内蒙古四子王旗乌尔塔高勒庙岩体的侵位时代及岩石地球化学特征

内蒙中部四子王旗乌尔塔高勒庙花岗岩基位于兴蒙造山带的二道井-查干乌拉-红格尔缝合带南缘,主要由角闪正长岩、二长花岗岩及正长花岗岩组成.为精确厘定该岩体形成时代,我们对其三类岩石进行了锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年.角闪正长岩、二长花岗岩、正长花岗岩分别获得了271 Ma±18 Ma(MSWD=4.1),256 Ma±3 Ma(MSWD=2.7)和261Ma±2 Ma(MSWD=1.2)的206 pb/238U年龄.岩石地球化学数据表明二长花岗岩和正长花岗岩属钙碱性岩石系列,而角闪正长岩为碱性岩系列;角闪石正长岩高Ga/Al比值,高Zn,Y,Nb含量等特征与A型花岗岩类一致;二长花岗岩高Sr(407×10-6～626×10-6),低Y(2.2×10-6～4.8×10-6)和Yb(0.27×10-6～0.45×10-6)以及高Sr/Y(84～235)和LaN/YbN (8.9～49.6)比值,δEu正异常(1.3～3.3)等特征,暗示源区残留相以石榴石+角闪石+斜长石为特征,具加厚地壳特征;该类型岩石通过斜长石的分离结晶形成具低锶花岗岩特征的正长花岗岩.同位素定年和岩石地球化学特征表明乌尔塔高勒庙岩体形成于碰撞后构造环境,是大规模岩浆底侵作用导致地壳熔融的结果.     

八达岭花岗岩的年龄、地球化学特征及其地质意义

八达岭花岗岩基是由不同时代、不同类型的花岗岩侵入体组成的,对八达岭花岗岩中的黄花城花岗斑岩、分水岭北西花岗岩和铁炉子二长花岗岩的岩石学、岩相学、地球化学特征及锆石U-Pb年代学研究的结果表明,铁炉子二长花岗岩具有高Sr (312×10-6)、低Yb(0.98×10-6)和高Sr/Yb值(318),属于埃达克型花岗岩,其侵位年龄137Ma;黄花城花岗斑岩具低Sr (193×10-6)、低Yb (1.43×10-6)的特征,属喜马拉雅型花岗岩,其侵位年龄为133Ma;分水岭花岗岩Sr含量很低(10.2×10-6)、低Yb (0.98×10-6)、贫铝(Al2O3=13.66％),且REE图上具明显的负铕异常(Eu/Eu*=0.32),属于南岭型花岗岩,侵位年龄为128.5Ma.研究表明,137Ma的埃达克型花岗岩代表了中国东部高原存续的时间,133Ma的喜马拉雅型花岗岩指示高原可能开始垮塌了,而128Ma的南岭型花岗岩表明高原已经垮塌了.因此,八达岭花岗岩不同类型花岗岩的时代及其Sr、Yb特征可能反映了中国东部高原北部经历了从形成到垮塌的全过程.     

内蒙古莫合尔图中-晚侏罗世火山岩年代学、地球化学研究及其意义

内蒙古莫合尔图地区发育大面积的中—晚侏罗世酸性火山岩,是大兴安岭中生代火山岩的重要组成部分,锆石U-Pb定年结果显示,火山岩形成于174.1±2.2～157.5±2.3 Ma,属中—晚侏罗世.主量元素分析表明,火山岩具高硅(SiO2=69.12％～80.66％)、富碱(K2O+Na2O=7.26％～8.99％)、富钾(K2O/Na2O多数大于1)、贫钙镁(CaO=0.09％～0.71％;MgO=0.07％～0.47％,Mg#多＜45)和高FeOT/MgO(1.50～12.28,多数大于3)值的特征,属过铝质(A/CNK=1.11～3.07)钙碱性高钾钙碱性—钾玄岩系列岩石.微量元素数据显示:稀土元素总量∑REE为95.92×10-6～205.70×10-6,轻、重稀土元素分馏较明显[(La/Yb)N=5.17～14.69],轻稀土元素(LREE)较为富集,重稀土分布相对较为平坦,球粒陨石标准化的配分模式图显示典型的右倾型,中等弱负铕异常(δEu=0.23～0.87),微量元素富集大离子亲石元素(LILE) Rb、Ba、Th、K、贫Sr和亏损高场强元素(HFSE) Nb、Ta、P、Ti;岩石具低Sr(31×10-6～187×10-6),高Yb(1.23×10-6～3.37×10-6)含量,具造山晚期—造山后花岗岩的特征.综合最新区域资料及本文研究成果,笔者认为研究区中—晚侏罗世火山岩为造山晚期向造山后伸展转换阶段的产物,转换时期介于174.1±2.2～157.5±2.3 Ma,与蒙古-鄂霍次克造山后伸展作用有关.     

