长江中游水成沉积与风成沉积磁组构特征

为了建立长江中游不同成因的沉积物磁组构识别标志,讨论磁组构参数与沉积环境之间的关系,对采自长江中游风成沉积与现代不同沉积环境下的水成沉积物进行了磁组构参数测试和对比。结果表明：①风成沉积的κ、Ｐ、Ｆ、Ｌ值均明显低于水成沉积的相应值,但q值却比水成沉积的偏大,反映风成沉积物的分选较水成沉积物的要差;②在磁组构参数FL关系图上,风成沉积数据点多集中于坐标原点附近,指示沉积动力相对比较弱的沉积环境,而水成沉积数据点却主要分布于F轴附近,反映水成沉积物的F较L发育;③风成沉积的磁化率最大主轴偏角的方向比较分散,但总体方向仍与形成风尘砂的风向一致,并且长轴的倾角较大（22°～24°）,短轴的倾角较小（45°～51°）,而水成沉积的磁化率最大主轴偏角的方向比较稳定,指示了来水方向,并且长轴的倾角一般小于10°,短轴的倾角大于80°;④风成沉积的T值介于-1~1之间,而水成沉积的T值却主要以大于1的为主。上述特点可作为长江中游风成与水成沉积物的识别标志。     

天山博格达峰地区冰碛物和冰缘沉积物的砾石组构特征

1981年在中日联合博格达峰野外考察中,我们对不同类型的冰碛和冰缘沉积物(图1),量测了其沉积物表面的坡向和坡度,砾石a轴和ab面的长度、倾角、倾向,估算     

大别山北麓竹竿河黄土—古土壤的磁组构特征及其古环境意义

大别山北麓竹竿河黄土—古土壤样品的磁组构特征显示,研究剖面0～1480cm层段的平均Pj、F值小于1.02,而底部Pj、F大于1.02。F—L、Pj—q组合关系图反映磁化率椭球体为压扁状,磁面理较磁线理发育。磁化率椭球体主轴方位显示0～1480cm层段样品的椭球体轴向分布分散,长轴的倾角大于60°,短轴的倾角小于15°,而底部的分布聚集,长轴的倾角一般小于10°,短轴的倾角大于80°,上述特征综合揭示了0～1480cm层段属于典型风成沉积而底部属于典型水成沉积。磁化率椭球体最大主轴的偏角暗示风成沉积的主导风向为NW—SE方向,而水成沉积的古流向为SW—NE方向,与现代竹竿河水系的方向基本一致。磁化率各向异性最大轴方向的优选方向可能与大别山抬升等构造运动有关。     

Magnetic Fabric Characteristics of Zhuganhe Loess-Palaeosols Profile on Northern Slope of Dabie Mountains and Their Environmental Significances

大别山北麓竹竿河黄土—古土壤样品的磁组构特征显示,研究剖面0 ～ 1480 cm层段的平均Pj、F值小于1.02,而底部Pj、F大于1.02.F-L、Pj-q组合关系图反映磁化率椭球体为压扁状,磁面理较磁线理发育.磁化率椭球体主轴方位显示0～ 1480cm层段样品的椭球体轴向分布分散,长轴的倾角大于60°,短轴的倾角小于15°,而底部的分布聚集,长轴的倾角一般小于10°,短轴的倾角大于80°,上述特征综合揭示了0 ～ 1480cm层段属于典型风成沉积而底部属于典型水成沉积.磁化率椭球体最大主轴的偏角暗示风成沉积的主导风向为NW-SE方向,而水成沉积的古流向为SW-NE方向,与现代竹竿河水系的方向基本一致.磁化率各向异性最大轴方向的优选方向可能与大别山抬升等构造运动有关.     

计算机绘制砾向组构等密图

一、引言 组构一词,源于德文Gefüge,为C.F.瑙曼(Nauman)1850年首先使用,后山德尔(Sander)1911年对它作了精确定义[5],它是指对岩石成分或岩石构造空间位置的非成因的几何描述。山氏认为,组构要素是它所经历过的最近一次运动的图解。因而这种非成因的描述,自然可以作为判断成因的手段,按此定义,沉积砾石的砾向,亦是一种组构,可称之为“砾向组构”。它的组构要素,倾向和倾角,也会是它们的沉积环境,即沉积动力条件的一种反映。自本世纪四十年代初,C.D.霍尔莫斯(Holmes)将组构的方法应用于沉积物砾向研究以来[6],砾向的组构分析,已成为沉积物研究的常用方法。     

