西天山菁布拉克基性杂岩体的地球化学特征

对与特克斯县菁布拉克铜镍硫化物矿床密切相关的基性杂岩体的地球化学研究表明,该岩体以低Ti、亏损Nb和Ta、富集大离子亲石元素和微富集轻稀土元素为特征。结合其同位素特征,提出该岩体的形成与南天山洋板块向中天山板块俯冲碰撞作用有关,岩浆起源于MORB源的亏损地幔,由于南天山洋壳向亏损地幔的俯冲,导致岩浆具有岛弧岩浆的特点。在侵位过程中遭受地壳和围岩的混染作用较弱。     

西南天山乌什县晚三叠世镁铁-超镁铁质层状杂岩体年代学及地球化学研究

镁铁-超镁铁质层状杂岩体被认为是岩石圈伸展的重要标志之一,携带有丰富的地幔信息,是研究地幔物质组成、深部地质作用的绝佳对象。西南天山乌什县北巴勒的尔喀克沟地区新发现的镁铁-超镁铁质岩体具有层状杂岩特征,获得辉长岩锆石U-Pb年龄为224±4 Ma,属于晚三叠世。岩石地球化学分析显示富水、富碱、轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损以及明显富集Th、U、Nb、Ta、La、Ce不相容元素等特征,指示其源自于含水的富集型地幔源区,是石榴石二辉橄榄岩较低程度部分熔融的产物。其原生岩浆可能为富铁、钛的高镁玄武质岩浆,岩石系列主要受分离结晶作用控制,同化混染作用影响小。该期岩浆活动于南天山洋盆闭合、板块的碰撞造山活动之后的陆内造山阶段,代表了板块拉伸背景下幔源岩浆演化的产物,指示西南天山地区在三叠纪末可能存在一期岩石圈伸展事件。      

新疆圪塔山口含铜镍岩体锆石SHRIMPU-Pb年龄、岩石地球化学特征及其地质意义

圪塔山口含铜镍镁铁-超镁铁质岩体位于东天山黄山–镜儿泉–图拉尔根铜镍矿带东段。岩体由I-1,I-2,I-3,I-4四个小岩体组成,主要岩石类型为辉石橄榄岩、橄榄辉石岩、辉长岩和闪长岩,主要赋矿岩相为辉石橄榄岩。I-2号含矿岩体锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄为275.0±3.6 Ma,与东天山地区含铜镍矿镁铁–超镁铁岩体形成时代相近,I-4号不含矿岩体锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄为364.2±3.9 Ma,明显早于含矿岩体。样品的主量元素组成显示岩浆演化过程主要发生了橄榄石和少量辉石的分离结晶/堆晶作用;稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分曲线呈轻稀土略富集的右倾型,Eu异常不明显;微量元素特征显示相对富集大离子亲石元素(Cs、Sr、Ba),适度亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Ti)。岩石地球化学特征表明岩浆演化过程中遭受了较弱的中–下地壳物质混染。U/Th-Th/Zr、Ba/Th-Th/Yb图解,La/Nb、La/Ba和Ba/Nb比值表明岩浆源区遭受了明显的俯冲流体交代作用。综合含矿岩体年代学、岩石地球化学特征及区域演化历史,认为圪塔山口含矿岩体形成于碰撞后伸展背景,可能同时叠加了塔里木地幔柱活动的影响。     

新疆西天山菁布拉克基性杂岩体闪长岩锆石SHRIMP定年及其地质意义

文章对新疆西天山特克斯县菁布拉克基性杂岩体中辉石闪长岩样品中的锆石进行了SHRIMP U-Pb定年研究,获得了(434.4±6.2)Ma的和谐年龄,该结果表明菁布拉克岩体的侵位时间为早志留世。结合岩石地球化学分析所揭示的形成环境信息和最新的区域地质资料,认为菁布拉克岩体的形成与早志留世到早石炭世发生的南天山洋向北与中天山板块的俯冲作用密切相关,岩浆显现出的岛弧岩浆特点可能是由于洋壳向亏损地幔的俯冲所引起的。     