内蒙古二连浩特北部阿仁绍布地区晚石炭世花岗岩Sr-Yb分类及其成因

对分布在内蒙古二连浩特北部阿仁绍布地区的晚石炭世花岗岩类,依据Sr、Yb含量,划分为低Sr高Yb型、极低Sr高Yb型和低Sr低Yb型花岗岩3种类型。低Sr高Yb型花岗岩类相对低Si、富Al,Na2O>K2O,稀土元素分馏中等,有或无负Eu异常,Sr含量低,平均为183×10-6,Ba含量较高,平均585×10-6,Y含量高,平均30.06×10-6,Rb/Sr比值较低,平均0.97;极低Sr高Yb型花岗岩富Si、REE,低Al、Sr、Ba,高的Rb/Sr比值(平均为7.47),具明显的负Eu异常等;低Sr低Yb型花岗岩富Si,贫Al、Ca、Mg,重稀土元素(Y、Yb)含量低,Y含量在(7.26～10.6)×10-6之间,平均9.76×10-6,Yb含量在(1.04～1.89)×10-6之间,平均1.44×10-6,δEu=0.64～0.94,具弱负Eu异常,微量元素Ba含量高,Rb/Sr比值低。3种类型的花岗岩类过铝指数(A/CNK)多小于1.0,说明它们均源自变质火成岩的部分熔融。由于源区的深度不同(pT条件不同)和残留的主要矿物相不同,它们的岩石地球化学特征存在差异。极低Sr高Yb型花岗岩形成深度最浅(中上地壳),熔融残留相以斜长石为主;低Sr高Yb型花岗岩类形成于中下地壳,熔融残留相为斜长石和辉石;低Sr低Yb型花岗岩形成深度最深,推测可能形成于加厚下地壳(>40km)底部,熔融残留相为石榴子石、斜长石和角闪石。     

再论花岗岩按照Sr-Yb的分类:标志

2006年作者曾经按照Sr=400×10~(-6)和Yb=2×10~(-6)作为标志将花岗岩分为埃达克岩、喜马拉雅型花岗岩、浙闽型花岗岩和广西型花岗岩,在浙闽型中又分出南岭型(Sr100×10~(-6)和Yb2×10~(-6)),于是花岗岩被分为5类。Sr=400×10~(-6)和Yb=2×10~(-6)是根据阿留申群岛中的Adak岛的资料得出来的。本文统计了全球花岗岩6000多个数据(其中,埃达克型花岗岩为2810个,喜马拉雅型花岗岩636个,浙闽型花岗岩1183个,南岭型花岗岩1518个,广西型花岗岩142个,总共6289个),统计的结果,各类花岗岩的地球化学特征大致如下:(1)埃达克型花岗岩富Al_2O_3和Sr,贫Y和Yb,具较高和变化的铕异常,绝大多数样品的Sr300×10~(-6),Yb2.5×10~(-6)(当Sr=400×10~(-6)～600×10~(-6)时Yb值最大,Sr超过600×10~(-6),Yb降低至2×10~(-6)),Al_2O_3在14%～18%之间,Eu/Eu~*大多在0.6～1.2范围;(2)喜马拉雅型花岗岩贫Sr和Yb,具中等的Al_2O_3和变化的Eu/Eu~*,Sr300×10~(-6)和Yb2×10~(-6)(少数Sr300×10~(-6)),Al_2O_3为13%～17%,Eu/Eu~*为0.2～1.0;(3)浙闽型花岗岩贫Sr富Yb,Sr在40×10~(-6)～400×10~(-6)之间,Yb1.5×10~(-6),Al_2O_3和Eu/Eu~*的变化类似喜马拉雅型花岗岩,Al_2O_3为12%～17%,Eu/Eu~*为0.4～1.0;(4)南岭型花岗岩以很低的Sr、Al_2O_3和Eu/Eu~*以及很高的Yb而不同于上述各类花岗岩,通常Yb1.5×10~(-6),Sr100×10~(-6)(Yb变化大,绝大多数2×10~(-6);当Yb在2×10~(-6)～8×10~(-6)时,部分样品Sr可100×10~(-6),但很少200×10~(-6));Al_2O_314%,集中在11%～13%之间,Eu/Eu~*0.7,大多0.4;Yb越大,Sr越低,负铕异常越明显。文中讨论了花岗岩Sr-Yb分类的意义,指出本分类适用于产于大陆和海洋的绝大多数中酸性岩浆岩(可能不适用于一部分特别富铁和钾的花岗岩,如具有高Sr和Yb特征的广西型花岗岩)。不同类型的花岗岩主要反映了源区压力的不同,而源区成分、温度、部分熔融程度、水和挥发分的加入以及岩浆混合等的影响可能是次要的。文中指出,该分类的依据、其实质,是熔体与残留相平衡的理论。与浙闽型花岗岩平衡的残留相是斜长石,与喜马拉雅型花岗岩平衡的是斜长石+石榴石,与埃达克型花岗岩平衡的是石榴石,与南岭型花岗岩平衡的是富钙的斜长石。文中指出,加强实验岩石学研究,将年代学和地球化学研究密切结合起来是深化花岗岩研究的关键。     

