722岷县漳县地震地质灾害分布、特征及与影响因子间关系分析

2013年7月22日在甘肃省定西市岷县、漳县交界处发生了MS6.6级地震。此次地震造成了大量房屋、基础设施破坏以及人员伤亡,并诱发了一系列的滑坡、崩塌、不稳定斜坡等地质灾害隐患。通过现场调查和分析,对此次地震地质灾害隐患类型、分布与主要特点进行概括。利用边坡地质灾害数量和面积发育率两个统计指标,对受灾最为严重的岷县灾区的地震地质灾害分布与地形、地质、地震因子变量间关系进行分析,结果表明:(1)地震地质灾害隐患在高程为2200～2800m范围内集中分布,在0～15缓坡内分布最多,坡向为S、SW和W的斜坡在地震作用下易诱发地质灾害,坡位为中坡的边坡内分布地质灾害数量最多; (2)软弱岩层在地震作用下易发生地质灾害,区内泥盆系和二叠系板岩、灰岩岩组内分布近50%的地质灾害,面积发育率最大的则为新近系中厚层软弱泥岩、砂岩岩组。地质灾害主要沿发震断裂通过或距离较近的地方成片集中分布,地质灾害主要分布在距离发震断裂20km以内的范围内; (3)震中距和PGA与地质灾害数量对应关系不明显,但是面积发育率整体趋势是随着震中距增加而减小,随着PGA增大而增加; 地质灾害易发程度随烈度增大而增强; (4)越靠近公路和河流,地质灾害越易发生,集中分布区间分别为距公路0～800m和距河流0～600m。     

Rapid Identification and Emergency Investigation of Surface Ruptures and Geohazards Induced by the M_s 7.1 Yushu Earthquake

<正>The rapid identification based on InSAR technology was proved to be effective in our emergency investigation of surface ruptures and geohazards induced by the Yushu earthquake.The earthquake-generating fault of the Yushu earthquake is the Yushu section of the Garze-Yushu faults zone.It strikes NWW-NW,23 km long near the Yushu County seat,dominated by left-lateral strike slip,and appearing as a surface rupture zone.The macroscopic epicenter is positioned at Guo-yang-yan -song-duo of Gyegu Town(33°03'11"N,96°51'26"E),where the co-seismic horizontal offset measured is 1.75 m.Geohazards induced by the Yushu earthquake are mainly rockfalls,landslides,debris flows, and unstable slopes.They are controlled by the earthquake-generating fault and are mostly distributed along it.There are several geohazard chains having been established,such as earthquake,canal damage,soil liquefying,landslide-debris flow,earthquake,soil liquefying,roadbed deformation,etc.In order to prevent seismic hazards,generally,where there is a visible surface rupture induced by the Yushu earthquake,reconstruction should be at least beyond 20 m,on each side,from it.Sufficient attention should also be given to potential geohazards or geohazard chains induced by the earthquake.     

青藏高原东缘地质灾害影响因子敏感性分析

青藏高原东缘地形地貌复杂, 构造活动强烈, 地质灾害频发, 尤其是近年来的地震和人类工程活动增加了地质灾害强度, 给国家重大工程、区域发展和公共安全等造成了巨大危害。本文首先概述了青藏高原东缘地质灾害成灾背景和发育特征, 然后对比分析了不同区域地质灾害发育分布密度的差异性, 重点剖析了地质灾害发育分布与影响因子之间的关系, 探讨了影响因子对地质灾害发育分布的控制作用及其敏感性。研究表明, 在青藏高原东缘, 地形坡度、地形起伏度、斜坡坡型、年24 h最大降雨量、河网密度、到断裂距离、地震动峰值加速度、工程地质岩组和人类活动强度等9个因子具有较高的地质灾害敏感性, 而斜坡坡向和年均降雨量具有较低的地质灾害敏感性。研究结果有利于加深对青藏高原东缘地质灾害成灾背景的认识, 也可以为建立青藏高原东缘地质灾害评价指标体系提供重要参考。     

