基于模糊数学的广东大宝山矿横石河下游 土壤重金属元素污染评价

对广东大宝山矿横石河下游地势平坦的农耕区上坝村表层土壤中6种重金属元素进行测试分析,并构建模糊数学污染评价模型对重金属的污染程度进行评价。结果显示,研究区土壤受到重金属Cd、Cu、As的复合污染,显示为重度污染,Cd污染最为严重,Cu、As为轻度污染,传统的综合污染指数和内梅罗综合污染指数评价显示为轻度和重度污染。模糊数学污染评价法有多个影响因子引入,更加符合矿区及周围地区重金属污染的现状,因而能够在矿区及周边地区土壤重金属的污染评价中得到应用,该方法基于传统的污染评价法进行优化和改良,因此具备良好的可操作性和广泛的适用性。     

基于模糊数学的广东大宝山矿横石河下游土壤重金属元素污染评价

对广东大宝山矿横石河下游地势平坦的农耕区上坝村表层土壤中6种重金属元素进行测试分析,并构建模糊数学污染评价模型对重金属的污染程度进行评价。结果显示,研究区土壤受到重金属Cd、Cu、As的复合污染,显示为重度污染,Cd污染最为严重,Cu、As为轻度污染,传统的综合污染指数和内梅罗综合污染指数评价显示为轻度和重度污染。模糊数学污染评价法有多个影响因子引入,更加符合矿区及周围地区重金属污染的现状,因而能够在矿区及周边地区土壤重金属的污染评价中得到应用,该方法基于传统的污染评价法进行优化和改良,因此具备良好的可操作性和广泛的适用性。     

Metal contamination of agricultural soils in the copper mining areas of Singhbhum shear zone in India

The study was intended to investigate the heavy metal contamination in the agricultural soils of the copper mining areas in Singhbhum shear zone, India. The total concentrations of the metals were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICPMS). Pollution levels were assessed by calculating enrichment factor (EF), geo-accumulation index (\(I_\mathrm{geo}\)), contamination factors (CF), pollution load index (PLI), Nemerow index and ecological risk index (\(R_{I}\)). The metal concentrations in the soil samples exceeded the average shale values for almost all the metals. Principal component analysis resulted in extraction of three factors explaining 82.6% of the data variability and indicated anthropogenic contribution of Cu, Ni, Co, Cr, Mn and Pb. The EF and \(I_\mathrm{geo}\) values indicated very high contamination with respect to Cu followed by As and Zn in the agricultural soils. The values of PLI, \(R_{I}\) and Nemerow index, which considered the overall effect of all the studied metals on the soils, revealed that 50% of the locations were highly polluted with respect to metals. The pollution levels varied with the proximity to the copper mining and processing units. Consequently, the results advocate the necessity of periodic monitoring of the agricultural soils of the area and development of proper management strategies to reduce the metal pollution.     

Geo-environmental study of heavy metals of the agricultural highway soils,NW Jordan

This study investigated the status and distribution patterns of selected heavy metals in roadside soils along Irbid-North Shooneh Highway, Jordan. This highway has experienced a growing number of vehicles that are likely to influence the levels of heavy metals in the surrounding agricultural lands. The average concentrations of Cr, Co, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Ni were 16.0, 36.0, 11.0, 4.0, 79.0, 122.0, and 60.0 mg/kg, respectively. Cd, Pb, and Co showed average levels that are higher than the average world soil background values. Elevated levels of heavy metals were measured in surface soil layer which decreased with depth, and with distance from the roadway. The contamination factor (CF), pollution load index (PLI), single ecological risk (Ei), potential ecological risk index (PERI), and geo-accumulation index (Igeo) generally indicated that the roadside soils are contaminated with Cd, Pb, and Ni. Heavy metals in soils are of geogenic and anthropogenic origins. Weathering of parent rocks in Wadi Al-Arab catchment is the primary natural source, whereas agrochemicals, vehicle exhausts, degradation of surface wear and paint of vehicles, vehicle wear debris of tire, and brake lining are the main anthropogenic sources of heavy metals.     

