolation at the latitude of the northern hemisphere polar circle. The overall intensity of insolation in the northern hemisphere is governed by the precession of the earth’s axis of rotation, and the precession and ellipticity of the earth’s orbit. At the polar circle a meridional minimum of summer insolation becomes alternately more and less pronounced as the obliquity of the earth’s axis of rotation changes. Feedback processes amplify the insolation signal. Greenhouse gases (H₂O, CO₂, CH₄, CFCs) modulate the insolation-driven climate. The atmospheric content of CO₂ during the last glacial maximum was approximately 30% less than during the present interglacial. A variety of possible causes for this change have been postulated. The present burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and cement manufacture since the beginning of the industrial revolution have added CO₂ to the atmosphere when its content due to glacial-interglacial variation was already at a maximum. Anthropogenic activity has increased the CO₂ content of the atmosphere to 130% of its previous Holocene level, probably higher than at any time during the past few million years. During the Late Cretaceous the atmospheric CO₂ content was probably about four times that of the present, the level to which it may rise at the end of the next century. The results of a Campanian (80 Ma) climate simulation suggest that the positive feedback between CO₂ and another important greenhouse gas, H₂O, raised the earth’s temperature to a level where latent heat transport became much more significant than it is presently, and operated efficiently at all latitudes. Atmospheric high- and low-pressure systems were as much the result of variations in the vapor content of the air as of temperature differences. In our present state of knowledge, future climate change is unpredictable because by adding CO₂ to the atmosphere we are forcing the climate toward a “greenhouse” mode when it is accustomed to moving between the glacial–interglacial “icehouse” states that reflect the waxing and waning of ice sheets. At the same time we are replacing freely transpiring C3 plants with water-conserving C4 plants, producing a global vegetation complex that has no past analog. The past climates of the earth cannot be used as a direct guide to what may occur in the future. To understand what may happen in the future we must learn about the first principles of physics and chemistry related to the earth’s system. The fundamental mechanisms of the climate system are best explored in simulations of the earth’s ancient extreme climates. Received: 7 November 1996/Accepted: 23 January 1997