北山-巴丹吉林地区石炭纪-二叠纪构造古地理及其演化

通过对北山-巴丹吉林地区石炭纪-二叠纪的沉积、古生物、岩浆岩、混杂岩、火山岩等的调查研究,认为北山-巴丹吉林地区的构造古地理为由哈萨克斯坦板块、塔里木板块和华北板块3个板块和牛圈子洋(对应红柳河-牛圈子-洗肠井蛇绿混杂岩带)、恩格尔乌苏洋(对应恩格尔乌苏蛇绿混杂岩带)2个大洋并存的格局。哈萨克斯坦板块主要包括黑鹰山-马鬃山区;塔里木板块包括石板泉-杭乌拉区;华北板块主要包括乌力吉区。黑鹰山-马鬃山区的构造古地理为黑鹰山弧后盆地和马鬃山岛弧;石板泉-杭乌拉区的构造古地理为被动大陆边缘;乌力吉区的构造古地理为乌力吉北岛弧和乌力吉弧后盆地。通过分析各构造古地理单元的特征和演化过程,认为塔里木板块和哈萨克斯坦板块拼合时间为晚石炭世,塔里木板块与华北板块的拼合时间大致为晚二叠世。     

阿尔金断裂系的组成及相关中新生代含油气盆地的成因特征

阿尔金构造带是多次俯冲—碰撞而形成的塔里木板块东南边缘,构造带内的走滑活动始于奥陶纪中晚期,中新生代强烈活动,并将北部不同构造单元的一些地质体拖曳到断裂带中,形成北山与敦煌构造楔。北山—阿拉善及断裂两侧的其他地质体受到走滑拉分作用的强烈改造,形成许多中新生代含油气盆地,共同构成我国中西部一条巨型走滑断裂系。     

祁连和秦岭地区寒武纪和奥陶纪古生物区系关系的探讨

我国西北地区由不同地体组成,构造运动复杂。由于缺乏充分的古生物学证据,古生物区系的识别和归属一直是有待解决的问题。本文在前人工作的基础上,依据各类动物群特征的分析,较详细地探讨了我国祁连和秦岭地区相关地层区中-晚寒武世和奥陶纪动物群的性质及其古生物类型的归属,确定了过渡型动物群在祁连和秦岭地区的大体分布范围。同时,结合地球动力学和古地理学研究成果的分析,探讨了导致在祁连和秦岭地区中-晚寒武世和奥陶纪时存在着与华南相似过渡类型动物群的两种可能原因。一种可能是中-晚寒武世和奥陶纪时塔里木板块位于扬子板块西边,中朝板块位于扬子板块之北,祁连和秦岭可能位于扬子和塔里木板块之间,存在与华南及华北动物群交流的基本条件,产生了大体相近的动物群。另一种可能是中-晚寒武世和奥陶纪时祁连和秦岭地区存在一些原位于扬子板块北部边缘的地体,在这些沿扬子板块北缘分布的地体上发育了与南部边缘相似的生物群或生物类型。中生代之前,沿扬子板块主体和北部边缘地体之间的走滑活动,可能使扬子板块主体向东移动了几百公里,而其边缘那些属于祁连和秦岭的地体向东移动的幅度不大,从而造成现今祁连和秦岭地区存在与扬子板块东南部地区大体相似的具过渡性质的生物群或生物类型,而扬子板块北部边缘又缺少边缘过渡相带的现状。     

塔里木盆地奥陶纪层序岩相古地理

通过大量钻井取芯及露头沉积相观察、地震层序解释及地震相分析,结合蛇绿混杂岩带及板块构造演化等区域地质资料,首次编制了层序地层格架下的8张塔里木盆地奥陶纪岩相古地理图,发现了塔里木板块内部存在5个孤立碳酸盐台地（塔北台地、巴楚—塔中台地、罗西台地、塘南台地及库鲁克塔格台地）及其“台—盆”相间的古地理格局,对塔里木盆地海相油气勘探具有重要指导意义。最初发生于早震旦世及早寒武世的塔里木板块北缘大陆裂谷运动及震旦纪—中奥陶世的张裂构造环境控制了塔里木板块内部多个孤立碳酸盐台地及其间深水沉积区的形成,而晚奥陶世发生于板块南缘的阿尔金岛弧及库地岛弧与塔里木板块的碰撞挤压运动及其产生的大量陆源碎屑物源,则导致了板块内部多个孤立碳酸盐台地的逐步消亡及板块南部浊流盆地群的形成。     

