桂北及邻区碳酸盐型尾矿的酸中和能力及酸化潜力

对广西北部及其相邻地区金属硫化物矿山的碳酸盐型尾矿(即富含碳酸盐金属硫化物矿尾矿),采用X衍射分析、Sobek-ANC实验测试和Carb-ANC矿物计算法、NAG测试法,以及Sobek-ABA估算法等进行实验分析方法。研究结果表明:(1)的4种类型研究区碳酸盐型尾矿在(方解石型、白云石型、铁白云石型,以及方解石-白云石混合型)中,方解石型尾矿的酸中和能力ANC相对较小,一般400kgH2SO4/t;白云石型尾矿的ANC较大,一般400kgH2SO4/t[最高可达1000kg(H2SO4)/t],铁白云石型尾矿和方解石-白云石混合型尾矿的ANC则较小,接近于方解石型尾矿的ANC。(2)研究区碳酸盐型尾矿酸化的预测评价参数与阈值为:ANC400kgH2SO4/t,Sulfide-S(其值为总硫含量与硫酸盐硫含量的差值)3.0%,APR1.4,NAPP-50kgH2SO4/t。与欧美常用的硫化矿固废酸化阈值相比较,研究区酸化碳酸盐型尾矿(方解石型尾矿)的ANC值及Sul-fide-S含量分别显著高约40倍及10倍;尾矿的酸化势率APR略高(常用阈值APR1),而净酸生成势NAPP则明显偏低(常用阈值NAPP+20kgH2SO4/t)。该尾矿为富含碱性碳酸盐的硫化物矿尾矿,特别是富含方解石的高硫(Sulfide-S3%)尾矿,具有发生酸化污染的潜在危险。     

十红滩地浸砂岩铀矿层间氧化带蚀变矿物群

十红滩砂岩型铀矿床是我国大型层间氧化带型砂岩铀矿床之一。层间氧化带型砂岩铀矿含矿砂层在含氧含铀水的渗入径流过程中,由于水介质性状的变化,在与砂体发生水岩作用时形成了完全氧化带、不完全氧化带、还原带和原生带等不同地球化学亚带及其相对应的蚀变矿物群,即完全氧化带为褐铁矿(针铁矿、水针铁矿)、伊利石、蒙脱石、少量黄钾铁矾的蚀变矿物群;不完全氧化带为褐铁矿(针铁矿、水针铁矿)、黄钾铁矾、蒙脱石、伊利石、少量绿泥石、高岭石的蚀变矿物群;还原带为沥青铀矿、黄铁矿、高岭石、绿泥石、少量蒙脱石、伊蒙混层粘土、伊利石和碳酸盐等新生蚀变矿物群;原生带的新生蚀变矿物群以黄铁矿、绿泥石、高岭石为主,有时出现少量碳酸盐、蒙脱石和伊利石等。     

黄沙坪碳酸盐型尾矿中重金属的赋存状态与污染评价

污染指数法用于碳酸盐型尾矿(指富含碳酸盐的金属硫化物尾矿)重金属污染评价存在局限性。通过研究湖南黄沙坪铅锌矿尾矿中Zn、Cd、Pb、Cu及As等元素赋存状态(包括尾矿铅垂剖面结构、元素总量及其水溶态分量的分布和影响因素以及次生胶结物纤铁矿与元素结合作用等),结合元素迁移活性(水溶取率)和污染指数分析,得出如下结论:1该尾矿发育层(带)状结构,即浅表胶结硬化层(中褐色,氧化/酸化)→中部弱胶结层(黄褐色,次氧化)→深部尾砂层(橄榄灰-绿灰色,弱/未氧化),重金属元素在尾矿中浅部的胶结层中富集;2纤铁矿为主要次生胶结物,纤铁矿与元素结合作用的差异性影响尾矿中元素的稳定性/迁移活性;3尾矿中Zn、Cd的迁移活性和污染指数均较高,是主要的污染因子,应重点防控;As的污染指数虽高,但因其迁移活性较低,仍属次要污染因子;Pb、Cu的迁移活性及污染指数均较低,对环境影响可能较小。采用污染指数与元素赋存状态分析相结合的方法,对(黄沙坪)碳酸盐型尾矿的重金属污染危险进行综合评价,可避免污染指数法的局限性。     