Seismic hazard map of Coimbatore using subsurface fault rupture

This study presents the future seismic hazard map of Coimbatore city, India, by considering rupture phenomenon. Seismotectonic map for Coimbatore has been generated using past earthquakes and seismic sources within 300 km radius around the city. The region experienced a largest earthquake of moment magnitude 6.3 in 1900. Available earthquakes are divided into two categories: one includes events having moment magnitude of 5.0 and above, i.e., damaging earthquakes in the region and the other includes the remaining, i.e., minor earthquakes. Subsurface rupture character of the region has been established by considering the damaging earthquakes and total length of seismic source. Magnitudes of each source are estimated by assuming the subsurface rupture length in terms of percentage of total length of sources and matched with reported earthquake. Estimated magnitudes match well with the reported earthquakes for a RLD of 5.2% of the total length of source. Zone of influence circles is also marked in the seismotectonic map by considering subsurface rupture length of fault associated with these earthquakes. As earthquakes relive strain energy that builds up on faults, it is assumed that all the earthquakes close to damaging earthquake have released the entire strain energy and it would take some time for the rebuilding of strain energy to cause a similar earthquake in the same location/fault. Area free from influence circles has potential for future earthquake, if there is seismogenic source and minor earthquake in the last 20 years. Based on this rupture phenomenon, eight probable locations have been identified and these locations might have the potential for the future earthquakes. Characteristic earthquake moment magnitude (M _w ) of 6.4 is estimated for the seismic study area considering seismic sources close to probable zones and 15% increased regional rupture character. The city is divided into several grid points at spacing of 0.01° and the peak ground acceleration (PGA) due to each probable earthquake is calculated at every grid point in city by using the regional attenuation model. The maximum of all these eight PGAs is taken for each grid point and the final PGA map is arrived. This map is compared to the PGA map developed based on the conventional deterministic seismic hazard analysis (DSHA) approach. The probable future rupture earthquakes gave less PGA than that of DSHA approach. The occurrence of any earthquake may be expected in near future in these eight zones, as these eight places have been experiencing minor earthquakes and are located in well-defined seismogenic sources.     

芦山地震发震构造及其与汶川地震关系讨论

芦山地震发生在巴彦喀拉块体与华南块体之间龙门山推覆构造带南段。野外考察表明,芦山地震在震中区没有形成具有构造地质意义的地震地表破裂带,仅在各山前陡坡地带出现平行于山麓陡坡的张性地裂缝、山地基岩崩塌、滑坡等边坡震动失稳现象和震动引起的砂土液化现象。重新定位的芦山地震余震分布、震源机制解和地表构造地质等分析表明,芦山地震的发震断层为一条现今尚未出露地表、其上断点仍埋藏在地下9 km以下地壳中的一条盲逆断层,走向212°,倾向NW,倾角38°±2°,上断点以上至地表的构造变形符合断层扩展背斜模型。根据汶川地震和芦山地震的余震空间分布、地震破裂过程、深浅构造关系等差异反映出它们是分别发生在龙门山推覆构造带中段和南段的两次独立地震破裂事件。     

川藏铁路加查—朗县段地质灾害发育特征研究

川藏铁路加查至朗县段位于青藏高原东南部雅鲁藏布江中游,地形地貌复杂、构造活动强烈,是我国地质灾害高易发区,崩塌、滑坡和泥石流等地质灾害发育密度大、危害严重。在资料收集和遥感解译的基础上,对川藏铁路加查—朗县段的地质灾害进行野外调查,在铁路线两侧各5 km约780 km2范围内发现了崩塌、滑坡和泥石流共139处,沿雅鲁藏布江断裂带新发现拉岗村高速远程滑坡和日阿莫大型滑坡,并研究了该区地质灾害的发育特征和形成机理。调查结果表明：在雅鲁藏布江断裂对区域地貌和岩体结构控制作用下,崩塌、滑坡等地质灾害沿断裂带呈带状密集分布是该区地质灾害发育分布的主要特征之一,约有53%的崩塌滑坡滑动方向垂直于断裂走向,30%的崩塌滑坡与断裂带走向近于平行;在地壳强烈隆升和河流侵蚀作用下,雅鲁藏布江宽谷段和峡谷段的地质灾害发育特征具有明显差异;断裂活动特别是断裂剧烈活动诱发地震导致该区具有高速远程滑坡发生的背景,如拉岗村高速远程滑坡;在断裂活动、降雨、人类工程活动等内外动力耦合作用下该区地质灾害形成机理更加复杂,部分滑坡稳定性差且多次发生活动,给该区重大工程规划建设和防灾减灾造成重要影响。     

