现代与古代海底热液成矿作用研究进展

海底热液成矿是近年来地质学家关注的热点问题。现代海底热液成矿作用的研究推动了古块状硫化物矿床成矿过程的认识。结合现今研究成果综合分析表明:海底热液成矿作用主要分布在张性活动板块边界,与大地构造活动紧密相连;成矿金属物质来源具有多元性,金属矿化的类型受基底类型(洋壳-陆壳)和岩性组合(基性岩石-中酸性岩石)的控制,岩浆来源的物质也可能对一些块状硫化物矿床有贡献;主导海底热液成矿作用的核心为对流热循环系统,对流循环具有单循环和双扩散对流模式;海底块状硫化物的堆积过程是烟囱的生长、倒塌堆积和热液流体充填与交代的过程,成矿热液流体的温度和密度在这个过程中起关键作用。基于海底热水矿床的重要性,建立完整的热水喷流成矿理论意义重大。     

吉林东部晚古生代VMS型矿床及其构造意义

<正>火山成因的块状硫化物(VMS)矿床是国内外重要的有色金属矿床类型,包括与火山岩有关的、火山岩中的以及火山-沉积岩中的硫化物矿床,它们通常以透镜状的多金属块状硫化物形式产于海相火山岩中,成矿多与富含金属的海底热液对流有关的流体体系有关。我国此类矿床主要分布于三江、祁连、阿尔泰成矿带,时间上主要有元古代、古生代和中生代三个主要成矿期(Wang et al.,2010),但其     

现代海底热液成矿作用

从现代块状硫化物矿床成矿特征对比角度,总结分析了世界现代海底喷流的块状硫化物成矿堆积,综述了现代海底块状硫化物成矿主要形成于洋壳和岛弧环境的实际观察结果,突出强调了洋壳环境和岛弧或陆壳环境两种成矿环境对成矿类型分类的意义。对上地幔部分熔融岩浆来源与地壳物质可能带人、火山喷发岩浆系列的演化和对热液成矿作用的控制进行了讨论,对比分析了岩浆流体对成矿的重要贡献和控制作用,以及成矿热液循环体系形成的条件和模式。     

海底多金属硫化物矿床的主要特征

海底多金属硫化物由于含有贵金属而具有潜在的经济价值并,受到国际地质学家们的广泛关注。已经发现的矿点和矿床有一百多处,然而规模比较大的不足20处。相对于锰结核,多金属硫化物在海底产出的部位较浅,矿石中含有Cu、Zn、Ag和Au等,具有很高的经济价值。据粗略估计,已发现的大型矿床共含有一百万到五百万吨的块状硫化物。世界海底多金属硫化物矿床主要分布在东太平洋海隆、西太平洋构造活动带、西南太平洋以及大西洋中部的大洋中脊。海底多金属硫化物属于海底热液烟囱物,它是热液活动的产物,其成因机制涉及构造和岩浆活动与热液活动的关系,海水及水深以及沉积物与热液成矿的关系,岩水反应,热液地球化学,生物活动等。     

关于现代海底热液活动系统模式的思考

现代海底热液活动往往与岩浆作用相伴生.传统的热液系统循环模式认为:海水沿裂隙（通道）下渗,被加热并与围岩发生水岩反应,萃取岩石中的金属元素,形成热液流体并上涌喷出海底,沉积生成多金属硫化物矿体.这一模式合理地解释了构成现代海底热液系统的3个基本要素:流体、通道和热源,与我们现今条件下所观察到的许多事实相吻合.然而,基岩渗透率、热液流体性质、热液生态系统和热液产物上的差异表明现代海底热液活动系统可能存在另一种注入式循环模式,即热液流体来自深部岩浆房流体和挥发性组分的直接注入.据此提出现代海底热液活动系统可能存在两种模式:一种是浅层循环模式,即传统的热液循环模式;另一种是岩浆后期热液注入模式（简称"注入模式"）.在岩浆作用强烈和构造裂隙发育的环境中,两种模式可能同时存在,形成双扩散对流循环模式.双扩散对流循环模式可以很好地解释现代海底热液活动研究中近期所发现的多种现象和事实.对弧后盆地而言,在研究其岩浆作用与热液活动时,还要考虑板块俯冲的构造背景和俯冲组分及陆壳组分加入等因素,同时构建了适用于弧后盆地海底热液活动系统的理论模型.      