黄山第四纪泥砾沉积物分形结构特征与成因机制分析

黄山第四纪泥砾沉积物粒度组成的分维值介于２７０８～２７３５之间,非常接近古泥石流堆积物粒度组成的典型分维值２７５．结合沉积特征,表明该沉积物属第四纪间冰缘环境下的稀性泥石流沉积,其形成过程与季风型冰缘环境有关     

"巫山黄土"的磁组构特征及成因

为了探讨"巫山黄土"的成因类型, 对新近发现的"巫山黄土"进行了磁组构测试和磁化率主轴特征分析, 并与长江现代沉积物以及长江中游一带分布的风积黄土和"砂山"的磁组构特征进行了对比.结果表明: (1)"巫山黄土"的κ、P、F、L、E值与风积黄土和"砂山"接近, 却明显低于长江现代沉积物的相应值; (2)在磁组构参数F-L关系图上, "巫山黄土"的数据点多集中于坐标原点附近, 与长江中游一带风积黄土和"砂山"的特征也类似, 均指示了沉积动力相对比较弱的沉积环境.而长江现代河流沉积物的数据点却主要分布于F轴附近, 反映长江现代河流沉积物的F较L发育; (3)"巫山黄土"的磁化率最大主轴特点也与长江中游风积黄土和"砂山"的接近, 偏角的方向比较分散, 长轴的倾角为36°~38°, 短轴的倾角为37°~39°, 而长江现代河流沉积物的磁化率最大主轴偏角的方向比较稳定, 并且长轴的倾角一般小于10°, 短轴的倾角大于80°; (4)"巫山黄土"样品的T值介于-1~1之间, 而长江现代河流沉积物的T值却主要以大于1为主.综合看来, "巫山黄土"的磁组构特征与长江中游一带的风积黄土和"砂山"接近, 指示了其风积成因的特点.      

济南市历下区龙洞地区新近纪上新世一第四纪更新世白彦组地质特征

残存于济南市历下区龙洞一带下古生界出露区岩溶负地形中的砾岩体,总体呈浅褐灰色,由砾石及胶结物组成。灰岩、白云岩砾石,砾径大小不一,呈次棱角一次圆状,燧石砾、褐铁矿砾成熟度高、磨圆度好,表面光洁,呈蜡状光泽,钙质孔隙式及接触式胶结,已硬结成岩,砾岩体与周围呈角度不整合接触关系。通过对比研究,初步认定其为新近纪上新世一第四纪更新世白彦组沉积,这一新发现填补了该区岩石地层单位的一项空白,为研究地质构造发展史提供了重要的佐证。     

江西抚崇盆地上白垩统河口组砾石统计特征及其地质意义

华东南晚白垩世陆相断陷盆地以发育红色粗碎屑岩为特征。通过对赣杭构造带西段的江西抚崇盆地上白垩统河口组19个砾岩露头测点的砾组分析,对河口组砾岩的砾性、粒度、砾态和砾向等进行了详细研究。总体上砾石成分复杂,分选性较差,磨圆程度中等,呈次棱角－次圆状,风化程度较低。结合红盆周边基岩地层特点,对红盆不同区域砾岩的物质来源、成因和形成条件等进行分析和讨论。研究结果表明,河口组砾岩为晚白垩世半干旱－干旱气候条件下的一套冲积扇和辫状河相粗碎屑沉积,具有多物源和快速堆积的特点。盆地不同地区砾石成分组合特征具有明显差别,反映了盆地周围复杂的物源供应条件。根据盆地基岩地层岩性特点和扁平状砾石倾向玫瑰花图,认为河口组沉积时期,红盆碎屑沉积物主要来自盆地的北东、北、北西和南东部。     

淮南及淮北煤田第四纪“底砾层”成因模式探讨

安徽省淮南与淮北煤田第四纪“底砾层”的研究,对于煤矿提高上限开采具有重要意义。关于底砾层的成因问题,有多种观点。本文分析研究了两淮地区第四纪底砾层沉积面貌、描述了砾石外观形态（如瓜子形、拖鞋状、葫芦状、马鞍状等）及表构特征,包括泥包砾、镶嵌及缝隙结构等,提出两淮地区底砾层为冰碛物（冰种沉积）。地球化学测试及分析结果表明,两淮地区砾石的几种主要化学成分含量非常接近,从而说明两淮底砾层属同一物源。综合这两方面的论证,提出了底砾层的“停积－融坠型冰碛物沉积模式”,并进行了冰碛物的物源方向问题的探讨。     