四川汶川地震地质灾害活动强度分析评价

为了探索区域群发地质灾害活动强度评价方法和指标体系,以汶川地震诱发地质灾害活动强度评价为例,在简单分析汶川地震地质灾害宏观特征的基础上,利用高精度遥感解译资料和GIS技术,计算汶川地震诱发地质灾害分布最大面密度,结合对近年来陕西宝鸡市地质灾害调查统计的历史资料分析,提出以地质灾害分布最大面密度为衡量区域地质灾害活动强度指标的基本思路和分级标准,初步建立了地质灾害活动强度指数8级划分标准,并计算出汶川地震诱发地质灾害活动强度指数最高为7级,属于极端强烈活动。其中,地质灾害活动最强地段（7级活动区）位于强震震中区映秀镇附近的岷江两岸和绵竹汉旺镇银厂沟上游发震断裂两侧;次强地段（6级活动区）位于北川县城湔河两岸和平武县南坝镇北东小流域两岸。初步揭示：地质灾害活动强度从发震断裂带向两侧具有明显衰减的趋势。最后,简要讨论了汶川地震引发地质灾害活动如此强烈的主要原因及其发展趋势。     

2017年8月8日四川九寨沟地震诱发地质灾害空间分布规律及易发性评价初步研究

2017年8月8日四川省九寨沟发生7.0级地震,是继2008年汶川大地震和2013年芦山地震之后,四川省发生的又一次7.0级以上的强震。为了给现场救援和震后地质灾害防治提供科学依据,本文作者第一时间赶赴现场,并基于震前和震后高精度遥感影像,完成了震区地质灾害解译和复核工作,共解译地质灾害1883处,主要以中小型浅层滑坡和崩塌为主。基于解译结果,对同震灾害的空间分布规律和控制因素（距断层距离、地面峰值加速度PGA、高程、坡度和坡向等）进行了分析,研究表明地质灾害主要沿北西-南东向呈带状分布,且沿公路、沟谷较为发育,在野外推测发震断层2km范围内高度集中,呈现明显的断层效应,但与塔藏断层之间的空间相关性相对较弱。在上述分析的基础上,采用逻辑回归模型,利用地震、地形和地质3大因素（8个因子）对地质灾害易发性进行了快速评价和分区,经统计校验证明该模型的准确率达0.851,模型精度较高。     

青藏高原东缘活动断裂地质灾害效应研究

活动断裂的地质灾害效应是工程地质与地质灾害领域研究的重要内容。本文以第四纪以来构造活动最强烈的青藏高原东缘为例,阐述了活动断裂地质灾害效应的主要表现形式,包括:(1)活动断裂对地形地貌和岩体结构的影响;(2)断裂剧烈活动(地震)诱发地质灾害;(3)断裂蠕滑作用对斜坡应力场和稳定性的影响;(4)断裂活动是地质灾害链的源头,为地质灾害提供物源。上述表现形式及灾害成因机理和分布规律是活动构造区地质灾害防治中需要关注的关键问题。根据青藏高原东缘典型地质灾害案例研究提出,内外动力耦合作用成灾机理是未来地质灾害研究方向,将为活动构造区地质灾害早期识别和防灾减灾提供理论依据。     

Probabilistic seismic hazard at the archaeological site of Gol Gumbaz in Vijayapura,south India

Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) is carried out for the archaeological site of Vijayapura in south India in order to obtain hazard consistent seismic input ground-motions for seismic risk assessment and design of seismic protection measures for monuments, where warranted. For this purpose the standard Cornell-McGuire approach, based on seismogenic zones with uniformly distributed seismicity is employed. The main features of this study are the usage of an updated and unified seismic catalogue based on moment magnitude, new seismogenic source models and recent ground motion prediction equations (GMPEs) in logic tree framework. Seismic hazard at the site is evaluated for level and rock site condition with 10% and 2% probabilities of exceedance in 50 years, and the corresponding peak ground accelerations (PGAs) are 0.074 and 0.142 g, respectively. In addition, the uniform hazard spectra (UHS) of the site are compared to the Indian code-defined spectrum. Comparisons are also made with results from National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA 2010), in terms of PGA and pseudo spectral accelerations (PSAs) at T = 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.25 s for 475- and 2475-yr return periods. Results of the present study are in good agreement with the PGA calculated from isoseismal map of the Killari earthquake, \({\hbox {M}}_{\mathrm{w}} = 6.4\) (1993). Disaggregation of PSHA results for the PGA and spectral acceleration (\({\hbox {S}}_{\mathrm{a}}\)) at 0.5 s, displays the controlling scenario earthquake for the study region as low to moderate magnitude with the source being at a short distance from the study site. Deterministic seismic hazard (DSHA) is also carried out by taking into account three scenario earthquakes. The UHS corresponding to 475-yr return period (RP) is used to define the target spectrum and accordingly, the spectrum-compatible natural accelerograms are selected from the suite of recorded accelerograms.     