贱金属硫化物矿床中的贵金属

本文从现代海底热液成矿系统和古代块状硫化物矿床中都含有大量的贵金属这一事实出发,论证了贱金属硫化物矿床中贵金属的重要性,并论述了Au、Ag在矿物、矿石、矿体及矿床类型中的分布特征及其Cu-Au共生、Pb(Zn)-Ag共生组合对于矿床地质和找矿的意义。     

古代与现代火山成因块状硫化物矿床研究进展

    火山成因块状硫化物（VolcanogenicMas siveSulfide,简称VMS）矿床可见于前寒武纪至现代的各个地质时代。现代海底热液成矿作用为研究VMS矿床提供了一种新的途径,DSDP／ODP钻探资料揭示：①VMS矿床虽然可产生于不同环境,但均与张裂断陷有关。②成矿物质可能来源有 2种：一种是含矿火山岩系及下伏基底物质的淋滤;另一种是深部岩浆房挥发份的直接释放。③洋中脊海底热液循环呈双扩散对流模式。在有沉积物覆盖的洋中脊,热液循环更多地考虑流体与沉积物相互作用产生的效果。④从矿物组合的空间分布来看,热液硫化物堆积体上部以烟囱体为主,下部以块状硫化物为主,深部以网脉状硫化物为主,这在不同热液活动区似乎具有普遍性。
    VMS矿床的矿化模式反映的是一种热液成因,这种热液是深部（1～3 km）岩浆侵入所引起并通过海水在热穹隆之上循环产生的。VMS矿床的深入研究要求我们致力于发现新的矿产地,提高样品采集、分析技术,加强海底热液活动与构造、岩浆作用和环境演变的一体化研究。     

现代海底多金属硫化物矿床

海底多金属硫化物矿床是热液活动的产物,主要分布在东太平洋海隆、西太平洋构造活动带、西南太平洋以大西洋中脊,其产出构造背景为洋中脊、弧后扩张中心及地幔热点处。该文系统地总结了现代海底多金属硫化物矿床产出的地质背景特点,对各地质环境中矿化的规律进行对比,并对其形成机制等热点问题作了概述,详细介绍了矿床成因方面的新进展,着重阐述了海底多金属矿床的双扩散对流模式。     

现代海底热液成矿作用研究现状及发展方向

现代海底热水成矿作用研究的重大进展表现在两个方面：（１）大批活动的和窒息的热液活动区和硫化物矿床在洋脊、岛弧、弧后盆地及板内火山活动中心等海底环境相继发现。在沉积物饥饿洋脊，矿床规模较小，Ｃｕ－Ｚｎ为主，沉积物覆盖洋脊，矿床规模巨大，Ｐｂ－Ｚｎ为主。弧后扩张或弧间裂陷盆地，形成Ｐｂ－Ｚｎ→Ｚｎ－Ｐｂ－Ｃｕ→Ｃｕ－Ｚｎ矿床谱系。岛弧环境硫化物矿床不具规模，板内火山活动中心以氧化物－硫化物矿化为特色。（２）现代海底热水成矿作用观察和研究为古代ＶＭＳ矿床成因研究提供了重要信息，对现有成矿理论产生重要影响。现代成矿观念强调：①海底成矿作用虽可产生于不同环境，但均与张裂断陷事件密切相关。矿床规模和分布特点受张裂速率制约；②成矿物质主体来源于热水循环的火山－沉积岩和下伏基底物质；③硫化物堆积发生于丘堤－烟囱联合构成的机构和结壳下部，通过开放空间的硫化物充填和先成矿石淋滤迁移来实现。④热液流体呈双扩散对流循环。现代海底热水成矿作用的未来研究方向可概括为强度方向和广度方向。广度研究将加大力度去发现新的矿床，强度研究将采用地球物理方法并配以必要的钻探，深入揭示矿床的三维结构和热液体系及成矿机制。     