滇中郝家河砂岩型铜矿床成岩期和改造期热液蚀变作用——来自组分迁移计算的证据

通过牟定郝家河砂岩型铜矿床两类典型矿化的围岩蚀变类型、空间分布、蚀变矿物组合特征的综合分析,识别出该矿床存在成岩期与改造期两期热液蚀变。成岩期热液蚀变分布于浅紫交互带浅色砂岩一侧,呈现大范围面状硅化、碳酸盐化、黄铁矿化,并具蚀变分带:全浅色砂岩中的强硅化、黄铁矿化亚带;浅紫过渡砂岩中的强碳酸盐化、绢云母化、绿泥石化、弱硅化亚带,并具辉铜矿-斑铜矿-黄铜矿-黄铁矿的金属矿物分带。改造期热液蚀变主要分布于断裂、节理旁侧,表现为带状、网脉状的硅化、碳酸盐化。以1580 m中段实测剖面为研究对象,采集各蚀变亚带的代表样品,以紫色砂岩为原岩,进行主量元素、微量元素及稀土元素的组分迁入、迁出计算,结果显示各亚带组分的迁入、迁出特征与镜下观察的蚀变矿物组合吻合。分析表明,蚀变矿物组合与组分迁移特征还间接指示了不同亚带的形成条件:成岩期紫色砂岩(围岩)呈氧化-碱性条件,浅色砂岩呈还原-酸性条件,浅紫过渡矿化带则处于氧化还原-酸碱转化面上;改造期构造热液属还原-中偏碱性的中温构造流体。在此基础上,探讨了两期成矿流体分别形成层状矿体及脉状富矿体的机理,为深化研究该类矿床的"矿源-构造-流体耦合成矿"机制提供了重要证据。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东北部直罗组古层间氧化带 形成机制探讨

鄂尔多斯盆地东北部是我国重要的砂岩型铀矿成矿带之一,蕴藏着丰富的铀资源。通过研究发现,区内铀矿床与古层间氧化带具有非常紧密的联系。通过对纳岭沟、大营铀矿床直罗组下段古层间氧化带中各后生蚀变砂岩与原生砂岩的物质成分及地球化学指标的研究,发现绿色砂岩与灰色砂岩在物质成分上的主要区别体现在黏土矿物、方解石及黄铁矿含量上,并且不同蚀变类型砂岩具有其各自的地球化学指标特点。基于对古层间氧化带中各后生蚀变的研究,初步探讨了古层间氧化带的形成机制。这一成果为深化本区铀成矿机理、建立区域铀成矿模式提供了重要的理论依据。     

老挝帕奔金矿床成矿流体来源与矿床成因:稀土元素和C、O、S同位素证据

帕奔金矿床位于老挝西北部,为韧-脆性剪切带控制的方解石脉型金矿床。文章在系统的野外和镜下工作基础上,对比了方解石脉、红化蚀变岩、弱碳酸盐化蚀变灰岩、未蚀变灰岩以及方解石脉内雄黄和雌黄的稀土元素特征,结合灰岩和方解石的C、O同位素组成以及雄黄/雌黄的S同位素组成,探讨了成矿流体的性质、来源及矿床成因。载金方解石、蚀变岩和灰岩的稀土元素配分曲线总体相近,均表现出重稀土元素平坦以及Eu、Ce负异常特征;但方解石轻微亏损轻稀土元素,且具有较高的Tb/La和Sm/Nd比值。在Y/Ho-La/Ho和Tb/Ca-Tb/La图解中,灰岩→蚀变岩→方解石投点分别与重结晶趋势线和重新活化趋势线基本吻合,灰岩和方解石C、O同位素组成也表现出了基本一致的海相碳酸盐岩成因。因此,推断帕奔金矿的含金方解石脉及相关的热液蚀变是同一成矿期内同源流体体系的产物,相对形成顺序由早到晚为弱蚀变灰岩、红化蚀变岩、方解石大脉,且与赋矿灰岩存在继承性。结合矿床地质特征,认为帕奔金矿床成矿流体可能主要来源于区域动力变质作用过程中,下二叠统灰岩的脱水和脱碳酸盐化作用。雄黄和雌黄δ34S值接近0‰,且方解石脉稀土元素总量较低,表明可能混入了深部岩浆流体和大气降水。综合区域地质背景,认为帕奔金矿床成矿作用很可能发生于晚三叠世—侏罗纪的滇缅马泰地体与印支陆块碰撞导致的区域韧-脆性构造活动,并受到岩浆活动驱动。     

