银根—额济纳旗盆地天草凹陷下白垩统巴音戈壁组有效烃源岩地球化学特征及其形成环境

对于低勘探程度的小型断陷湖盆,寻找有效烃源岩对于勘探方向的选择具有非常重要的意义。本文基于天草凹陷新钻井的大量分析测试资料,对主要勘探层系下白垩统巴音戈壁组的纵横向烃源岩地球化学特征及形成环境进行了系统分析,并阐述了沉积环境变化对有效烃源岩发育的控制作用。研究结果表明：巴音戈壁组烃源岩有机质丰度达到了中等—好的级别,以巴音戈壁组二段有机质丰度最高（w（TOC）平均为1.1%）;有机质类型为Ⅱ₁-Ⅱ₂型,且巴音戈壁组二段的Ⅱ₁型有机质丰度最高,属于腐殖腐泥型;烃源岩热演化程度整体达到了低熟-成熟阶段,巴音戈壁组二段为成熟的烃源岩,具备较高的生烃能力;巴音戈壁组有效烃源岩下限为w（TOC）=1.0%,有机质来自高等植物和水生生物的混合源,且低等水生生物贡献比例稍大;巴音戈壁组沉积期为高盐度和还原的沉积环境,盆内藻类勃发和盆外适当的陆源有机质输入是湖盆水体较高古生产力和较好有机质类型的必要条件,持续稳定的缺氧环境为有机质的保存提供了良好条件,这是巴音戈壁组有效烃源岩形成的两个关键条件。天草凹陷南次洼比北次洼更适合有效烃源岩的发育,且发育的有效烃源岩具有更高的有机质丰度和成熟度,是下一步油气勘探的有利区域。     

内蒙古银额盆地查干凹陷烃源岩生烃和排烃史研究

为深入研究银额盆地查干凹陷油气的成藏过程 ,优化勘探目标的选择 ,在分析烃源岩特征的基础上 ,应用动态数值模拟技术 ,定量恢复了研究区主要烃源岩层系的生烃、排烃历史。研究表明 ,查干凹陷主要发育 3套烃源岩系 ,其中下白垩统巴音戈壁组二段泥岩为主力烃源岩 ,具较高的有机质丰度、生烃强度与排烃效率 ;烃类排出具阶段性、多期次幕式排烃的特点。以巴音戈壁组二段为源岩的油气系统应是本区油气勘探的主要目标     

松辽盆地齐家—古龙凹陷中浅层烃源岩生烃量评价

随着近年来齐家—古龙凹陷中浅层烃源岩层段岩芯分析资料的积累和丰富,有必要再次对其烃源岩和生烃量开展评价.通过对齐家—古龙凹陷中浅层烃源岩岩芯样品的地球化学特征分析、测试结果进行统计,以低成熟度烃源岩样品的高温热模拟实验为基础,利用化学动力学方法计算齐家—古龙凹陷中浅层烃源岩成烃转化率随深度的变化规律,定量评价其生烃量.研究结果表明:齐家—古龙凹陷中浅层烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好、处于未成熟至成熟的热演化阶段,生烃门限大约为1 500 m,约在1 750 m开始大量生烃;齐家—古龙凹陷青一段、青二三段和嫩一段烃源岩以生油为主,生油量分别为195.95×108 t、241.79×108 t和134.77×108 t,生气量分别为36.89×1011 m3、17.64×1011 m3和4.02×1011 m3,齐家—古龙凹陷中浅层油、气资源量分别为(28.63~57.25) ×108 t和(0.29~0.59) ×1011 m3.     