Systematization of active faults for the assessment of the seismic hazard

A systematization of active faults has been developed based on the progress of scientists from the leading countries in the world in the study of seismotectonics and seismic hazard problems. It is underlain by the concept of the fault-block structure of the geological-geophysical environment governed by the interaction of differently oriented active faults, which are divided into two groups—seismogenic and nonseismogenic faults. In seismogenic fault zones, the tectonic stress accumulated is relieved by means of strong earthquakes. Nonseismogenic fault zones are characterized by creep displacement or short-term, oscillatory, and reciprocal movements, which are referred to local superintense deformations of the Earth’s crust (according to the terminology used by Yu.O. Kuz’min). For a situation when a strong earthquake happens, a subgroup of seismodistributing faults has been identified that surround the seismic source and affect the distribution of the seismic waves and, as a consequence, the pattern of the propagation of the coseismic deformations in the fault-block environment. Seismodistributing faults are divided into transit and sealing faults. Along transit faults, secondary coseismic effects (landfalls, landslides, ground fractures, liquefaction, etc) are intensified during earthquakes. In the case of sealing faults, enhancement of the coseismic effects can be observed on the disjunctive limb nearest to the epicenter, whereas, on the opposite limb, the intensity of such effects appreciably decreases. Seismogenic faults or their systems are associated with zones of earthquake source origination (ESO), which include concentrated seismicity regions. In such zones, each earthquake source is related to the evolution of a fault system. ESO zones also contain individual seismogenic sources being focuses of strong earthquakes with M of ≥5.5 in the form of ruptures, which can be graphically represented in 2D or 3D as a surface projection of the source. Depending on the type of data based on which they are identified, individual seismogenic sources are divided into geological-geophysical and macroseismic sources. The systematization presented is the theoretical basis for and the concept of the relational database that is being developed by the authors as an information system for the generation of seismotectonic GIS projects required for the subsequent analysis of the seismic hazard and the assessment of the probability of the origination of macroseismic earthquake effects in a predetermined location.     

Seismogenic Tectonics and Dynamics of the 2011 Ms5.9 Yingjiang Earthquake in Yunnan,China

In the southern South–North Seismic Zone, China, seismic activity in the Yingjiang area of western Yunnan increased from December 2010, and eventually a destructive earthquake of Ms5.9 occurred near Yingjiang town on 10 March 2011. The focal mechanism and hypocenter location of the mainshock suggest that the Dayingjiang Fault was the site of the mainshock rupture. However, most of foreshocks and all aftershocks recorded by a portable seismic array located close to the mainshock occurred along the N–S-striking Sudian Fault, indicating that this fault had an important influence on these shocks. Coulomb stress calculations show that three strong(magnitude ≥5.0) earthquakes that occurred in the study region in 2008 increased the coulomb stress along the plane parallel to the Dayingjiang Fault. This supports the Dayingjiang Fault, and not the Sudian Fault, as the seismogenic fault of the 2011 Ms5.9 Yingjiang earthquake. The strong earthquakes in 2008 also increased the Coulomb stress at depths of ≤5 km along the entire Sudian Fault, and by doing so increased the shallow seismic activity along the fault. This explains why the foreshocks and aftershocks of the 2011 Yingjiang earthquake were located mostly on the Sudian Fault where it cuts the shallow crust. The earthquakes at the intersection of the Sudian and Dayingjiang faults are distributed mainly along a belt that dips to the southeast at ~40°, suggesting that the Dayingjiang Fault in the mainshock area also dips to the southeast at ~40°.     