ASTER数据在遥感蚀变填图中的应用研究——以内蒙古花敖包特银铅锌多金属矿床为例

花敖包特是位于内蒙古西乌珠穆沁旗的一个大型脉状银铅锌多金属矿床,其矿区的蚀变矿物主要是黏土矿物、绿泥石和方解石,此外还可见孔雀石、萤石和赤铁矿等局部蚀变矿化.结合花敖包特矿床的地质特征,本研究利用高级星载热辐射和反射探测器(ASTER)获取的遥感数据进行蚀变矿物填图.利用ASTER可见光-近红外波段和短波红外波段,对校正后遥感数据采用波段比值分析、波段组合分析和主成分分析来提取黏土矿物、绿泥石和方解石化蚀变.利用ASTER热红外波段,根据相关数值关系,对校正后遥感数据计算二氧化硅含量、QI值以及CI值来分析地质体二氧化硅含量变化规律和碳酸盐化蚀变.结合野外勘查结果发现,主成分分析、波段组合分析能够初步划分矿区绿泥石化、碳酸盐化和黏土化蚀变带以及硅化带,其中主成分分析方法取得的效果较好,显示矿区北部以绿泥石化带为主,南部以碳酸盐化和黏土化混合带为主,而热红外波段数值分析方法在矿田尺度下对矿区附近的硅化带和碳酸盐化蚀变也具有一定的识别能力.     

塔里木盆地北缘日达里克铀矿床后生蚀变特征及其铀矿成因意义

日达里克铀矿床为塔里木盆地北缘新近系铀矿找矿成果的典型代表,其成因研究可为相同地区、构造背景、层位的铀矿找矿工作提供借鉴。文章在介绍区域地质背景的基础上,对日达里克铀矿床及典型矿带进行详细解剖,对含矿主岩后生蚀变分带及其岩石地球化学特征进行研究,浅析后生蚀变成因,综合判断矿床成因类型。研究显示,日达里克铀矿床产出有多个矿带,各矿带赋矿砂体均可划分为发育高岭土化的灰白色岩石类型、发育褐铁矿化的褐黄色岩石类型及未见明显蚀变特征的灰色岩石类型。赋矿砂体岩性-地球化学分带自西向东可划分为氧化蚀变带、氧化还原过渡带及原生未蚀变带,其中氧化蚀变带包括灰白色岩石类型、褐黄色岩石类型,氧化还原过渡带包括褐黄色岩石类型、灰色岩石类型,原生未蚀变带包括灰色岩石类型。主要地球化学指标显示氧化还原过渡带高w(U)、w(Mo)、w(Se)、w(Ga)、w(V)、w(Re)、w(Fe)、w(C_有)、w(S)及Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺值,氧化蚀变带相对高w(Mo)、w(Se)、w(Ga)、w(V)及Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺     