Heavy metal concentrations in sediments and in mussels from Argentinean coastal environments,South America

Among environmental contaminants, heavy metals are currently considered to be some of the most toxic ones present worldwide due to their harmful effects on organisms and ability to bioaccumulate in aquatic systems. In this work, the concentration of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni and Cr) in Brachidontes rodriguezii and in the fine sediments of several coastal sites at the southwest of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina is analyzed. The Bahía Blanca Estuary and Pehuen-Có beach are located in a highly complex oceanographic and ecological regional system, which creates the basis of one of the most valuable Argentinean habitats for fishing commercial species. An assessment, which involved analyzing distribution pattern of trace metals, comparative studies with sediment and ecological quality guidelines; and a sequential and integrated index analyses approach (containing Metal Pollution Index, Biosediment Accumulation Factor, Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo), Pollution Load Index and the mean Probable Effect Level quotients), was followed to estimate enrichment and risks of heavy metals in the sediments and in the mussels from these study areas. The results showed higher concentrations of some heavy metals (e.g., Cd, Cr and Ni) in mussels collected at Pehuen-Có, while no spatial differences in sediments were observed. According to the international environmental regulations, mean values of trace metals in mussels allowed to place both sites between “unpolluted and moderately polluted” and between the “low and medium category” of pollution. Furthermore, the mean concentrations found were within the detected ranges in other coastal sites worldwide.     

江西乐安江流域稻田土重金属累积变化与德兴矿集区关系

对乐安江流域稻田表层土壤中Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn的分布特征进行分析,按照单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法,依据土壤环境背景值标准和国家土壤环境质量标准对乐安江流域稻田土壤的重金属进行评价。结果表明,矿集区上游水稻田土壤重金属综合污染指数等级尚在安全范围内,矿集区周边Cd和Cu的单项污染指数大于1,综合污染指数达到7.82,属于重污染;矿集区下游接近警戒值。研究表明,矿集区矿业开发释放的重金属元素对乐安江中下游流域水稻田土壤的重金属累积具有重要影响。     

Comparison of different methods for assessing heavy metal contamination in street dust of Xianyang City, NW China

Street dust is one of the important indicators that reflect the status of urban environmental pollution. There are many studies of heavy metals contamination of street dust in capital cities; however, little attention has been paid to this kind of study in medium cities, including China. The dust samples were collected in the district of traffic crossroads in Xianyang city, Shaanxi Province. Pb, Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn, Cr and Mn concentrations were determined using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). The results indicate that the concentrations of heavy metals are higher than the background values of soils in Shaanxi Province. The contamination level of heavy metals is assessed by potential ecological risk index (E _r), geoaccumulation index (I _geo), enrichment factor (EF) and pollution index (Pi). The low I _geo, EF, E _r, Pi and PI_n (integrated pollution index) for Mn in street dusts indicate an absence of distinct Mn pollution. The high EF, Pi and PI_n of Cu and Zn indicate that there is considerable Cu and Zn pollution. It is suggested that more attention should be paid to heavy metals contamination of Cu and Zn. The assessment results of Pi and PI_n suggest that Pb, Ni and Cr present strong pollution; however, their EFs indicate that they cause moderate pollution and their I _geo indicates that they are unpolluted to moderately polluted. The contamination class value with different assessing methods is of the order: Pi ≈ PI_n > EF > I _geo > E _r.     

武水河上游区域土壤重金属污染风险及来源分析

生态功能区在涵养水源、保持水土、维系生物多样性等方面具有重要的作用。本文以位于南岭生态功能区的流域——武水流域为研究对象,采集流域上游交通运输用地、采矿用地、工业用地、耕地及林地5种土地利用类型土壤样品,分析7种重金属Cd、As、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn的含量特征,采用内梅罗综合污染指数评价重金属污染的程度,Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法评价土壤重金属潜在生态风险,并应用主成分分析法探究重金属污染的来源。研究结果显示,武水河上游地区土壤重金属Cd、As、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn平均含量分别为1.28、72.44、54.62、0.27、68.32、72.29和158.42mg/kg,均高于土壤背景值,其中采矿用地土壤重金含量除Hg外均高于其他类型土壤。均值状态下土壤中Cd和As单因子污染指数分别为5.07、3.25,其中采矿用地中Cd单因子污染指数可达13.59;土壤重金属综合污染指数表明,采矿用地污染最为严重,其次是工业用地,林地呈安全状态。潜在生态危害指数评价结果显示,采矿用地和工业用地达到了强生态危害,其他类型土壤为轻微生态危害,而采矿用地土壤中Cd达到极强生态危害,As为强生态危害。土壤重金属来源研究结果表明,As、Cd、Cu和Zn来源于矿山开采及工业活动,Ni和Hg主要来源于成土母质,Pb则来源于交通运输。研究认为:武水流域上游区土壤重金属污染情况较为严重,Cd和As是区内主要的风险因子,主要来源于矿山开采以及工业活动。     