滇西南2014年景谷中-强震群的地质构造成因——茶房-普文断裂带贯通过程的构造响应

2014年10—12月期间,云南景谷接连发生了Ms6.6、Ms5.8、Ms5.9三次中-强地震。为确定地震的地质构造成因,在地表调查的基础上,综合该区的地质构造情况、烈度与余震分布、震源机制解等资料,确定此次震群活动的宏观震中位于永平盆地东南侧山地,发震断层为地质与地貌表现不显著的NW向右旋走滑断层。此次震群活动及余震迁移过程指示,由于断层斜接部位岩桥的临时阻碍,Ms6.6地震破裂在向南东扩展过程中发生短暂停滞,突破障碍后进一步引发了Ms5.8和Ms5.9地震,这符合震源破裂沿NW向发震断裂分段破裂的行为。区域活动断裂的遥感解译结果发现,发震断层位置恰好处于NW向右旋走滑的茶房断裂与普文断裂之间,区域上属于该断裂带的不连贯部位,指示此次中-强震群活动应该是茶房-普文断裂带贯通过程的构造活动表现。结合思茅地块的历史地震资料发现,思茅地块地震活动多以小于等于6.8级为主,发震构造多为NW向断裂。指示在现今构造应力场作用下,该区NW向断裂的活动性相对NE向断裂更加显著,属于该区主要控震构造,应在今后的地震地质工作中给予更多关注。     

Seismic Hazard Analysis for the Bangalore Region

Indian peninsular shield, which was once considered to be seismically stable, is experiencing many earthquakes recently. As part of the national level microzonation programme, Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India has initiated microzonation of greater Bangalore region. The seismic hazard analysis of Bangalore region is carried out as part of this project. The paper presents the determination of maximum credible earthquake (MCE) and generation of synthetic acceleration time history plot for the Bangalore region. MCE has been determined by considering the regional seismotectonic activity in about 350 km radius around Bangalore city. The seismotectonic map has been prepared by considering the faults, lineaments, shear zones in the area and historic earthquake events of more than 150 events. Shortest distance from the Bangalore to the different sources is measured and then peak ground acceleration (PGA) is calculated for the different source and moment magnitude. Maximum credible earthquake found in terms of moment magnitude is 5.1 with PGA value of 0.146 g at city centre with assuming the hypo central distance of 15.88 km from the focal point. Also, correlations for the fault length with historic earthquake in terms of moment magnitude, yields (taking the rupture fault length as 5% of the total fault length) a PGA value of 0.159 g. Acceleration time history (ground motion) and a response acceleration spectrum for the corresponding magnitude has been generated using synthetic earthquake model considering the regional seismotectonic parameters. The maximum spectral acceleration obtained is 0.332 g for predominant period of 0.06 s. The PGA value and synthetic earthquake ground motion data from the identified vulnerable source using seismotectonic map will be useful for the PGA mapping and microzonation of the area.     

What triggers Koyna region earthquakes? Preliminary results from seismic tomography digital array

The cause for prolific seismicity in the Koyna region is a geological enigma. Attempts have been made to link occurrence of these earthquakes with tectonic strain as well as the nearby reservoirs. With a view to providing reliable seismological database for studying the earth structure and the earthquake process in the Koyna region, a state of the art digital seismic network was deployed for twenty months during 1996–97. We present preliminary results from this experiment covering an area of 60 × 80 km² with twenty seismic stations. Hypocentral locations of more than 400 earthquakes confined to 11×25 km² reveal fragmentation in the seismicity pattern — a NE — SW segment has a dip towards NW at approximately 45°, whilst the other two segments show a near vertical trend. These seismic segments have a close linkage with the Western Ghat escarpment and the Warna fault. Ninety per cent of the seismicity is confined within the depth range of 3–10 km. The depth distribution of earthquakes delimits the seismogenic zone with its base at 10 km indicating a transition from an unstable to stable frictional sliding regime. The lack of shallow seismicity between 0 and 3 km indicates a mature fault system with well-developed gouge zones, which inhibit shallow earthquake nucleation. Local earthquake travel time inversion for P- and S-waves show ≈ 2% higher velocity in the seismogenic crust (0–10 km) beneath the epicentral tract relative to a lower velocity (2–3%) in the adjoining region. The high P- and S-wave velocity in the seismogenic crust argues against the presence of high pressure fluid zones and suggests its possible linkage with denser lithology. The zone of high velocity has been traced to deeper depths (≈ 70 km) through teleseismic tomography. The results reveal segmented and matured seismogenic fault systems in the Koyna region where seismicity is possibly controlled by strain build up due to competent lithology in the seismic zone with a deep crustal root.     