A New Method to Identify Quaternary Moraine：Acoustic Emission Stress Measurement

How to effectively identify glacial sediments, especially Quaternary moraine, has been in dispute for decades. The traditional methods, e.g., sedimentary and geomorphologic ones, are facing challenge in eastern China where controversial moraine deposits are dominatingly distributed. Here, for the first time, we introduce the acoustic emission （AE） stress measurement, a kind of historical stress measurement, to identify Quaternary moraine. The results demonstrate that it can be employed to reconstruct stress information of glaciation remaining in gravels, and may shed light on the identification of Quaternary moraine in eastern China. First, we measured the AE stress of gravels of glacial origin that are underlying the Xidatan Glacier, eastern Kunlun Mountains in western China. Second, we calculated the stress according to the actual thickness of the glacier. The almost identical stress values suggest that the glacial gravels can memorize and preserve the overlying glacier-derived aplomb stress. And then we introduce this new approach to the controversial moraine in Mount Lushan, eastern China. The results indicate that the stress is attributed to the Quaternary glacier, and the muddy gravels in the controversial moraine in Mount Lushan are moraine deposits but not others.     

湖南常德南斗姆湖地区早更新世砾石层砾组分析与沉积特征研究

为了查明洞庭盆地西缘早更新世砾石层沉积特征及沉积环境,在1:5万地质调查基础上,对常德南斗姆湖地区几处第四系砾石层剖面进行了较系统的测量与统计。结果表明: 砾石成分主要来源于寒武纪或前寒武纪地层。砾石分选系数S_a 为1.16~1.64,部分测点S_a>1.40,反映砾石形成时水动力很强,部分砾石层为快速堆积。砾石扁度F为2.06~2.32,大于2.0,砾石以扁平状为主。砾石普遍弱—中等风化,部分砾石强风化,反映砾石在沉积搬运过程中存在风化暴露。砾向分析显示古水流主要来源于SWW—NW向,表明砾石层形成时期古地貌与现有地貌有较大差异。剖面对比得出,区内砾石层是在冲洪积扇基础上发育的以辫状河相为主的沉积体。对研究区砾石层沉积相及古地貌的新认识,为区内金刚石原生矿床的找矿工作提供支撑。     

New data on structure of consolidated gravel beds in Samur-Kusarchay watershed

Tectonically the Samur-Kusarchay watershed lies in the deepest central part of the Kusar-Divich synclinorium with its thick Mesozoic-Cenozoic section. Upper Pliocene and Anthropogene sediments show a great variety of facies. Results are presented of vertical electrosounding (VES) in this watershed of southeastern Azerbaijan. The principal water intake area is that of Kusar gravels in the southwestern foothills; also the Samur and Kusarchay alluvial cones. The regional northeasterly homoclinal dip of upper Pliocene and Anthropogene beds toward the Caspian, coupled with an impermeable seal of marine Apsheronian Akchagylian, and Productive Interval Claystones, assures a vast, supply of fresh underground water, mostly at the base of the gravels. A regional resistivity drop, going from the Greater Caucasus foothills to the Caspian, reflects a gradual replacement of Quaternary and upper Pliocene gravels by argillaceous deposits. Figure 1, compiled from all extant data, shows the distribution of gravels and the nature of the underlying impermeable horizons. Besides present day gravels, it shows a buried cone of thick gravels in a syncline between the Imamkulukend and Yalama uplift. Recurring late Pliocene and Quaternary Shakhdag glaciers left behind huge volumes of clastic material which glacial waters carried on down slope: A sinking of the coastal zone, coupled with post-glacial uplift in the mountains, has contributed to alluviation. Electroexploration is recommended in all foothill areas of alluvial gravel cone development.—W. D. Lowry     

Bed forms and stratification types of modern gravel meander lobes, Nueces River, Texas