玉树北部二叠纪镁铁质岩的成因及其对大陆弧后盆地形成的指示

系统地调查与研究弧后盆地岩浆作用能为探究汇聚板块边缘的壳幔相互作用、板块俯冲动力学和弧后盆地形成-演化机制等提供重要信息。本文以最近在青海玉树北部地区发现的二叠纪镁铁质岩类为研究对象,开展了岩相学、锆石U-Pb年代学、岩石地球化学与同位素地质学等研究,以期为深入认识大陆弧后盆地形成机制及有关镁铁质岩浆的起源提供关键线索。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学测定结果表明,玉树北部辉长岩的结晶年龄为260±1 Ma。玄武岩样品具有相对低的TiO₂和Nb/Y值以及相对高的Ce/Nb值,其相对于原始地幔要显著富集轻稀土和Th等元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti和P等元素,可与世界上典型弧后盆地玄武岩(例如Okinawa Trough BABBs)成分特征类比。而辉长岩样品具有相对高的TiO₂和Nb/Y值以及相对低的Ce/Nb值,其相对于原始地幔要显著富集轻稀土和Th等元素,轻微亏损Nb、Ta和Ti,总体上具有与OIB类似的成分特征。玄武岩样品具有变化较大的ISr(0.706～0.709)和εNd(t)值(-1.8～+1.3),而辉长岩样品则具有相对均一的I...     

布什维尔德杂岩体Platreef矿床与金川铜镍硫化矿床微量元素地球化学特征对比及其意义

采用ICP-MS方法分析了布什维尔德杂岩体Platreef矿床含矿岩石的主量及微量元素含量,并与金川铜镍硫化矿床进行对比研究.Platreef矿床含矿岩石与金川二辉橄榄岩的∑REE接近,球粒陨石标准化后的稀土元素(REE)均表现为轻稀土元素(LREE)富集、重稀土元素(HREE)平坦的右倾型配分曲线,但Platreef含矿岩石总体表现为正Eu异常,金川二辉橄榄岩与矿石样品则大部分表现为较强的负Eu异常,二者的差异实质上反映了成岩矿物斜长石与斜方辉石比率细微的变动.Platreef矿床岩(矿)石富集和高度分异不相容元素,Nb、Ta亏损,显示地幔柱岩浆受到地壳混染后,产生与弧苦橄岩相似的微量元素地球化学特征.金川含矿岩石富集Fe和Ti以及强不相容亲石元素,显示铁质玄武岩微量元素分布特征,虽然也可能受到地壳物质混染,但总体表现出含矿岩体母岩浆则可能来自EMI型富集地幔源区.Platreef矿层原始地幔标准化后Pt、Pd、Ru富集,Ir、Rh相对亏损的PGE配分型式以及Cs、Rb、Th、U、LREE等不相容元素和亲铜元素Cu、Ni的富集.暗示布什维尔德杂岩体岩浆源区残留地幔橄榄岩遭受含高度不相容元素的富矿流体的渗透混染即地幔交代,导致幔源岩浆发生PGE分异.     

新疆北山二叠纪大型镁铁-超镁铁质岩体的动力学背景及成矿潜力

新疆北山地区聚集着坡北、罗东、红石山、漩涡岭和笔架山等众多的二叠纪大型镁铁-超镁铁质杂岩体,主要由橄榄岩、辉石岩和辉长岩组成,具有堆晶韵律层,其形成年龄(260.7~289 Ma)与塔里木大火成岩省年龄接近。岩体橄榄石Fo值与Ni含量正相关;与原始地幔相比,微量元素富集Rb、Sr和Pb,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti、Zr和Hf;稀土元素具LREE亏损-平坦型球粒陨石标准化配分曲线。岩石PGE含量低、具IPGE亏损型原始地幔标准化配分型式。SrNd同位素位于亏损地幔(DM)与OIB范围之间,Re-Os同位素组成与地幔柱岩浆作用形成的Noril'sk铜镍硫化物矿床和峨眉山溢流玄武岩重叠。模拟计算表明,母岩浆Mg O含量高,岩浆初始液相线温度及结晶温度高,岩浆演化过程中经历了分离结晶作用、地壳混染以及早期的硫化物熔离。由此推断北山大型镁铁-超镁铁杂岩体可能是在后碰撞伸展环境叠加地幔柱作用,诱发软流圈上涌、岩石圈底侵,导致俯冲流体交代的岩石圈地幔在高温条件下高程度部分熔融形成的,具有较大的岩浆矿床成矿潜力。     