闽西南地区晚三叠-中侏罗世沉积岩矿物和元素地球化学特征：对盆地构造背景转变的约束

闽西南地区上三叠统-中侏罗统文宾山组、梨山组和漳平组经历了一次大规模的海侵-海退事件.泥岩的常量元素分析和ICP-MS微量、稀土元素测试结果显示的地球化学特征表明,该套沉积物源岩主要为沉积岩和花岗岩.文宾山组和梨山组沉积物源岩是来自被动大陆边缘物源区和酸性岛弧源区的沉积岩和花岗岩(Rb＞ 100×10-6; K20＞ 1％;Hf=5.38×10-6～ 14.17×10-6;La/Th=1.64 ～4.94).漳平组源岩来自酸性岛弧源区和长英质、基性岩混合物物源区的花岗岩(Rb＞300×10-6; K20 ＞2％;Hf=3.75 ×10-6～6.64×10-6; La/Th =2.73 ～4.21).砂岩骨架成分研究表明,文宾山组物源主要来自火山弧造山带;梨山组和漳平组物源来自火山弧造山带和岩浆弧物源区,这与泥岩地球化学特征显示的物源区吻合.不同时代岩性岩相组合、泥岩地球化学特征和砂岩矿物成分特征,以及样品在Zr-Th、La-Th-Sc、Th-Co-Zr/10构造环境判别图解中的位置,说明文宾山组沉积物沉积于既有被动大陆边缘特性,也有大陆岛弧(∑REE =22.51×10-6～152.6×10-6;LREE/HREE=7.21～ 15.01,8Eu =0.69 ～0.90,La/Yb =5.64～ 16.93;(La/Yb)N=3.66～10.99)特性的弧后伸展盆地.梨山组沉积物沉积于靠近大陆岛弧的活动大陆边缘(∑REE=140.4×10-6 ～335.5×10-6,LREE/HREE =9.52～15.90,δEu=0.48 ～0.62,La/Yb=11.04 ～21.13;(La/Yb)N =7.17 ～ 13.72),同时具有被动大陆边缘(∑REE=115.4×10-6～383.4×10-6,LREE/HREE=8.30 ～20.27,δEu =0.55～0.67,La/Yb=8.42 ～30.12;(La/Yb)N =5.47 ～ 19.56)特性的弧后挤压盆地.漳平组沉积物沉积于靠近大陆岛弧的活动大陆边缘(∑REE=98.34×10-6～260.5×10-6,LREE/HREE=11.28～19.38,δEu=0.56 ～0.64,La/Yb=10.19 ～23.91;(La/Yb)N =6.62 ～15.52)特性的弧后挤压盆地.     

桂东北豆乍山花岗岩年代学与地球化学特征

豆乍山花岗岩主要由中细粒二云母二长花岗岩构成,是桂东北苗儿山复式花岗岩体中段的一个重要产铀的岩体.单颗粒锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄为228±11Ma,属于印支期岩浆活动产物.地球化学特征显示该花岗岩以过铝、富硅、富碱和低CaO/Na2O比值为特征,微量元素主要富集Rb、Th、U和Ta,亏损Sr、Ba和Ti.稀土总量30.24×10-6～139.18×10-6,轻稀土轻微富集(LREE/HREE=4.00～6.35,(La/Yb)N=3.24～6.74),Eu亏损明显(δEu=0.14～0.19).结合其它相关地质资料,表明豆乍山花岗岩是壳源型花岗岩,是在印支运动晚期地壳伸展-减薄的构造背景下,成分为泥质的变质岩通过低程度部分熔融方式而形成.     

