高掺量粉煤灰固结材料的矿物组成及微观结构研究

采用化学成分、X衍射和电子显微镜分析等方法研究了高掺量粉煤灰固结材料的矿物组成及微观结构。结果表明 ,其矿物组成主要是 3Al2 O3 ·2SiO2 和硅铝酸盐的胶凝物相 ,具有较大孔径的多孔结构特征 ,与水泥混凝土的矿物组成和微观结构有较大不同 ;粉煤灰的掺量、养护龄期对水化产物的生成量有直接影响 ;固结剂掺量大于 2 0 %时 ,粉煤灰和固结剂全部反应形成多孔状的胶凝体水化产物     

矿渣磷酸镁水泥的力学性能和水化机理

以高炉矿渣作为磷酸镁水泥(MPC)的活性混合材料,研究了MPC的凝固时间、力学性能、物相组成和显微结构,并探讨了矿渣MPC的作用机理。实验固定磷镁比为25%,硼镁比为7.5%,矿渣掺量分别为磷镁总质量的0%、10%、20%、30%和40%。结果表明,矿渣参与了水化反应并提高了MPC的胶凝性能,随着矿渣掺量增大,矿渣MPC的抗压强度提高,但矿渣水化产生的膨胀应力会破坏MPC的内部结构,因此其抗折强度随矿渣掺量增大而降低。矿渣MPC的主要水化产物为六水合磷酸镁铵(MgNH4PO4.6H2O),矿渣的掺入使凝胶相增加,并有部分Ca2+进入MgNH4PO4.6H2O晶格,使水化产物的形貌、大小发生变化。样品中剩余较多死烧镁和矿渣颗粒,可起骨料作用。     

煤系高岭土制取高纯氧化铝——萃取除铁

煤系高岭土焙烧活化后与硫酸铵反应,水浸取得到硫酸铝铵溶液,再采用磷酸二异辛基酯(P204)-N,N-甲基庚乙酰胺(N503)混合萃取剂除铁;与碳酸氢铵共沉淀制取碳酸铝铵(AACH)结晶后热解煅烧,制得高纯超细氧化铝.讨论了用N503-P204混合萃取剂进行三级逆流萃取时,水相pH值和萃取时间等操作条件对萃铁效果的影响;用TG-DTA研究了前驱物的热解特性,用XRD、TEM表征了AACH及其煅烧产物的物相及粒径;用ICP测定了煅烧产物的纯度.分析结果表明,铁的萃取率达到99.2%,AACH的纯度满足制取高纯超细Al2O3的要求.产品为粒径小于70 nm、纯度大于99.95%的Al2O3.     

硬石膏的高温相变和结构研究

本文研究了煅烧硬石膏的结构及硬石膏的高温相变。发现不同温度煅烧的硬石膏晶体结构及显微形态是相同的,仅存在不同程度的晶格畸变和晶粒尺寸的差异。硬石膏的高温相变是可逆相变,二者的转变温度略有差异。     

煤系固废基绿色充填材料制备及其性能研究

充填技术是绿色开采的重要组成部分,研发成本低廉、性能可靠、低碳环保的充填材料,是发展充填技术的关键。采用煤矸石(CG)和煤系偏高岭土(MK)为原材料制备煤系固废基绿色充填材料,探讨配合比和碱激发剂对充填材料强度以及流动度的影响,并结合X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外吸收光谱仪(FTIR)、热重分析(TG)和扫描电镜能谱分析(SEM-EDS)等表征手段,揭示充填强度发展机理。综合强度、流动性和环境指标,优化充填材料配比。研究结果表明:绿色充填材料体系中,煤系偏高岭土通过碱激发水化反应起到胶凝作用,体系强度随偏高岭土的增加呈线性增长,磨细的煤矸石充当惰性填料,协同Na₂SiO₃改善流动性。该充填材料主要水化产物为N―A―S―H和沸石,Si―O―Si发生聚解,随即四面体Al―O键部分取代Si―O键,由(SiO₄)4?变成(AlO₄)4?,进一步聚合形成Si―O―Al基团。当碱激发剂中Na₂SiO₃与NaOH比例为1∶1时,聚合程度最高。水化产物填充了煤矸石颗粒间孔隙,使基质致密,提高充填材料强度。综合指标评价推荐偏高岭土与煤矸石的配比为3∶7,此时不仅满足强度和流动性的要求,而且碳排放指数仅有0.257。本研究为开发成本低廉、性能可靠、低碳环保的充填材料提供新的思路,具有较好的实用性和经济性。      