氨基泡塑的合成及其应用于富集地质样品中的痕量金

采用泡塑(PUF)富集,AAS或ICP-OES测定地质样品中痕量金是常用的分析方法。与活性炭相比,PUF的选择性好,但吸附容量偏低,可将泡塑负载不同的萃取剂或修饰不同的官能团提高吸附容量。本文将聚醚型泡塑经盐酸水解制备成氨基泡塑(PUF-NH_2)。红外光谱和扫描电镜表征显示,PUF-NH_2峰形发生了明显红移(3376.5 cm-1),其中的氨基数量显著增加,另外PUF-NH_2的高分子出现明显断裂,发生水解后裸露出的氨基具有还原性,在吸附金的过程中易与金离子在PUF-NH_2表面发生氧化还原反应,形成金纳米颗粒。改性后的PUF-NH_2吸附容量达到96 mg/g,与PUF相比提高了8倍。将PUF-NH_2应用于富集地质样品中的金,经炭化灼烧、50%王水提取后用ICP-OES测定,金的加标回收率在95.0%~105.0%之间,检出限为0.15μg/g。实验证明用PUF-NH_2处理样品提高了富集倍数和分析灵敏度,有利于低品位矿石的分析。     

Investigation of elemental enrichment and ecological risk assessment of surface soils in two industrial port cities,southwest Iran

In recent years, there has been a rapid growth in the two industrial port cities of Iran, the port of Mahshahr and the port of Imam Khomeini. In spite of their importance for the economy, the two cities require monitoring and assessment from an environmental and human health perspective. In this study, environmental quality and heavy metals pollution of soils influenced by human activities were investigated. A total of 30 soil samples were collected and subjected to detail physicochemical characterization. The results showed high levels of heavy metals in the urban soils of port of Mahshahr (POM) and elevated respective levels in surface soils of the port of Imam Khomeini (PIK) with Ni being significantly higher than those in POM. The integrated pollution index (IPI) values of metals ranged from 1.22 to 1.87 in POM and 1.52 to 3.31in PIK, 50% of soil samples in PIK were classified as highly polluted, and all of the soil samples in PM were classified as moderately polluted. These results are in accordance with Enrichment Factor (EF) values, which showed the role of anthropogenic activities in the soil heavy metal enrichment. Moreover, the highest potential ecological risk index (RI) was found in the sites of petrochemical industries in PIK indicating serious metal contamination. Statistical analysis showed that heavy metals were mainly controlled by human activities. The results showed more dense industrial activity in PIK is responsible for higher pollution. This study establishes a benchmark against which future monitoring and remediation programs can be based on. Because of proximity to the Persian Gulf, continued the release of contaminants into the region, could have adverse biological health effects.     

小秦岭太峪水系沉积物重金属污染生态危害评价

以金矿开发影响的黄河二级支流太峪水系沉积物为研究对象,沿河采集16个表层沉积物样品,分层采集垂向剖面10件水库沉积物样品,测定了样品中重金属元素Hg、Pb、Cd、Cr、As、Cu和Zn的含量,采用Hakanson潜在生态指数法和Tomlinson污染负荷指数法评价重金属元素污染程度和潜在生态风险。结果表明,矿业活动是太峪水系沉积物重金属元素污染的主要因素;变异系数、富集系数和最高污染系数均反映Hg、Pb、Cd是太峪水系沉积物的特征污染重金属元素,Cr和As的质量分数接近地区背景值;太峪水系表层沉积物受到重金属元素的极强污染,山区段污染较山外更严重;整个流域的Hg、Pb、Cd具有很强的潜在生态危害,Cr、As、Zn的潜在生态危害轻微;太峪水系沉积物垂向各层沉积物都受到重金属元素的极强污染,生态问题以Hg、Pb、Cd的潜在生态危害为主,其污染和生态危害程度都高于流向上的沉积物。潜在生态危害指数评价突出了不同元素的毒性和危害程度,而污染负荷指数法侧重于样本空间上的污染程度,二者互补使用有利于实际问题的全面评价。     