东天山过渡型矿化镁铁—超镁铁岩年代学与地球化学特征

新疆东天山地区发育一系列与铜镍硫化物矿化和与钒钛磁铁矿矿化相关的过渡型镁铁—超镁铁质岩体,初步统计这些岩体有香山西岩体、牛毛泉岩体、土墩南(二红洼)岩体和红梁子岩体.本文主要通过锆石U-Pb法对牛毛泉岩体和红梁子岩体进行定年工作,并利用角闪石40Ar/39 Ar热年代学方法对牛毛泉岩体和二红洼岩体的侵位年龄进行约束.测试结果表明,牛毛泉岩体年龄为289.7±2.4 Ma,红梁子岩体年龄为309.7±1.5 Ma,二红洼岩体年龄为274.2 ±5.7Ma.此外,本文还对这类杂岩体进行了主量、微量元素和同位素测试工作.结果表明,岩石系列既有碱性也有钙碱性和拉斑系列,m/f比值0.44 ～4.76,属铁质基性岩;MgO、FeO、CaO、Na2O+ K2O、TiO2、SiO2成分及相关岩石化学参数,均表现具有含钒钛磁铁矿化和含铜镍矿化岩石的双重和过渡特征;岩石的稀土分馏,曲线的倾斜程度变化较大,轻、重稀土比值(∑LREE/Σ HREE)为1.39 ～ 5.47,(La/Yb)N比值变化较大,在0.79 ～4.65之间,铕异常变化较大(0.85 ～2.33),经原始地幔标准化大离子亲石元素和高场强元素的富集程度相差不大,总体上样品中普遍具有Th、Ta、Nb、Ti等亏损,Sr、Ba富集趋势;εNd(t)值绝大多数为正值,[n(87Sr)/n(86Sr)]i值普遍较低,显示这类岩体源区为亏损岩石圈地幔,并经历较强的分异作用.     

南祁连化隆地区镁铁-超镁铁质侵入岩地质、地球化学特征与铜镍成矿

南祁连化隆地区的镁铁-超镁铁质侵入岩带是青海省重要的含镍矿岩带,铁质系列良好的岩相分异及较高的Ni、Cu、Co元素含量表现出了很好的成矿条件与找矿潜力。通过对区内裕龙沟、亚曲、阿什贡及下什堂等岩体地质特征、岩石地球化学特征及区域对比分析研究,表明稀土元素的球粒陨石和微量元素的原始地幔蛛网图表现出轻稀土元素相对富集的右倾模式,并且富集大离子亲石元素(Sr、Rb、Ba)、相对亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Hf、Zr)。γOs值表现为大的正值且变化范围较大(+80~+1183),连同普遍存在的Nb、Ta亏损,进一步说明可能也与地壳同化混染密切相关。这些表明带内岩体的母岩浆来自一个曾被交代富集的地幔源区,其εNd(t)=-7.74~+8.36,这些共同表明其岩浆源区应该位于软流圈地幔,并混有一部分被俯冲板片交代的地幔楔物质。而这种交代富集事件可能与祁连、柴北缘在早古生代期间大规模的板片俯冲有关。化隆群富硅地层为硫化物的不混溶创造了同化混染的条件,并最终导致富硅物质的加入,致使岩浆中硫化物的不混溶作用发生,从而可形成不同品位不同类型的岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床。     

新疆哈密黄山东铜镍硫化物矿床成岩成矿作用

黄山东铜镍硫化物矿床赋存于橄榄岩、苏长岩、辉长岩和闪长岩组成的镁铁-超镁铁质杂岩体中,赋矿岩体包含至少4套岩石组合。不同类型岩石微量元素和稀土元素原始地幔标准化配分模式指示,该矿床明显亏损Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf等高场强元素和Cr元素,富集Sr及大离子亲石元素;(La/Yb)N=1.08～2.70,δEu=0.50～2.57;含矿岩石Cu/Pd比值和Ti/Pd比值大于原始地幔值,表明不同类型岩石是高镁玄武质岩浆在深部分异结晶演化的产物。根据橄榄石和全岩化学组成可估算出母岩浆MgO含量约为12%。成矿岩浆深部演化过程中,富硅的地壳混染组分和外来流体的加入可能促成了岩浆中的硫饱和;深部熔离的不混溶硫化物珠滴被上升岩浆携带,富集在橄榄岩和苏长岩的底部。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.