高岭石型硫铁矿烧渣对水泥水化硬化的影响

将高岭石型硫铁矿烧渣经磁化焙烧-磁选,得到w(TFe)为57.5%的铁精矿和偏高岭石为主的尾矿。利用微量热仪、差热分析(DTA)、扫描电镜(SEM)等手段研究了掺加磨细后尾矿对普通硅酸盐水泥水化硬化的影响。结果表明:主要含偏高岭石的尾矿能够明显降低水泥的水化热,吸收氢氧化钙,在水化后期改善水泥浆体的微观结构,使得水泥石更加均一密实。同时,磨细尾矿的掺入使水泥净浆的标准稠度需水量增加,凝结时间延长。当取代水泥用量达15%时,尾矿能够提高水泥胶砂的28天抗压强度。     

纳米氧化铝改性粘土试验研究

将具有优异性能纳米Al2O3(简称NA)作为外掺剂应用于粘土改性研究,NA以0%、1%、2%、3%、4%和6%的掺量分别掺入到含水量为10%、16%、22%粘土试样中,共配制了18组试样,对试样进行室内无侧限抗压强度试验。结果表明,试样强度随NA掺量的增大而增大,随土样含水量的增大而减小,4%NA掺量的试样能显著提高粘土的强度和稳定性。分析表明,NA的胶结填充作用和孔隙的填充以及其本身的表面吸水作用对加固效果有重要影响。     

矿渣微细粉掺量对水泥水化产物的影响

利用X射线衍射、TG-DSC综合热分析以及环境扫描电子显微分析技术等,研究了矿渣微细粉对水泥水化产物钙矾石、Ca(OH)₂、CSH凝胶等的影响规律。研究结果表明,在水化早期,矿渣微细粉即参与水泥水化进程,显著影响水泥水化产物钙矾石、Ca(OH)₂和CSH凝胶等的生成速度和生成量及微观形貌,并且随着其掺量增大及水化时间延长,矿渣微细粉参与水泥水化反应程度逐渐提高。     

纳米Al_2O_3改性粘土试验研究

将具有优异性能纳米Al2O3(简称NA)作为外掺剂应用于粘土改性研究,NA以0%、1%、2%、3%、4%和6%的掺量分别掺入到含水量为10%、16%、22%粘土试样中,共配制了18组试样,对试样进行室内无侧限抗压强度试验。结果表明,试样强度随NA掺量的增大而增大,随土样含水量的增大而减小,4%NA掺量的试样能显著提高粘土的强度和稳定性。分析表明,NA的胶结填充作用和孔隙的填充以及其本身的表面吸水作用对加固效果有重要影响。     

水泥基渗透结晶型防水材料对硫铝酸盐水泥固化土性能影响及机制分析

水泥土固化过程中Ca2+浓度会随水化反应的进行而逐步降低,导致水泥颗粒未完全水化,固化土强度增长受限,而水泥基渗透结晶型防水材料（CCCW）中活性物质能催化未水化水泥颗粒反应。选择硫铝酸盐水泥（SAC）为胶凝材料、CCCW为添加剂,通过单掺与复掺的方式,结合X射线衍射（XRD）、电镜扫描（SEM）表征,分析了固化土的无侧限抗压强度、水稳定性、耐干湿循环性能及微观结构。结果表明,复掺16%混合料（4%CCCW+12%SAC）的固化土强度是同掺量下单掺SAC固化土强度的1.5倍,且比单掺20%SAC的固化土强度高1.41 MPa;复掺16%混合料（4%CCCW+12%SAC）的固化土泡水2～8 d软化系数平均达0.97,而同掺量下SAC固化土平均仅为0.73;单掺的固化土强度随干湿循环次数增加逐级降低,而复掺混合料的固化土强度呈波浪式发展;CCCW中活性物质能增加固化土中钙矾石生成量并修复微裂缝,钙矾石长径比显著增大,可直接连接两个甚至多个土颗粒,形成三维网状结构,显著提高结晶体的微观加筋、骨架及填充作用,改善SAC固化土强度、水稳定性及耐干湿循环性能。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the