云南个旧锡矿区大屯盆地土壤重金属污染与生态风险评价

土壤中的重金属直接影响农业安全生产,掌握不同耕地和土壤类型中重金属的污染程度可为削减生态风险提供依据。通过实地调查,对云南个旧锡矿区松树脚矿大屯盆地不同耕地和土壤类型的重金属含量,采用单因子指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法进行污染评价,基于潜在生态危害指数法进行生态风险评价。结果表明,As、Cd、Cu、Cr、Ni、Pb和Zn七种元素中,As和Cd是大屯盆地农田土壤的主要污染因子,两者对污染程度的贡献率为97%,其中Cd的贡献率为68%;两者对生态风险的贡献率为87%。旱地重金属污染程度和生态风险大于水田,红壤中重金属的污染程度和生态风险大于红色石灰土。从空间来看,个旧大屯盆地重金属污染程度总体呈现从西南向东北逐渐降低的趋势。     

Contamination and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in street dust of Tehran,Iran

Heavy metals are introduced in human tissue through breathing air, food chain and human skin. They can cause damage to the nervous system and internal organs. In the present study, sixty street dust samples were collected from the central area of Tehran and were digested in the laboratory to determine the content of Zn, Ni, Cd, Cr, Cu and Pb, using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The level of contamination with the analyzed metals was determined according to the following indices: geo-accumulation index (I _geo), enrichment factor (EF), pollution index (PI), integrated pollution index (IPI) and potential ecological risk index (RI). The average concentration of heavy metals found was in the order of Zn > Cu > Pb > Ni > Cr > Cd. The average I _geo values for Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were 1.53, ?1.88, 2.68, ?0.67, 1.62 and 2.70, respectively. Among the investigated heavy metals, zinc and copper had the maximum average EF values and were placed into the “very severe enrichment” class. Potential ecological risk factor (E _r) also indicated that Cd had the highest risk, and it was classified as of considerable potential ecological risk. Therefore, it is necessary to pay more attention to the appearance of Cd in the human environment. The calculated potential ecological risk index values also illustrated that the street dust samples presented a “moderate ecological risk.” The calculated IPI values showed that the pollution levels of the street dust samples ranged from high to extremely high.     

江西贵溪冶炼厂重金属环境污染特征及生态风险评价

金属矿物开采、冶炼等活动引起土壤金属污染是世界普遍存在的问题,由此引起的人类健康问题和环境生态的恶化,越来越受到世界各国环境学家关注。本文调查了冶炼厂周围农田重金属元素的纵向分布,并利用连续浸提法分析主要污染元素的化学形态,结果表明,土壤Cu,Zn,Cd和Pb的非残渣态含量远远高于未污染土壤,污染元素的生物可利用性高;同时采用多指标生态评价体系,对铜矿冶炼厂周围农田土壤重金属污染进行综合的潜在生态风险评价。根据风险指标体系和空间分异规律,将冶炼厂周围农田分成3种生态风险功能区。     

北京市道路尘中重金属时空分布特征及污染程度评价

北京市作为我国的经济和文化中心,高速的城市化进程带来了一系列的环境问题。城市道路尘可以通过不同途径进入人体,对人体健康造成伤害。本研究采集了春、冬两季北京市6类功能区中道路尘样品46件,研究了其中Cr、Pb、Cd、As和Hg元素的含量和空间分布特征,并采用单因子指数法和内梅罗污染指数法,评价了道路尘中重金属污染程度。结果表明:除冬季As元素外,其余元素平均含量均高于北京市土壤背景值; 5种重金属元素平均含量一般为市区最高,郊区最低。单因子污染评价表明,冬、春两季各个功能区道路尘中除As元素无污染外,其余元素均具有一定程度的污染,其中Cd元素污染程度最高;冬季各功能区道路尘中重金属元素综合污染指数评价均为轻度污染;春季郊区为尚清洁,工厂区、居民区和商业区为轻度污染,休闲区和教育区为中度污染。     

Study on soil heavy metals contamination of a lead refinery

The contents of Pb, Cd, Cr, As, and Hg was investigated in the neighboring areas of a lead smelting enterprise and the metals contamination of soil was evaluated with the methodologies of the single factor index and Nemerow integrated index. It is found that the content of heavy metals in the neighboring areas has no obvious difference from the reference points. And the soil contamination of heavy metals varies by elements, the contamination index follows the pollution order： Cd〉Hg〉Cr〉As〉Pb. The pollution degree of Cd is at high level and Hg at low level, but Cr and As reached the warning level. Therefore, the lead smelting enterprises should not only control lead but also other heavy metals as Cd.     