华北克拉通南缘角子山花岗岩的锆石U-Pb定年、岩石地球化学特征及构造背景

角子山岩基是秦岭造山带东端伏牛山余脉规模居第二位的燕山期侵入岩,其岩石成因模型有助于深入认识华北克拉通南缘伏牛山余脉早白垩世酸性岩浆的形成规律和深部构造演化。角子山花岗岩体LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年样品的30个测点中,18个有效锆石测点的U-Pb年龄集中于(129.5±1.4)Ma(1个)和(116.1±1.4)～(122.2±1.3)Ma(17个)两组,形成了锆石年龄谱,后者的加权平均年龄为(119.3±0.9)Ma。结合前人10个有效锆石测点的U-Pb年龄数据,27颗锆石的加权平均年龄为(118.2±1.2)Ma,代表了角子山花岗岩的形成时代。角子山花岗岩样品具有富Si和碱、贫Ca和Mg的特征,为高钾钙碱性系列岩石,属于准铝质–弱过铝质花岗岩。在微量元素蛛网图中,角子山花岗岩样品显示了Rb、Th及Zr、Hf的正异常和Sr、P、Ti的负异常。角子山花岗岩稀土总量为20.9×10^-6～204×10^-6,(La/Yb)_N值为4.24～21.0,δEu值为0.53～0.78,稀土配分模式呈轻稀土富集(右倾平滑)和中、...     

大兴安岭东北部塔河地区早白垩世高Sr低Yb型侵入岩的年代学、地球化学特征及地质意义

东北地区是中国显生宙花岗岩极其发育的地区,构造演化复杂。研究大兴安岭东北部塔河地区早白垩世侵入岩是解决大兴安岭地区中生代岩浆演化及构造背景的重要突破口。塔河地区早白垩世侵入岩的岩性主要有石英闪长岩、花岗闪长岩、二长花岗岩、正长花岗岩和花岗闪长斑岩。运用LA-ICP-MS测年方法对花岗闪长岩和石英闪长岩进行测年,锆石U-Pb年龄分别为131±1Ma(MSWD=0.73)和130±1Ma(MSWD=2.2)。早白垩世侵入岩SiO_2含量为61.32%~71.68%,为中酸性岩类。Al_2O_3含量为13.53%~15.62%,显示为准铝质或过铝质、高钾钙碱性花岗岩。∑REE为(152.28~253.85)×10~(-6)。地球化学特征可分为高Sr低Yb型和低Sr高Yb型两类侵入岩,起源于地壳的不同深度。研究区早白垩世侵入岩形成于蒙古-鄂霍次克洋洋盆自西向东的剪切式收缩闭合作用,可能与蒙古-鄂霍次克造山带陆-陆碰撞导致下地壳加厚作用有关。     

甘肃龙首山青山堡花岗岩成因及其构造意义:元素地球化学、锆石U-Pb年龄和Sr-Nd同位素约束

青山堡岩体位于阿拉善弧型构造南缘之龙首山隆起中段,紧邻芨岭岩体,是龙首山-祁连山铀矿成矿带的重要组成部分。为了理清岩体源区性质和演化过程,还原大地构造动力学背景,对青山堡岩体进行系统的地质地球化学研究。常量元素地球化学分析显示,青山堡岩体属于富硅富钾的钙碱性花岗岩类;稀土元素方面,细晶花岗岩呈现出平缓的配分曲线、强烈的Eu谷特征(δEu=0.05),而其余花岗岩类样品均呈现出明显的配分曲线右倾趋势,Eu谷程度较小(δEu=0.43～0.89);微量元素方面,各岩体样品基本均富集Th,U,Nb,Zr,Hf等高场强元素和La,Nd,Y,Lu等稀土元素,亏损大离子亲石元素Ba,Sr,P和高场强元素Ti等,而细晶花岗岩具有极低的Sr值(9.4)和非常高的Yb值(9.34);青山堡岩体中粗粒钾长花岗岩的锆石U-Pb年龄为441.6±4.2 Ma(MSWD=1.4,n=14),细晶花岗岩的锆石U-Pb年龄为430.1±5.6 Ma(MSWD=1.8,n=11),与阿拉善地块的碰撞运动时间(加里东晚期)相一致;全岩Sr-Nd同位素分析显示青山堡岩体具有较低的初始(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i比值(0.663 767～0.707 767)和较低的εNd(t)负值(-0.1～-7.4),其应起源于古元古代龙首山群古老基底地壳物质的重熔,但也有部分地幔物质的贡献。综合分析认为,青山堡岩体除细晶花岗岩外均形成于阿拉善地块与北祁连岛弧的碰撞造山运动,为I型花岗岩;而细晶花岗岩应是碰撞造山作用期后伸展运动的产物,属于A型花岗岩。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.