新疆西昆仑晚霞山铅锌矿地质特征及找矿标志

结合区域成矿背景,详细分析了矿区及矿床地质特征、地球物理化学特征、矿石矿物特征及围岩蚀变特征。研究表明:(1)晚霞山铅锌矿属于碳酸盐岩-层控型矿床。矿体受细晶灰岩-碎屑岩接触层位及构造裂隙带控制,呈层状产出,与地层走向一致,主要由方铅矿与闪锌矿组成,矿石类型以浸染状、块状为主。围岩蚀变见硅化、孔雀石化、褐铁矿化、黄铁矿化、方解石化。(2)矿区地层、岩性组合、围岩蚀变、地球物理异常及地球化学异常为有利的找矿标志。     

鄂尔多斯盆地纳岭沟铀矿床后生蚀变成因及其与铀成矿的关系

鄂尔多斯盆地纳岭沟铀矿床是中国近期落实的又一特大型铀矿床,为古层间氧化带砂岩型铀矿床。根据蚀变作用与成矿作用的关系,建立了新的古层间氧化带砂岩型铀矿床后生蚀变分类方法,即将其划分为控矿蚀变、成矿蚀变和保矿蚀变3类。分别从垂向上和平面上分析了后生蚀变的空间分布规律,剖面自下而上整体表现为保矿蚀变-成矿蚀变-控矿蚀变的垂向序列;平面上重点分析了氧化砂体厚度、氧化砂体百分率、氧化砂体底埋深、氧化砂体底标高等参数特征。     

河北邯邢式铁矿尾矿地球化学特征

邯邢铁矿是中国重要的铁矿山之一,利用钻探方法对西石门铁矿后井尾矿56种元素进行地球化学评价,了解元素在尾矿库中的空间分布特征。研究表明,尾矿库中Fe、Cu、S、Co元素可进一步开采利用,局部可达到或超出原生矿的工业品位要求。后井尾矿中Fe、S、Cu、Co资源量分别是28.5×104t、4.5×104t、0.36×104t和0.2×104t,适合二次综合开发利用,同时研究中也探索了这些元素在尾矿沙中富集作用和富集机理及影响因素,旨在探索出一种利用地球化学评价尾矿的资源量勘查方法,加速实现中国尾矿资源化。     

A comparative mineralogical and geochemical study of sulfide mine tailings at two sites in New Mexico, USA

A comparative study of sulfide mine tailings from two sites near Silver City in southwest New Mexico has shown the need for environmental monitoring in a geological context. The Cyprus-Piños Altos and Cleveland deposits consist of Cu and Zn skarn mineralization in the Piños Altos Mountains of New Mexico. Primary ore minerals in both deposits include chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and galena. The Cyprus-Piños Altos Mine ceased operation in 1995 and the Cleveland Mill closed in 1950. The deposits have similar mineralogical characteristics; however, the tailings are different in terms of age, degree of oxidation and method of disposal. The Cyprus-Piños Altos tailings (CPAT) are stored in a lined, bermed impoundment. They are dominantly water-saturated and exhibit no secondary-phase formation. The grains are not cemented and show no evidence of primary-mineral dissolution. The geochemical data show a predominantly primary signature. The tailings pond water is neutral to slightly alkaline (pH?from 7 to 8.3), partly as a result of processing methods. The Cleveland mill tailings (CMT) were deposited in a valley at the headwaters of an ephemeral stream. They are highly oxidized and differentially cemented. They have undergone numerous wet/dry cycles resulting in extensive oxidation. Secondary minerals predominate, and consist mainly of jarosite, goethite, hematite, and Fe-oxyhydroxides and -oxyhydroxysulfates. The pH of the stream draining the CMT is as high as 2.15. Maximum metal contents in the stream immediately downstream from the tailings are 5305?ppm Zn, 454?ppm Cu, 1.16?ppm Pb, 17.5?ppm Cd, 1.4?ppm As, and 0.01?ppm Hg.     