固体聚合膜电解浓集法测量天然水中低含量氚的化学淬灭效应研究

固体聚合膜电解浓集法是浓缩氚含量较低(1 Bq/m~3)的天然水样的常用方法,但因水样自身含有杂质离子或电解装置聚合膜带入杂质进入浓集液,使浓集液偏酸性,在测量过程中易产生化学淬灭效应,导致氚的测量值偏低。本文研究了水样自身存在的杂质离子和聚合膜上残留的杂质离子、样品溶液的pH值及其电导率所产生的化学淬灭效应的影响,实验表明,为减少化学淬灭效应,提高测量低含量氚的准确性,需保证水样溶液呈中性,电导率≤1μS/cm,同时避免杂质沉积在聚合膜上。如果水样溶液的pH值偏酸性、电导率大于1μS/cm,可采用酸碱混合型离子交换树脂去除水样中自身的杂质;对于聚合膜引入的杂质,可在电解后的水样中加入微量氨水将其pH值调节至中性。     

Geochemical contamination in the mine affected soil of Raniganj Coalfield——A river basin scale assessment

The study aimed to assess the heavy metals(K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Pb, Sr, Zr) contamination in the soil of mine affected Singaran river basin and to analyse spatial variation in the contamination level considering 32 soil samples. Elemental analysis of soil samples has been performed through Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis(EDX) to quantify the elemental concentration(mg kgà1). Heavy metal concentrations have been assessed through geo-accumulation index(Igeo) and enrichment factor(EF).Indices showed soils have moderate accumulation of most of the metals with moderate enrichment of Sr,Zr, Zn, Cu and Ni. Soil contamination level assessment has been carried out using indices like Contamination Factor(CF), degree of contamination(C_(deg)), modified degree of contamination(m C_(deg)) and Pollution Load Index(PLI). CF shows moderate to considerable contamination by Sr, Zr, Ca, Cu, Mn, Zn and Ni. Mean indices values(m C_(deg)and PLI for the entire basin are 3.38 and 2.23 respectively) show low to moderate level of soil contamination. These indices result have been mapped and analysed in GIS platform to get spatial variation of pollution level. Opencast mines dominate middle catchment area and so is comparatively contaminated. Sample sites 11, 18 and 25 evidenced high values of all indices of pollution load. From the ecological standpoint Ecological Risk Factor(Er) and Potential Ecological Risk Index(RI) have been estimated to assess regional threat to native soil environment and it shows low ecological risk potential. Analysis shows that mine dominated soil of the entire Singaran basin is less contaminated in all respect but tends to the moderate contamination level at the mid-catchment area,especially by Sr, Zr, Zn, Cu and Ni.     

应用毒性淋溶提取法评价天津市某工业用地及周围农田土壤中重金属生态风险

毒性淋溶提取法(TCLP)是美国法定的一种生态环境风险评价方法,通过提取土壤中的重金属有效态判断土壤重金属污染状况和评估污染区域生态风险。本文应用TCLP法提取天津市某工业园区内及周围农田土壤中的有效态Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法和原子吸收光谱法分别测定重金属全量和有效态,结合单项污染指数和内梅罗综合污染指数评价了重金属生态风险。结果表明:研究区Zn是首要污染物,主要来源于镀锌厂、金属制品厂和电镀厂,其次是Pb和Cu污染,Cd无污染;Pb、Zn可能具有同源性或伴生关系;大部分土壤处于安全水平,重金属污染率不到30%,但农田土壤出现了Zn的轻度污染。重金属全量是影响重金属有效态含量较大的因素,当Zn全量大于环境质量标准限值(300 mg/kg),Pb全量大于80mg/kg时,有效态Zn、Pb与其全量均呈正相关。因此,可以使用TCLP法将土壤重金属全量与有效态进行量化评价重金属生态风险。     

西安市公园土壤重金属元素含量水平及风险评价

利用X-Ray荧光光谱仪对西安市城市公园表层土壤的Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr、Mn、As的质量分数进行了分析,阐明了这几种重金属元素的分布特征,并用内梅罗综合污染指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对其进行了评价.结果表明,As在个别公园呈现富积;Zn和Mn普遍存在一定程度的富积;Cu、Pb在公园内的累积程度相对较大.西安市公园土壤重金属元素属于中等污染,其潜在生态风险处于中等水平,各重金属元素的潜在生态风险系数大小顺序为Pb=As>Cu>Cr>Mn>Zn.