中印度洋脊Edmond热液区黄铁矿-白铁矿的共生演化及指示性

<正>现代海底热液活动及海底"黑烟囱"的形成是海洋科学研究的前沿领域之一[1-2]。现代洋脊区是目前世界海底热水活动和金属硫化物矿床形成最多和最重要的环境[3]。印度洋洋脊区与太平洋,大西洋洋脊区相比,所发现的海底热液活动相对较少,研究程度相对较低[4]。Edmond是中印度洋脊的典型的热液活动区域,在此发现有大量硫化物堆积体和块状硫化物碎块。其中,不同的矿物组合及其演化规律记录了海底热液作用的大量信息。对其进行研究,可反演成矿的物理化学条件和宏观过程,对深刻认识该区成矿物质聚集过     

古代与现代海底黑矿型块状硫化物矿床矿石地球化学比较研究

选择西南太平洋冲绳海槽现代海底烟囱硫化物矿床、日本小坂矿山上向黑矿（第三纪）和中国西南呷村黑矿型矿床（三叠纪）进行了矿石地球化学比较研究。黑矿型矿床矿石吨位－品位模式与其他火山成因块状硫化物（ＶＭＳ）矿床类似，矿田（２０－５０ｋｍ＾２）矿石吨位与单个喷气－沉积型（Ｓｅｄｅｘ）矿床相当，金属总量４－６Ｍｔ，为矿田范围内热液流体搬运的最大金属量。与洋脊环境ＶＭＳ矿床相比，岛弧裂谷环境产出的黑矿型矿床相     

滇西大平掌铜多金属矿床火山喷流沉积原因

大平掌矿床由上部层状块状硫化物矿体和下部细脉浸染状矿体组成,双层结构清楚。块状矿体中发育典型的草莓状和鲕状硫化物。成矿地质背景和矿石中的金属元素及REE配分形式、S同位素组成、流体包裹体特征等均与黑矿型矿床及现代海底热液活动区硫化物矿床相似。矿床典型的火山喷流沉积成因。     

Subsea-floor replacement in volcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposits

Recent research on volcanic-hosted massive sulfide (VMS) deposits indicates that syngenetic subsea-floor replacement ores form an important component of many deposits. In the context of VMS deposits, subsea-floor replacement can be defined as the syn-volcanic formation of sulfide minerals within pre-existing volcanic or sedimentary deposits by infiltration and precipitation in open spaces (fractures, inter- and intra-granular porosity) as well as replacement of solid materials.There are five criteria for distinguishing subsea-floor replacement in massive sulfide deposits: (1) mineralized intervals are enclosed within rapidly emplaced volcanic or sedimentary facies (lavas, intrusions, subaqueous mass-flow deposits, pyroclastic fallout); (2) relics of the host facies occur within the mineral deposit; (3) replacement fronts occur between the mineral deposit and the host lithofacies; (4) the mineral deposit is discordant to bedding; and (5) strong hydrothermal alteration continues into the hanging wall without an abrupt break in intensity. Criteria 1–3 are diagnostic of replacement, whereas criteria 4 and 5 may suggest replacement but are not alone diagnostic. Because clastic sulfide ores contain accessory rock fragments collected by the parent sediment gravity flow(s) during transport, criteria 2 can only be applied to massive, semi-massive, disseminated or vein style deposits, and not clastic ores.The spectrum of VMS deposit types includes deposits that have accumulated largely subsea-floor, and others in which sedimentation and volcanism were synchronous with hydrothermal activity, and precipitation of sulfides occurred at and below the sea floor over the life of the hydrothermal system. Deposits that formed largely subsea-floor are mainly hosted by syn-eruptive or post-eruptive volcaniclastic facies (gravity flow deposits, water-settled fall, autoclastic breccia). However, some subsea-floor replacement VMS deposits are hosted by lavas and syn-volcanic intrusions (sills, domes, cryptodomes). Burial of sea-floor massive sulfide by lavas or sediment gravity flow deposits can interrupt sea-floor mineralization and promote subsea-floor replacement and zone-refining.The distance below the sea floor at which infiltration and replacement took place is rarely well constrained, with published estimates ranging from less than 1 to more than 500 m, but mainly in the range 10–200 m. The upper few tens to hundreds of metres in the volcano-sedimentary pile are the favoured position for replacement, as clastic facies are wet, porous and poorly consolidated in this zone, and at greater depths become progressively more compacted, dewatered, altered, and less amenable to large scale infiltration and replacement by hydrothermal fluids. Furthermore, sustained mixing between the upwelling hydrothermal fluid and cold seawater is regarded as a major cause of sulfide precipitation in VMS systems, and this mixing process generally becomes less effective with increasing depth in the volcanic pile.The relative importance of subsea-floor replacement in VMS systems is related principally to four factors: the permeability and porosity patterns of host lithofacies, sedimentation rate, the relative ease of replacement of host lithofacies (especially glassy materials) and early formed alteration minerals during hydrothermal attack, and physiochemical characteristics of the hydrothermal fluid.     