The Seismogenic Structure and Deformation Mechanism of the Lushan (Mw 6.6) Earthquake,Sichuan, China

On April 20 th, 2013, an earthquake of magnitude MW 6.6 occurred at Lushan of Sichuan on the southern segment of the Longmenshan fault zone, with no typical coseismic surface rupture. This work plotted an isoseismal map of the earthquake after repositioning over 400 post–earthquake macro–damage survey points from peak ground acceleration(PGA) data recorded by the Sichuan Digital Strong Earthquake Network. This map indicates that the Lushan earthquake has a damage intensity of IX on the Liedu scale, and that the meizoseismal area displays an oblate ellipsoid shape, with its longitudinal axis in the NE direction. No obvious directivity was detected. Furthermore, the repositioning results of 3323 early aftershocks, seismic reflection profiles and focal mechanism solutions suggests that the major seismogenic structure of the earthquake was the Dayi Fault, which partly defines the eastern Mengshan Mountain. This earthquake resulted from the thrusting of the Dayi Fault, and caused shortening of the southern segment of the Longmenshan in the NW–SE direction. Coseismal rupture was also produced in the deep of the Xinkaidian Fault. Based on the above seismogenic model and the presentation of coseismic surface deformation, it is speculated that there is a risk of more major earthquakes occurring in this region.     

A susceptibility mapping model of earthquake-triggered slope geohazards based on geo-spatial data in mountainous regions

The main purpose of this paper is to develop a susceptibility mapping model of earthquake-trigged slope geohazards based on geo-spatial data in mountainous region. A rapid-response mapping model of slope geohazards triggered by earthquakes that can be widely applied in practice can be constructed by a simple method of weighted superposition of related accessible factors. Based on site investigations into geological disasters in Wenchuan County caused by the Wenchuan earthquake on 12 May 2008, the main influencing factors of the earthquake triggering slope geohazards were studied, including peak ground acceleration (PGA) and 6 geo-spatial data factors: distance from streams, distance from highway, slope gradient, slope position, normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) and micro-landforms. The order of the relative importance of each factor was determined by regression analysis, then the weight of each factor contributing to slope geohazards was calculated by using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The susceptibility mapping model of slope geohazards was derived from the map overlaying principle in ArcGIS platform, and finally, the results were re-classified to obtain the map concerning susceptibility areas of slope geohazards. The results, by comparing the geohazards points with the field survey, proved that over 63% geohazards points were located in high and very high susceptibility areas, while only about 14% geohazards points were located in very low and low susceptibility areas. The model showed a relative agreement between the points on the susceptibility mapping and onsite points of slope geohazards. Above all, predictions about the slope geohazards at meizoseismal areas of earthquakes occurring in mountainous regions can be based on geo-spatial data; so the model could be applied to study other areas which may be prone to the slope geohazards during the earthquakes.     

Statistical analysis of landslides caused by the Mw 6.9 Yushu,China, earthquake of April 14, 2010