下扬子地区沿江前陆盆地形成的构造控制

华北板块与扬子板块沿大别－胶南造山带的陆－陆碰撞使造 山带侧的扬子板块成为前陆变形带,并在其上发育了沿江前陆盆地。沿江前陆盆地初始继承性发育于下扬子区海退末期残留的陷区,随后于黄马青期受北界滁河断裂与南界江南断裂的对冲控制而成为双向压隐型盆地。     

阿尔金断裂系的组成及相关中新生代含油气盆地的成因特征

阿尔金构造是多次俯冲－碰撞而形成的塔里木板块东南边缘,构造带内的走滑活动始于奥陶纪中晚期,中新生代强烈活动,并将北部不同构造单元的一些地质体拖曳到断裂带中,形成北山与敦煌构造楔。北山－阿拉善及断裂两侧的其他地质体受到走滑拉分作用的强烈改造,形成许多中新生代含油气盆地,共同构成我国中西部一条巨型走滑断裂系。     

新疆地学断面（独山子—泉水沟）走廓域及邻区地球物理调查综合研究

沿新疆地学断面 (独山子-泉水沟 )走廊域实施了多种地球物理方法调查研究。对岩石圈现今活动性、位场异常图像处理与岩石圈变形踪迹、地体基底构造与边界断裂划分等进行了综合研究。整条地学断面处于近SN向的挤压环境中。挤压力一方面来自印度板块向北的推挤 ,另一方面来自增厚岩石圈根带下沉的拖力。塔里木岩石圈呈刚性 ,且整体变形 ,对应力的传播起到放大的作用。阿尔金断裂向南延展进入西昆仑造山带 ,南端与泉水沟断裂相接 ,并且斜截了库地断裂和康西瓦断裂。中天山地体与北天山地体与准噶尔盆地统属同一基底构造区 ,南天山地体与北塔里木统属同一基底构造区。南北塔里木是 2个基底性质不同的地体。 4 0°N是分割南北塔里木的地体边界断裂。研究结果表明 ,新疆新构造运动不是古板块的简单复活。     

新疆奥陶纪古地理

根据地层沉积特征及构造演化反映的构造环境、火山活动等因素,新疆奥陶纪沉积可划分为5大沉积区和若干分区,其范围和沉积特征简述如下附图91011： 阿尔泰区：位于额尔齐斯缝合带以北的阿尔泰地区,中寒武-早奥陶世为被动大陆边缘,沉积了巨厚的陆源碎屑复理石建造,早奥陶世晚期-中奥陶世未见沉积,晚奥陶世发育滨浅海相磨拉石火山磨拉石或碎屑岩建造及碳酸盐岩,不整合于下伏哈巴河群之上。 准噶尔－天山区：北界为额尔齐斯缝合带,南界为那拉提－红柳河缝合带,奥陶纪是古亚洲洋本区为准噶尔洋的发育期,经历了一次拉张…     

塔里木盆地东北缘早古生代构造格局及演化

塔里木盆地东北缘构造带包括了新疆东天山及甘肃—内蒙北山广大地区。本区早古生代塔里木板块与哈萨克斯坦板块的对接带展布于由西段阿其克库都克断裂带向东与石板井—小黄山蛇绿混杂岩一线。晋宁运动(800 Ma)本区经历了广泛的岩浆热事件,西伯利亚板块、哈萨克斯坦板块与塔里木板块曾一度合并到罗迪尼亚超大陆之上。南华—震旦纪古大陆解体,哈萨克斯坦板块及塔里木板块块断区以多岛群体弥散于古亚洲洋内。塔里木板块东段的陆缘区,震旦—寒武纪显示海湾型沉积区。奥陶纪沿花牛山—五峰山—帐房山一线裂解为裂谷带,晚奥陶世末前碰撞期岩浆活动导致裂谷关闭。早、中志留世,古亚洲洋洋壳板片沿着尾亚南—芨芨台子山—白云山—月牙山—洗肠井一线向南俯冲,构筑了公婆泉火山岛弧带及相匹配的红柳河—牛圈子—碱泉子弧后盆地。晚志留世的碰撞初期花岗岩浆运动极为活跃。泥盆纪进入主碰撞期,造山阶段的岩浆热事件波及到隆升中的造山带,在其南缘沉陷为火山-磨拉石前陆盆地。     