金川铜镍矿山尾矿砂酸溶性实验研究

为研究金川铜镍矿山酸性废水溶解尾矿砂实现综合治理废液与废固的可能性,进行了尾矿砂在硫酸中的溶解实验。结果表明,尾矿砂在硫酸浓度大于3mol/L、温度保持90℃以上并在液固比6.0下强力搅拌,能够较好地溶解于硫酸中,生成无定形二氧化硅;300℃的马弗炉焙烧4h有助于尾矿砂中绿泥石的溶解,对透闪石的溶解影响不大。尾矿砂中橄榄石、蛇纹石和透辉石较容易被硫酸溶解,透闪石、斜长石则比较难溶解,这与尾矿砂中矿物性质有密切关系。     

Mobility and retention of trace elements in hardpan-cemented cassiterite tailings, north Queensland, Australia

This study reports on the mobility and retention of trace elements in cassiterite tailings at the inactive Jumna mill, tropical north Queensland. Since the 1980s, the uncapped tailings have developed laterally discontinuous Fe-rich hardpans, which are located in the higher parts of gently sloping tailings masses and at the top (<50 cm) of the tailings piles. Hardpan-cemented tailings comprise thin layers (typically ∼0.2–2 mm thick) of HFO (hydrous ferric oxides) and sulfate efflorescences cementing tailings grains. In comparison to the tailings, the hardpan-cemented tailings contain significantly higher median As, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, In, Mn, Mo, S_total, Th, U, Y and Zn values. Partial leaching studies of tailings and pond water analyses indicate that wetting and acidification of Fe-cemented tailings removes significant proportions of trace elements into pore and surface waters. Tin shows no mobility due to the presence of weathering-resistant cassiterite (SnO₂) and, As and Pb display limited mobility possibly due to their coprecipitation with jarosite-type phases and HFO materials at the top of the tailings profile. By contrast, the trace elements Cd, Ce, Cu, La, Ni, Pb, U and Zn display the greatest mobility, possibly due to their incorporation in soluble sulfate efflorescences and sorption onto mineral and HFO surfaces. Hence, the Fe-rich hardpans do not protect the sulfidic tailings from further oxidation nor do they cause permanent sequestration of trace elements.     

An evaluation of copper remobilization from mine tailings in sulfidic environments

A laboratory-based assessment of copper remobilization from Cu-rich mine tailings exposed to anoxic, sulfide rich waters was performed. The results from incubation experiments, conducted over a 20 day period, were compared to thermodynamic modelling calculations of copper speciation in sulfidic waters. The tailings materials were observed to react rapidly with added sulfide, consuming 159 μmol HS⁻ g⁻¹ (dry wt) within a 24 h period. The consumption of sulfide was attributed to a two stage process involving the reduction of Fe-hydroxy phases by sulfide followed by reaction with available Fe²⁺ and Cu²⁺ resulting in the formation Fe- and Cu-sulfide phases. During incubation experiments, the dissolved copper concentrations in the absence of sulfide were approximately 0.31 μmol l⁻¹, whereas in the presence of sulfide (0.5–5 mM) concentrations were typically 0.24 μmol l⁻¹. The experiments did not indicate enhanced solubility owing to the formation of soluble copper sulfide species. The predictions (based on the most recent thermodynamic data for aqueous Cu-sulfide and Cu-polysulfide species) did not accurately explain the laboratory observations. Model predictions were greatly influenced by the assumptions made about the oxidation state of copper under anoxic conditions and the solid sulfide phase controlling copper solubility. The study emphasizes the limitations of modelling copper speciation in sulfidic waters and the need for laboratory or field verification of predictions.     

粤北大宝山矿酸性排水中铅元素环境地球化学

粤北大宝山铁多金属矿床的开发给环境带来了严重的危害。采选冶产生的酸性排水及固体废弃物堆积的淋滤酸水,携带浸滤出的大量重金属离子流入下游河道,严重影响矿区及酸水流域的生态环境。结果表明,河流水中高Pb含量直接源于尾砂,并受水体pH值的显著影响。河流底泥能够大量聚集水体中的Pb,在水体pH值降低时,相对稳定存在的Pb会被再次从河流底泥中释放出来,形成河流二次污染。土壤中Pb含量受土壤pH值和土壤粒度的影响,食用蔬菜中Pb的高含量由土壤Pb高含量决定,并受土壤pH值的影响,通过改善农业灌溉水质,提高土壤pH值,可以降低蔬菜重金属Pb含量。     