银根-额济纳旗盆地天草凹陷构造-沉积体系演化及油气成藏条件分析

天草凹陷位于银根—额济纳旗盆地白垩纪断陷盆地群的西北部,经历了早白垩世断陷发生、发展阶段,晚白垩世坳陷阶段,第三纪到第四纪挤压抬升等主要的构造演化发展阶段。其中,第一阶段是形成盆地沉积建造的主要时期,沉积了2000～3000m的早白垩世沉积,其间经历了两次大的湖侵、湖退过程,对应沉积了两套浅湖-半深湖相烃源岩和扇三角洲相砂体。天草凹陷油源、储层、保存、圈闭配套匹配以及油气运聚等油气成藏条件好,用类比法和盆地模拟法计算的凹陷总资源量的期望值为0.89亿吨。下白垩统巴音戈壁组上部是主要的含油层系,位于凹陷东西两侧的巴勒断阶带、哈尔构造带是天草凹陷油气勘探的重要领域。     

平庄凹陷烃源岩有机质成熟度评价

平庄凹陷盖层中发育九佛堂组、沙海组和阜新组3套烃源岩,虽然以往围绕煤矿生产展开了大量的煤田地质勘探工作,但石油、天然气勘探工作较少,研究程度较低。为了客观评价平庄凹陷的油气资源,需对烃源岩有机质成熟度进行评判。在对平庄凹陷烃源岩岩石热解、镜质组反射率、生物标志物参数分析的基础上,对平庄凹陷九佛堂组、沙海组烃源岩有机质热演化特征及演化阶段进行了系统研究。结果表明：平庄凹陷烃源岩各参数随埋藏深度的增加变化明显,具有纵向上的连续性和横向上的不均匀性;平庄洼陷烃源岩有机质成熟度处于未成熟—低成熟—成熟阶段,其中,九佛堂组烃源岩是盆地的主要成油岩系;四龙洼陷烃源岩有机质成熟度较低,对盆地成烃贡献不大。     

天草凹陷天2井油砂地球化学特征与油源研究

天草凹陷天2井油气显示丰富.以天2井油砂为剖析对象,采用定量色谱-质谱技术,从定性和定量两个角度精细剖析了油砂的生物标志物组合特征.油砂中C31～C35藿烷丰度依次降低,伽马蜡烷丰度较高,无重排藿烷和重排甾烷,C27～C29规则甾烷呈反"L"型分布,C28甾烷丰度较高.甾烷的异构化成熟度参数、甲基菲指数均显示油砂成熟度低.在对该区可能烃源岩生物标志物组合特征分析的基础上,从生物标志物指纹及其丰度特征确认了油砂与下白垩统巴音戈壁组下段烃源岩有成因联系,进一步明确了巴音戈壁组下段烃源岩为天草凹陷的主力烃源岩.     

南襄盆地襄樊-枣阳凹陷白垩系油气资源前景初步评价

通过南襄盆地内矿产地质、油气地球化学勘探等研究,发现一些襄樊-枣阳凹陷白垩系烃源岩信息:凹陷东缘盐矿井揭示的上白垩统中段烃源岩较发育、有机质丰度较高、演化程度适中,显示出一定的生烃能力;地表化探甲烷C同位素数据显示,近一半样品与中生界成熟石油伴生气有关,佐证了该区中生界生烃能力.地震勘探成果表明白垩系分布广、厚度大、沉积环境较稳定;在已投入地震勘探的900km2范围内,共解释出襄樊-枣阳凹陷可靠和比较可靠的白垩系圈闭23个,圈闭面积4～16krm2,最大可达200km2.其中,枣阳凹陷的13个圈闭是20世纪90年代地震勘探解释成果,落实程度较高,总面积达189km2.利用现有的地质、物探、化探等资料,对襄樊-枣阳凹陷白垩系石油地质条件进行初步评价,资料显示,南襄盆地襄樊-枣阳凹陷白垩系范围较广,厚度大,埋藏深,烃源岩演化程度较高,综合认为白垩系是区内值得探索的勘探新层系.     