中国奥陶纪三叶虫生物地理

三叶虫证据表明,除北疆区的阿尔泰地体和兴安区的额尔古纳-兴安地体与西伯利亚和劳伦陆块在动物群方面紧密关联外,中国奥陶纪的所有板块和大部分地体均系当时东泛冈瓦纳的重要组成部分,在生物地理上彼此密切相关。对这些属于东泛冈瓦纳的中国区块的台地或内陆棚三叶虫动物群的综合分析研究证明,它们在特马豆克期（Tremadocian）以及凯迪晚期-赫南特期（late Katian-Hirnantian）或阿石极期（Ashgill）应归属同一生物地理区,而在弗洛期-凯迪早期（Floian-early Katian）或阿仑尼克期-卡拉多克期（Arenig-Caradoc）则可划分为两个生物地理亚区：一个由华南、塔里木板块和安南或印支地体组成,另一个包括华北板块以及滇缅马、藏南、中天山-北山地体（可能还有海南地体）。饶有趣味的是在凯迪晚期或阿石极期开始发生的生物地理亚区解体之前,有关陆块的深水相三叶虫动物群已经历了从达瑞威尔中期（mid Darriwilian）至凯迪早期的长期频繁交流以及组成逐渐趋于齐一的过程。因此深水动物群之间的属种交流和一体化进程的发生、发展和完成显然均先于浅水一侧的三叶虫。     

Palaeozoic and Mesozoic tectonic evolution and palaeogeography of East Asian crustal fragments: The Korean Peninsula in context

East and Southeast Asia comprises a complex assembly of allochthonous continental lithospheric crustal fragments (terranes) together with volcanic arcs, and other terranes of oceanic and accretionary complex origins located at the zone of convergence between the Eurasian, Indo-Australian and Pacific Plates. The former wide separation of Asian terranes is indicated by contrasting faunas and floras developed on adjacent terranes due to their prior geographic separation, different palaeoclimates, and biogeographic isolation. The boundaries between Asian terranes are marked by major geological discontinuities (suture zones) that represent former ocean basins that once separated them. In some cases, the ocean basins have been completely destroyed, and terrane boundaries are marked by major fault zones. In other cases, remnants of the ocean basins and of subduction/accretion complexes remain and provide valuable information on the tectonic history of the terranes, the oceans that once separated them, and timings of amalgamation and accretion. The various allochthonous crustal fragments of East Asia have been brought into close juxtaposition by geological convergent plate tectonic processes. The Gondwana-derived East Asia crustal fragments successively rifted and separated from the margin of eastern Gondwana as three elongate continental slivers in the Devonian, Early Permian and Late Triassic–Late Jurassic. As these three continental slivers separated from Gondwana, three successive ocean basins, the Palaeo-Tethys,. Meso-Tethys and Ceno-Tethys, opened between these and Gondwana. Asian terranes progressively sutured to one another during the Palaeozoic to Cenozoic. South China and Indochina probably amalgamated in the Early Carboniferous but alternative scenarios with collision in the Permo–Triassic have been suggested. The Tarim terrane accreted to Eurasia in the Early Permian. The Sibumasu and Qiangtang terranes collided and sutured with Simao/Indochina/East Malaya in the Early–Middle Triassic and the West Sumatra terrane was transported westwards to a position outboard of Sibumasu during this collisional process. The Permo–Triassic also saw the progressive collision between South and North China (with possible extension of this collision being recognised in the Korean Peninsula) culminating in the Late Triassic. North China did not finally weld to Asia until the Late Jurassic. The Lhasa and West Burma terranes accreted to Eurasia in the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous and proto East and Southeast Asia had formed. Palaeogeographic reconstructions illustrating the evolution and assembly of Asian crustal fragments during the Phanerozoic are presented.     