The April 14, 2010 Yushu, China, earthquake (Mw 6.9) triggered a great number of landslides. At least 2,036 co-seismic landslides, with a total coverage area of 1.194 km², were delineated by visual interpretation of aerial photographs and satellite images taken following the earthquake, and verified by field inspection. Based on the mapping results, a statistical analysis of the spatial distribution of these landslides is performed using the landslide area percentage (LAP), defined as the percentage of the area affected by the landslides, and landslide number density (LND), defined as the number of landslides per square kilometer. The purpose is to clarify how the landslides correlate the control factors, which are the elevation, slope angle, slope aspect, slope position, distance from drainages, lithology, distance from the surface rupture, and peak ground acceleration (PGA). The results show that both LAP and LND have strongly positive correlations with slope angle and negative correlations with distance from the surface rupture and distance from drainages. The highest LAP and LPD values are in places of elevations from 3,800 to 4,000 m. The slopes producing landslides are mostly facing toward NE, E, and SE. The geological units of Q₄ al-pl, N, and T₃ kn ¹ have the highest concentrations of co-seismic landslides. No apparent correlations are present between LAP and LND values and PGA. On both sides of the surface rupture, the landslide distributions are almost similar except a few exceptions, likely associated with the nature of the strike-slip seismogenic fault for this event. The bivariate statistical analysis shows that, in descending order, the earthquake-triggered landslide impact factors are distance from surface rupture > slope angle > distance from drainages > lithology > PGA. Besides, as the detailed co-seismic landslides inventories related to strike-slip earthquakes are still few compared with that of thrusting-fault earthquakes, this case study would shed new light on the subject. For instance, the landslide spatial distribution on both sides of the strike-slip seismogenic fault is rather different from that of thrusting-fault earthquakes. It reminds us to take different strategies of measures for prevention and mitigation of landslides induced by earthquakes with different mechanisms.     

玉树震区地质灾害分布规律与发育特征

2010年4月14日7时49分,青海省玉树县发生MS7.1级地震。玉树地震不仅造成大量房屋破坏与人员伤亡,同时引发了大量的崩塌、滑坡和山体裂缝,并且形成了大量的诸如泥石流、碎屑流等链生灾害隐患,造成玉树震区地质灾害分布规律与发育特征发生显著改变。通过现场调查与数据统计,对地震前后地质灾害分布规律与发育特征进行分析、研究。结果表明: 玉树震区震前地质灾害呈零星点状分布,以泥石流、不稳定斜坡为主要地质灾害类型,规模以小型为主,形成时间主要集中于每年的5～7月。震后,玉树震区地质灾害数量显著增加,在宏观震中结古镇主震断裂穿越的巴曲两岸与结古镇北部山区以及扎曲南部山区,沿主震断裂呈面状集中分布,距离主震断裂较远或远离宏观震中的区域呈零星点状分布。地质灾害受玉树主震断裂控制明显,并受坡型、坡高与坡度的控制; 地质灾害主要分布于距主震断裂2km以内的北盘区域,在坡型上主要分布于凸型与直线型坡,高程为3800～4000m内,坡度在25～40范围内,且以30～35范围内地质灾害最为发育; 地震造成山体地表裂缝所形成的地质灾害隐患比较突出,大中型规模的地质灾害数量明显增加,危害程度显著增高; 汛期地质灾害发育更加集中,并加剧冻融期地质灾害的孕育。     

Surface Rupture of the 1515 Yongsheng Earthquake in Northwest Yunnan,and Its Seismogeological Implications

The 1515 M7? Yongsheng earthquake is the strongest earthquake historically in northwest Yunnan. However, its time, magnitude and the seismogenic fault have long been a topic of dispute. In order to accurately define those problems, a 1:50000 active tectonic mapping was carried out along the northern segment of the Chenghai–Binchuan fault zone. The result shows that there is an at least 25 km–long surface rupture and a series of seismic landslides distributed along the Jinguan fault and the Chenghai fault. Radiocarbon dating of the ~(14) C samples indicates that the surface rupture should be a part of the deformation zone caused by the Yongsheng earthquake in the year 1515. The distribution characteristics of this surface rupture indicate that the macroscopic epicenter of the 1515 Yongsheng earthquake may be located near Hongshiya, and the seismogenic fault of this earthquake is the Jinguan–Chenghai fault, the northern part of the Chenghai–Binchuan fault zone. Striations on the surface rupture show that the latest motion of the fault is normal faulting. The maximum co–seismic vertical displacement can be 3.8 m, according to the empirical formula for the fault displacement and moment magnitude relationship, the moment magnitude of the Yongsheng earthquake was Mw 7.3–7.4. Furthermore, combining published age data with the ~(14) C data in this paper reveals that at least four large earthquakes of similar size to the 1515 Yongsheng earthquake, have taken place across the northern segment of the Chenghai–Binchuan fault zone since 17190±50 yr. BP. The in–situ recurrence interval of Mw 7.3–7.4 characteristic earthquakes in Yongsheng along this fault zone is possibly on the order of 6 ka.