All major streams draining the southwestern flank of the Edwards Plateau in south-central Texas transport large volumes of gravel and sandy muddy gravel and are developing meander lobe sequences consisting predominantly of coarse gravel. The largest of these streams, the Nueces River, has a sinuosity index of 1.3 and an average stream surface slope of 1.8 m/km in the study area. Stream discharge is variable and has ranged from no flow to more than 17,000 m³/s. Mean clast b-axis length for the ten largest clasts at thirteen sample sites ranged from 2.5 to 10.8 cm. Velocities of 2.7-4.4 m/s 1 m above the stream bed are required to transport these clasts. Stream velocities of these magnitudes occur about once in 8 years when discharge of the Nueces River exceeds 3300 m³/s. Mean grain size of Nueces River alluvium ranges from 1.2 to 3.4 cm. At a flow depth of 1 m, sediment of this size has a critical erosion velocity of 1.8-3 m/s. Velocities of this magnitude occur about once in two years when discharge exceeds 340 m³/s. Under these conditions flow is subcritical, with critical shear stresses on depositional surfaces ranging from 6.4 to 12.7 kg/m². Gravel clasts are imbricated and channel bed forms are predominantly transverse gravel bars with slip faces ranging up to 2 m high and wavelengths in excess of 100 m. Stratification includes graded planar crossbeds and horizontal beds. Lower lateral accretion face sediments are also predominantly transverse bars; upper lateral accretion face deposits occur as longitudinal gravel ridges deposited in the lee of vegetation and, less commonly, as chute bars. Near the upper limit of meander lobes where vegetation is heavy, mud and muddy sand occur as overbank deposits; in these deposits sedimentary structures other than desiccation cracks are rare. Sedimentary sequences in gravel meander lobe systems deposited by low sinuosity streams are graded or non-graded horizontal beds and planar cross-beds overlain by mud and muddy sand interbedded with horizontally bedded gravels. Sequences may be several metres thick, but probably do not exceed 8-10 m in thickness. These deposits in turn are overlain by overbank deposits of mud and muddy sand. Similar sedimentary sequences occur in the extensive Quaternary terraces that parallel the Nueces River.     

冰川沉积物成因确定的一种新方法

冰川沉积物的成因鉴定一直存在争论,尤其是体现在讨论第四纪冰川沉积物的成因确定问题方面,传统地质学从冰川沉积物的沉积学和地貌学特征方面来讨论其成因受到了挑战,本文试图从沉积砾石中寻找与冰川成因直接相关的应用信息,进而提出用砾石的声发射应力测量法确定其冰川成因的新认识,首先对现代冰川砾石进行声发射应力测量,将此测量值丙与 石所受的实际铅直应力值比较,研究显示二者对应很好,说明冰川砾石是能够记忆上覆冰层所造成的应力,其次,无争议的第四纪冰川砾石亦具有对应的应力记录,最后讨论了有争议的庐山地区第本四冰川沉积,研     

SEDIMENTATION IN THE RIFT ZONE OF THE JUAN DE FUCA RIDGE

The sediments of the upper Swartkops River are almost exclusively gravels and boulder beds derived from the Cretaceous Uitenhage Group and the Paleozoic Cape Supergroup rocks. Many of the cobbles and boulders are second-cycle clasts, the great majority of which are quartzitic in composition. Pebble size and shape were examined and fabric analysis was performed on samples from 22 sites in the study area. Pebble imbrication planes dip consistently upstream at angles of 20? to 50? and pebble long axes generally are aligned normal to the flow direction. Clasts in the braid-plain deposits range from a few millimeters to tens of centimeters (large boulders over a meter in diameter are not uncommon). Pebble roundness ranges from 0.2 to 0.9 (averaging 0.43) and sphericity values range from 0.3 to 0.9 (averaging 0.59). The gravel clasts are angular to well-rounded, but are predominantly subrounded. Zingg diagram plots show a majority of discoidal pebbles, but there is a diversity of shapes reflecting the complex source area from which some resedimented clasts originated.

Channel and bar morphology is complex, with gravel bars often merging laterally and longitudinally with main and secondary channels. Both channels and bars are terraced stepwise downstream and across the braid plain. Bar tops are armored by both small and large clasts, whereas channels may be lined with cobbles or boulders, but often exhibit small pebble lags. Algal mats occur as fresh curtains in all standing pools of water and dried crusty deposits on pebbly substrates in inactive channels.

Imbrication studies demonstrate conclusively that pebble imbrication is the most meaningful indicator of flow direction in a gravel deposit and is far more reliable than rare cross-bedding encountered in bar-top sands, where bedforms often migrate laterally rather than downstream. The Swartkops braid-plain gravels resemble the ancient deposits of the Ventersdorp Contact Reef, both deposits being characterized by boulder-rich gravels, poor clast sorting, resedimented pebbles from a proximal fault-bounded source, and algal mats. Although heavy minerals are lacking in the Swartkops, trapping of fines by algal filaments appears to occur during low-flow conditions.     