Massive sulfide deposition and trace element remobilization in the Middle Valley sediment-hosted hydrothermal system, northern Juan de Fuca Rdge

The Bent Hill massive sulfide deposit and ODP Mound deposit in Middle Valley at the northernmost end of the Juan de Fuca Ridge are two of the largest modern seafloor hydrothermal deposits yet explored. Trace metal concentrations of sulfide minerals, determined by laser-ablation ICP-MS, were used in conjunction with mineral paragenetic studies and thermodynamic calculations to deduce the history of fluid-mineral reactions during sulfide deposition. Detailed analyses of the distribution of metals in sulfides indicate significant shifts in the physical and chemical conditions responsible for the trace element variability observed in these sulfide deposits. Trace elements (Mn, Co, Ni, As, Se, Ag, Cd, Sb, Pb, and Bi) analyzed in a representative suite of 10 thin sections from these deposits suggest differences in conditions and processes of hydrothermal alteration resulting in mass transfer of metals from the center of the deposits to the margins. Enrichments of some trace metals (Pb, Sb, Cd, Ag) in sphalerite at the margins of the deposits are best explained by dissolution/reprecipitation processes consistent with secondary remineralization. Results of reaction-path models clarify mechanisms of mass transfer during remineralization of sulfide deposits due to mixing of hydrothermal fluids with seawater. Model results are consistent with patterns of observed mineral paragenesis and help to identify conditions (pH, redox, temperature) that may be responsible for variations in trace metal concentrations in primary and secondary minerals. Differences in trace metal distributions throughout a single deposit and between nearby deposits at Middle Valley can be linked to the history of metal mobilization within this active hydrothermal system that may have broad implications for sulfide ore formation in other sedimented and unsedimented ridge systems.     

The use of fluorine as a pathfinder for volcanic-hosted massive sulfide ore deposits

A multi-element geochemical study of the wall rocks of intermediate to felsic volcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposits was carried out to identify pathfinder elements which significantly enlarge the size of exploration targets. Drill core samples from the Crandon massive sulfide deposit in Wisconsin, and outcrop samples from the United Verde and Iron King deposits in Arizona, and from the Captains Flat, Mt. Costigan, and Wiseman Creek deposits in New South Wales, Australia were analyzed. Because anomalously high fluorine values have been described in several volcanic-hosted ore systems, fluorine was included in the study.All of the above deposits have patterns of fluorine enrichment around ore. Drill core samples from two noneconomic prospects within ten miles of the Crandon deposit contain background to only weakly anomalous fluorine values.At the large Crandon deposit (> 50 million tons of zinc, copper ore), fluorine enrichment extends approximately 320 m into the footwall rocks and at least 220 m into the hanging wall rocks. At the large United Verde deposit (> 50 million tons of copper, zinc ore), fluorine enrichment is recognizable in the footwall rocks at least 650 m from the ore. At the smaller Iron King deposit (five million tons production of zinc, lead, copper ore), fluorine enrichment extends for a distance of approximately 60 m into the footwall rocks. At the small deposits in New South Wales (< five million tons production of zinc, lead, copper ore), fluorine enrichment is easily recognizable, but with the samples collected, the limits of the anomalous patterns cannot be defined.Fluorine occurs in some hydrothermal systems unassociated with mineralization and is therefore not a specific signature of ore-forming processes. From the work completed, many massive sulfide deposits in volcanic rocks occur in hydrothermal systems which contain fluorine. On the basis of the data presented, if anomalously high fluorine values do exist in an exploration search area, the chances of finding a massive sulfide ore deposit are improved.Genetic models for volcanic-hosted massive sulfide ore deposits have concentrated on rock textures, alteration mineralogy, and geochemistry of the ore metals. From the data presented, fluorine should be considered as a component of massive sulfide systems in intermediate to felsic volcanic rocks, and should be considered as a possible complexing agent for the ore metals.     