Sedimentary and Tectonic History of the Terranes in the Corridor of the GolmudEjin Qi Geotransect and Its Adjacent Areas

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新疆古生代构造—生物古地理

通过6幅图表达了新疆古生代板块的构造－生物古地理区系。早古生代，包括劳伦，波罗的、西伯利亚和哈萨克斯坦4陆块的亚帕特斯古陆（Iapetusa)群，与由其余陆块构成的冈瓦纳古陆群隔原特提斯洋相对峙。石炭－二叠纪，欧美、安加拉、太平洋和冈瓦纳4古陆共存并立。西伯利亚和哈萨克斯担板块经历了早古生代亚伯特斯古陆、晚古生代安加拉古陆和早二叠世晚期以来欧亚大陆3个发展阶段。塔里木、中朝、华南－东南亚板块经历了早古生代冈瓦纳古陆、晚古生代太平洋古陆和早二叠世晚期以来欧亚大陆3个发展阶段。指出在中晚寒武世和晚奥陶世哈萨克斯坦板块靠近塔里木、中朝和华南－东南亚板块；在早古生代其余时期它接近西伯利亚板块。伊犁和托克逊－雅满苏地体是在中泥盆世之前裂解自塔里木板块，尔后在早二叠世晚期接近安加拉古陆。塔里木板块北东缘北山地区在早二叠世早期首先靠近安加拉古陆。塔里木与西伯利亚－哈萨克斯坦板块之间缝合时代大抵上和土耳其－中伊朗－冈底斯与华南－东南亚板块之间缝合时代一致。缝合事件发生在早二叠世早期，而相应的构造运动出现在早晚二叠世之交。     

塔里木盆地及邻区寒武纪——三叠纪构造古地理格局的初步重建

塔里木陆块寒武纪——三叠纪主要经历了从东冈瓦纳大陆西北缘裂解、到向劳亚大陆聚合的演化过程,北部长期为被动大陆边缘环境,南部主要为裂谷、持续裂解以及漂移过程中陆块地体增生拼合,主要为弧后前陆盆地或隆起。塔里木盆地一级层序地层、区域不整合事件、次级构造单元的构造演化等,与板块边界上构造活动及其板块运动轨迹的变化具有明显的一致性,板块边界上的挤压造山活动,造成盆地隆升以及盆地岩相古地理格局的剧烈变化。引发塔里木盆地早二叠世大火成岩省的地幔柱活动,垂向上也造成石炭系穹隆状剥蚀抬升。塔里木叠合盆地的形成是小陆块上不同时期不同盆地类型复合的产物,而在世界其他大板块上,它们在横向上可能处于不同位置,不会发生垂向叠合,而以不同时代的不同盆地出现。塔里木陆块较全球典型克拉通盆地规模小,在与周边陆块碰撞汇聚时受改造强烈,构造变形程度大并由陆块边缘向陆块内扩展,南、北两侧陆块边界上的强烈构造作用易于对整个盆地产生强烈影响,发育挤压期盆地隆起和前陆盆地等。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘奥陶系的对比划分意见及其对中西部油气勘探的意义

根据野外实测剖面及多年积累的古生物地层资料,建立了鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘包括2个群及以笔石带为据的9个组。强调下奥陶统与中—上奥陶统是该区及整个中国中西部地区的一个重要层序和盆地原型分界。代表 SaukⅢ上部的下奥陶统在鄂尔多斯、塔里木和扬子地区表现为被动边缘上的以台地相碳酸盐岩占优势的伸展盆地沉积,其顶部风化壳是本区及塔里木大油(气)田的主力储层。以 Tippecanoe(O_2—D_(?))层序和以中—上奥陶统为主的地层,是鄂尔多斯和塔里木最有价值的有效烃源岩层,它代表了加里东期聚敛到碰撞的挠曲型复理石至磨拉石前陆盆地的沉积,而古中央隆起是这个弧后前陆的前隆部位。     

Gondwanaland origin, dispersion, and accretion of East and Southeast Asian continental terranes