渤东凹陷东营组烃源岩评价

渤东凹陷是渤海海域下一步油气勘探的重点地区之一。本文通过对渤东凹陷单井烃源岩的有机地球化学分析和与渤中凹陷烃源岩的对比研究,结合渤东凹陷盆地模拟成果,得出以下认识：渤东凹陷南部东营组半深湖深湖相泥岩的有机质丰度高,有机质类型好,有机质演化已处于成熟阶段,因而东营组暗色泥岩具有较高的生烃潜力,是一套良好的烃源岩层。     

查干凹陷中、新生代热史及烃源岩热演化

查干凹陷是内蒙古银-额盆地最具勘探潜力的凹陷, 为了揭示查干凹陷中、新生代热史及烃源岩热演化历史, 首先利用9口井的镜质体反射率数据恢复了查干凹陷中、新生代热史, 结果显示查干凹陷在早白垩世巴音戈壁组沉积开始至银根组沉积末期, 地温梯度逐渐增加, 且到银根组沉积末期达到最大, 为50~58 ℃/km; 自晚白垩世乌兰苏海组沉积开始至今, 地温梯度逐渐下降, 现今地温梯度仅为31~34 ℃/km.再以热史为基础, 结合沉积和构造发育史及烃源岩地球化学资料, 模拟了查干凹陷9口井3套烃源岩的成熟度演化历史, 模拟结果显示查干凹陷烃源岩成熟度演化受古地温控制, 3套烃源岩成熟度都在早白垩世晚期达到最大.      

东营凹陷沙四段盐相关烃源岩沉积环境和地球化学特征对比研究

<正>随着石油和天然气勘探进程的不断深入,人们发现在油气田(特别是超大型油气田)常见膏盐层。研究表明盐湖沉积可以孕育烃源岩,蒸发岩和烃源岩可以共生沉积(金强等,2000),且膏盐岩层能够影响烃源岩的热演化(郑德顺等,2011)。近来油气勘探结果显示,东营凹陷中央断裂带北部的陡坡带膏盐岩发育广泛的的沙四纯下亚段、下亚段烃源岩层系获得工业性气流,显示该区烃源岩具有一定的生烃潜力(王茹,2009)。笔者对东营凹陷沙四段盐相关烃源岩的沉积环境和有机质类型特征进行了对比研究,以期为     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Roles of xenomelts,xenoliths, xenocrysts,xenovolatiles, residues,and skarns in the genesis,transport, and localization of magmatic Fe-Ni-Cu-PGE sulfides and chromite

Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

Coprecipitation of Ti,Mo, Sn and Sb with fluorides and application to determination of B,Ti, Zr,Nb, Mo,Sn, Sb,Hf and Ta by ICP-MS

We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l^− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO₂.     

Petrographic, mineralogy, and geochemistry of coals of Pabedana, Kerman Province, Central Iran

This paper discusses the result of the detailed investigations carried out on the coal characteristics, including coal petrography and its geochemistry of the Pabedana region. A total of 16 samples were collected from four coal seams d2, d4, d5, and d6 of the Pabedana underground mine which is located in the central part of the Central-East Iranian Microcontinent. These samples were reduced to four samples through composite sampling of each seam and were analyzed for their petrographic, mineralogical, and geochemical compositions. Proximate analysis data of the Pabedana coals indicate no major variations in the moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon contents in the coals of different seams. Based on sulfur content, the Pabedana coals may be classified as low-sulfur coals. The low-sulfur contents in the Pabedana coal and relatively low proportion of pyritic sulfur suggest a possible fresh water environment during the deposition of the peat of the Pabedana coal. X-ray diffraction and petrographic analyses indicate the presence of pyrite in coal samples. The Pabedana coals have been classified as a high volatile, bituminous coal in accordance with the vitrinite reflectance values (58.75–74.32 %) and other rank parameters (carbon, calorific value, and volatile matter content). The maceral analysis and reflectance study suggest that the coals in all the four seams are of good quality with low maceral matter association. Mineralogical investigations indicate that the inorganic fraction in the Pabedana coal samples is dominated by carbonates; thus, constituting the major inorganic fraction of the coal samples. Illite, kaolinite, muscovite, quartz, feldspar, apatite, and hematite occur as minor or trace phases. The variation in major elements content is relatively narrow between different coal seams. Elements Sc,, Zr, Ga, Ge, La, As, W, Ce, Sb, Nb, Th, Pb, Se, Tl, Bi, Hg, Re, Li, Zn, Mo, and Ba show varying negative correlation with ash yield. These elements possibly have an organic affinity and may be present as primary biological concentrations either with tissues in living condition and/or through sorption and formation of organometallic compounds.