小红石砬子银铅锌矿床地质特征及找矿标志

本文试图通过小红石砬子银铅锌矿床产于火山穹窿构造环境、控矿与海相火山-沉积建造有关、热液蚀变种类与矿体在金属矿化、元素分布空间上具有分带性等特征,论证该矿床属于位于火山穹窿构造环境中的火山成因块状硫化物矿床。进而推测同处于吉中弧形构造带中的地局子、新立屯、二道林子、圈岭等赋存于上古生界二叠系火山-沉积建造中的多金属硫化物矿床也应同属于与火山作用有关的块状硫化物矿床。在此基础上提出有关省内地槽区块状硫化物多金属矿床的几点找矿评价标志。     

四川呷村V HMS矿床：从野外观察到成矿模型

呷村矿床是一个与晚三叠世海相钙碱性酸性火山岩系有关的典型块状硫化物（VHMS）矿床。热水流体系统和贱金属成矿作用发育于义敦岛弧碰撞造山带上的弧间裂谷盆地内,并受其内部的一系列局限盆地及SN向基底断裂－裂缝系统控制。含矿岩系为双峰岩石组合,具火山碎屑岩－矿体－喷气岩“三位一体”特征。硫化物矿床具有“块状矿席＋层控网脉状矿带”式三维结构特征。块状矿席发育多旋回的硫化物－硫酸盐韵律型式,揭示热水流体在海底的幕式排泄以及硫化物－硫酸盐在卤水池内的韵律式化学淀积和滑塌堆积过程。层控网脉状矿带产出于流纹质火山岩系,与上覆的块状矿席平行展布,揭示高渗透性碎屑岩层和多条同级别断层或断裂共同约束海底下部热水流体,并诱导其“弥散式”排泄和侧向流动交代。热水流体的传导冷凝过程导致硫化物沉积、热水流体与冷海水的简单混合导致硅质岩或／重晶石淀积,传导冷凝与海水混合的联合作用导致含硫化物重晶石、硅质岩和红碧玉形成。     

内蒙古黄岗梁锡铁多金属矿床层状夕卡岩的喷流沉积成因

内蒙古自治区黄岗梁矿床是大兴安岭中南段的一个大型Sn-Fe多金属矿床,燕山期火山侵入岩广泛出露,通过对矿床地球化学特征的系统研究,并结合矿床地质特征,得出的主要研究成果为:①与含微细浸染胶状锡的磁铁矿层共生的层状夕卡岩与海底火山活动关系密切,是一种很具特色的喷流岩;②REE地球化学特征表明,该矿床层状夕卡岩与典型岩浆热液接触交代夕卡岩存在较大差异,而与现代海底热流体和喷流型矿床及其共生的热水沉积岩有较大的相似性,应属热水喷流成因;③层状夕卡岩的碳、氧同位素组成关系可与许多沉积喷流型块状硫化物矿石及其共生的喷流岩相对比,暗示了两者具有相似的形成机理。     

Subseafloor hydrothermal alteration during the Early Proterozoic at Garpenberg,Central Sweden

The Early Proterozoic sulfide deposit at Garpenberg is located in the metallogenetic province of central Sweden. It is a strata-bound massive sulfide deposit contained in a supracrustal sequence of mainly acid metavolcanic rocks. Stratiform Zn-Pb-Cu mineralization is underlain by Cu-bearing stockwork ore and an extensive alteration zone. The sulfide ores and their altered wall rocks were formed by subseafloor hydrothermal activity. The alteration pattern observed in the wall rocks of this deposit is consistent with a hydrothermal system where the fluid consists mainly of seawater and a high water/rock mass ratio predominates. The hydrothermal activity caused the destruction of the primary mineralogy, mainly feldspars, and a general redistribution of the chemical elements in the altered wall rocks which were principally depleted in Ca, Na and Eu and enriched in Mg. Eu was redeposited with the ore metals near or at the seafloor and Ca was deposited as limestone. Most of the major and trace elements show large mobility during the alteration; only Ti, Zr, Y and REE (excluding Eu) behaved as relatively immobile elements.