East and Southeast Asia is a complex assembly of allochthonous continental terranes, island arcs, accretionary complexes and small ocean basins. The boundaries between continental terranes are marked by major fault zones or by sutures recognized by the presence of ophiolites, mélanges and accretionary complexes. Stratigraphical, sedimentological, paleobiogeographical and paleomagnetic data suggest that all of the East and Southeast Asian continental terranes were derived directly or indirectly from the Iran-Himalaya-Australia margin of Gondwanaland. The evolution of the terranes is one of rifting from Gondwanaland, northwards drift and amalgamation/accretion to form present day East Asia. Three continental silvers were rifted from the northeast margin of Gondwanaland in the Silurian-Early Devonian (North China, South China, Indochina/East Malaya, Qamdo-Simao and Tarim terranes), Early-Middle Permian (Sibumasu, Lhasa and Qiangtang terranes) and Late Jurassic (West Burma terrane, Woyla terranes). The northwards drift of these terranes was effected by the opening and closing of three successive Tethys oceans, the Paleo-Tethys, Meso-Tethys and Ceno-Tethys. Terrane assembly took place between the Late Paleozoic and Cenozoic, but the precise timings of amalgamation and accretion are still contentious. Amalgamation of South China and Indochina/East Malaya occurred during the Early Carboniferous along the Song Ma Suture to form “Cathaysialand”. Cathaysialand, together with North China, formed a large continental region within the Paleotethys during the Late Carboniferous and Permian. Paleomagnetic data indicate that this continental region was in equatorial to low northern paleolatitudes which is consistent with the tropical Cathaysian flora developed on these terranes. The Tarim terrane (together with the Kunlun, Qaidam and Ala Shan terranes) accreted to Kazakhstan/Siberia in the Permian. This was followed by the suturing of Sibumasu and Qiangtang to Cathaysialand in the Late Permian-Early Triassic, largely closing the Paleo-Tethys. North and South China were amalgamated in the Late Triassic-Early Jurassic and finally welded to Laurasia around the same time. The Lhasa terrane accreted to the Sibumasu-Qiangtang terrane in the Late Jurassic and the Kurosegawa terrane of Japan, interpreted to be derived from Australian Gondwanaland, accreted to Japanese Eurasia, also in the Late Jurassic. The West Burma and Woyla terranes drifted northwards during the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous as the Ceno-Tethys opened and the Meso-Tethys was destroyed by subduction beneath Eurasia and were accreted to proto-Southeast Asia in the Early to Late Cretaceous. The Southwest Borneo and Semitau terranes amalgamated to each other and accreted to Indochina/East Malaya in the Late Cretaceous and the Hainanese terranes probably accreted to South China sometime in the Cretaceous.     

新疆北部古生代大陆增生构造

古生代亚洲中部是一幅两陆夹一洋、洋中多地体的构造图案，大地构造框架与现代西南太平洋格局十分相似。中亚造山带是晚古生代复杂地体的拼贴带。新疆北部古生代存在4类成因的8个地体构造。它们以裂解陆块地层块体、海山和火山弧的形式散布在中蒙大洋中，诸地体间是一系列的小洋盆。晚古生代，这些地体开始彼此拼贴并导致强烈推覆作用。石炭纪末－二叠纪初，中蒙大洋闭合，散布其中的诸地体分别增生到塔里木大陆北缘和西伯利亚大陆南缘。北天山－准噶尔地区6条蛇绿岩带记录了诸地体间碰撞事件。     

新疆北部及邻区地质构造单元与地质发展史

新疆北部及邻区在区域构造上分属西伯利亚、哈萨克斯坦—准噶尔及塔里木三大板块，它们被两条时代不同（石炭—二叠纪、志留—泥盆纪）、规模宏伟的板块缝合构造带所分隔，缝合构造带与两侧板块有着密切的亲缘关系，却无隶属的“父子”关系，三大板块自元古宙发生解体裂移后，增生作用主要发生在早古生代，主要是依据各陆缘的不同特征分别形成岛弧或边缘海盆；进入晚古生代后，哈萨克斯坦—准噶尔板块与培里木板块已率先完成碰撞缝合，此时除斋桑—额尔齐斯—线尚有古亚洲洋残余外，绝大部分地区均进入陆内构造发展阶段，其主要构造活动是“手风琴式’的开合构造，形成一些裂陷槽、裂谷和上叠盆地。研究区内共分出１５个二级构造单元和４４个三级单元。