川北青川地区下寒武统沥青质砾石的发现及其意义

沥青质砾石被发现于四川省青川县白家镇一带的下寒武统碎屑岩中。黑色的沥青质砾石多呈次圆状或次棱角状,表面光滑但无光泽,与胶结物之间有明显的界线,直径最大可达5cm。推测这些砾石可能来自于被剥蚀的震旦系灯影组。沥青、碳酸盐岩和页岩以砾石的方式沉积于下寒武统．表明在早寒武世筇竹寺期之前川北青川地区已存在有古油藏,前寒武系中可能还有生烃的烃源岩。     

江西抚崇盆地晚白垩世-古新世莲荷组砾石砾组分析

赣杭构造带中、新生代红色粗碎屑岩发育,对红层中砾石组构分析有助于理解红盆形成、演化过程.运用砾组分析方法,对江西抚崇盆地晚白垩世—古新世莲荷组砾岩层的砾性、砾度、砾态及砾向进行分析,并在此基础上对研究区红盆砾岩的物质来源、成因和形成条件等进行综合判断.研究结果表明,莲荷组砾岩为晚白垩世—古新世半干旱—干旱条件下的一套冲积扇相粗碎屑沉积,具有多物源和快速堆积的特点.总体上,砾石成分复杂,风选程度较差,呈次棱角—次圆状,风化程度较低.盆地不同地区砾石成分组合特征具有明显差别,反映了盆地周围复杂的物源供应条件.根据盆地周边出露基岩地层和扁平状砾石产状统计玫瑰花图判断,莲荷组沉积时期,物源主要来自盆地内部的基岩地层以及盆地西南部、西部和东北部.     

Sedimentology and stratigraphy of a transgressive, muddy gravel beach: Waterside Beach, Bay of Fundy, Canada

Sediments exposed at low tide on the transgressive, hypertidal (>6 m tidal range) Waterside Beach, New Brunswick, Canada permit the scrutiny of sedimentary structures and textures that develop at water depths equivalent to the upper and lower shoreface. Waterside Beach sediments are grouped into eleven sedimentologically distinct deposits that represent three depositional environments: (1) sandy foreshore and shoreface; (2) tidal‐creek braid‐plain and delta; and, (3) wave‐formed gravel and sand bars, and associated deposits. The sandy foreshore and shoreface depositional environment encompasses the backshore; moderately dipping beachface; and a shallowly seaward‐dipping terrace of sandy middle and lower intertidal, and muddy sub‐tidal sediments. Intertidal sediments reworked and deposited by tidal creeks comprise the tidal‐creek braid plain and delta. Wave‐formed sand and gravel bars and associated deposits include: sediment sourced from low‐amplitude, unstable sand bars; gravel deposited from large (up to 5·5 m high, 800 m long), landward‐migrating gravel bars; and zones of mud deposition developed on the landward side of the gravel bars. The relationship between the gravel bars and mud deposits, and between mud‐laden sea water and beach gravels provides mechanisms for the deposition of mud beds, and muddy clast‐ and matrix‐supported conglomerates in ancient conglomeratic successions. Idealized sections are presented as analogues for ancient conglomerates deposited in transgressive systems. Where tidal creeks do not influence sedimentation on the beach, the preserved sequence consists of a gravel lag overlain by increasingly finer‐grained shoreface sediments. Conversely, where tidal creeks debouch onto the beach, erosion of the underlying salt marsh results in deposition of a thicker, more complex beach succession. The thickness of this package is controlled by tidal range, sedimentation rate, and rate of transgression. The tidal‐creek influenced succession comprises repeated sequences of: a thin mud bed overlain by muddy conglomerate, sandy conglomerate, a coarse lag, and capped by trough cross‐bedded sand and gravel.     

岩浆岩砾石磨圆度地质意义的研究

定量地质学的兴起促进了地球科学的快速发展,但是国内外对砾石磨圆度与搬运距离之间定量关系的研究长期以来没有明显的进展。本次研究通过对永定河、碓臼峪、滦河和大石河四条河流进行系统的野外考察,从河流的出山口开始向下游设定考察点,详细描述各考察点砾石的磨圆度、粒度特征并进行统计分析,对岩浆岩砾石磨圆度与搬运距离的定量关系以及磨圆度的影响因素进行了研究。研究发现,岩浆岩砾石的磨圆度随着搬运距离的增大而变好,在搬运的初期变化最快,而后逐渐缓慢下来,最终磨圆度趋于稳定。岩浆岩砾石由棱角状变为次棱角状一般需要搬运3~6 km,由次棱角状变为次圆状一般要搬运12~21 km,圆状砾石大量出现至少要搬运22~31 km。砾石的磨圆度受搬运距离、母岩成分、粒度和破碎作用的影响。棱角状、次棱角状砾石容易被磨蚀,在搬运初期转化为次圆状、圆状,而圆状砾石不易磨蚀达到极圆状;岩浆岩砾石磨圆速度比石英快,比石灰岩慢;相同母岩成分的砾石,粗粒砾石比细粒砾石磨圆快;破碎作用则会降低砾石的磨圆度,使部分砾石呈现出与搬运距离不协调的磨圆特征。