Characterization of Kolar gold field mine tailings for cyanide and acid drainage

The gold mining process at Kolar gold field (KGF) mines has generated about 32 million tons of tailings. Gold was extracted from the mined ores using cyanidation technique that involved dissolution of gold in the ore by water soluble alkali metal cyanides (example, sodium cyanide or potassium cyanide). Of the several dumps that received the mine tailings only the Kennedy’s Line dump was active prior to closure of the KGF mines in the year 2000. The Kennedy’s Line dump received sulfide bearing tailings in slurry form that comprised of spent ore and process water bearing soluble alkali metal cyanide. Depending on the pH of the tailing slurry, the free cyanides may exist as aqueous hydrogen cyanide that can escape to the atmosphere as hydrogen cyanide gas or occur as soluble cyanide (CN⁻) ions that can be leached by infiltrating water to the sub-surface environment. Additionally, the presence of pyrite minerals in the Kennedy’s Line dump makes them susceptible to acid drainage. This study examines the potential of gold tailings of Kennedy’s Line dump to release cyanide ions (CN⁻) and acid drainage to the sub-surface environment by performing physico-chemical and leaching tests with tailing samples collected from various depths of the dump, sub-surface soil samples beneath the dump and groundwater samples from vicinity of Kennedy’s Line dump. The chemical mechanisms responsible for the ambient cyanide and pH levels of the tailing dump, sub-surface soil samples and groundwater are also inferred from the laboratory results.     

Modeling and predicting of drainage quality for sulfide mine tailings impoundments

Effluent from tailings impoundments of sulfide mine is an important environmental problem. The oxidation of sulfide minerals in tailings impoundments and consequent release of acid and contaminants, including heavy metals and arsenic, to tailings pore-water can last for decades to centuries. Pollution of water bodies including surface water and groundwater occurs when infiltration of precipitation is unhindered, bottom liners are absent and no drainage collection is installed. So there is a great need to develop reliable modeling techniques for characterizing geochemical interactions taking place within the tailings and predicting potential future environmental hazard which favor further prevention and remediation of the acidic mine drainage （AMD）. In this paper, a comprehensive dynamic model for tailings-water interaction was established on the basis of considering the coupling and feedback among many factors and processes such as sulfide oxidation, gangue dissolution, oxygen diffusion, water flow and mass transport,     

Kinetic tests comparison and interpretation for prediction of the Joutel tailings acid generation potential

Five sulfide mine tailings coming from the Joutel mine tailing ponds (Quebec, Canada) were tested by the humidity cell test (30 to 52 cycles duration) and the column test (11 to 12 cycles duration). The objectives of this study were twofold. First, there was the determination of the tailings acid generation potential for site reclamation. Second, there was the kinetic test comparison for understanding the tailings geochemical behavior under different test conditions. The samples used had a wide diversity in terms of acid-generation potential, particle size distribution, and parameters influencing reaction rates. Leachates produced remained at a near neutral pH for the duration of the tests. Evolution of the main elements involved in the dissolution processes demonstrated neutralization by carbonates as a response to the acid generated by sulfide oxidation. Depletion rates given by sulfates are higher for the humidity cell tests when compared to those obtained for the column tests. This is consistent with most studies to date, the humidity cell test being considered as more severe. However, by taking the ratio between cumulative elements coming from neutralization and the ones coming from oxidation, similar curves (named herein oxidation –neutralization curves) for all tests were obtained. These results show that overall geochemical behavior of the tailings is similar at near neutral pH for both types of tests. With this interpretation method, the acid-generation potential of the Joutel tailings were tested and compared to the static test results to constrain their uncertainty zone with regard to the studied tailings. The tailings geochemical behavior (carbonate dissolution response to sulfide oxidation) at near neutral pH condition appears slightly dependent of test conditions under certain hypothesis.