西昆仑山甜水海钻孔氧化铁指标的R／S分析及其意义

运用Ｒ／Ｓ分析法,对经过等时处理的甜水海钻孔氧化铁３项指标ＦｅＯ、Ｆｅ２Ｏ３及其比值ＦｅＯ／Ｆｅ２Ｏ３进行了分析计算,其指标都存在明显的Ｈｕｒｓｔ现象,Ｈｕｒｓｔ指数Ｈ分别为：Ｆｅ２Ｏ３为０．７６,ＦｅＯ为０．８５,ＦｅＯ／Ｆｅ２Ｏ３为０．６５,它们都大于０．５。反映了该地区过去２０多万年来气候环境变化存在持续性。３者Ｈｕｒｓｔ指数存在差异的原因目前还不清楚,可能说明它们反映气候环境演化持续性强度     

西昆仑山南侧甜水海湖岩芯铁变化的环境记录

阐述了青藏高原西昆仑山南侧甜水海湖岩芯沉积物中氧化铁的丰度、频率分布和富集系数的变化规律。其丰度值范围FeO0．39％-3.95％，平均值为1．25％；Fe2O30．44％－8．09％，平均值为2．60％；Fe2O3／FeO0．21－3．60，平均比值1．12。说明该彻岩芯沉积物中铁平均丰度值较低，但其变化幅度较宽且清楚，在一定程度上反映了古气候环境具有较大幅度的波动。变异系数值表明，该湖岩芯沉积物中FeO的离散程度较Fe2O3大。大约距今23万年来氧化铁的沉积地球化学特征可划分出7个环境演化阶段，并基本上可与深海氧同位索阶段对比。揭示了甜水海湖演化与青藏高原强烈隆升引起的气候环境改变的密切关系。在距今23一15万年，沉积以河流相或冲积、洪积相为主，沉积环境以氧化环境为主导，气候以温干型波动；在距今15－7．4万年，沉积以湖相为主，沉积环境以还原环境为主导，气候以温湿型为主；在距今74万年以来，湖盆沉积环境多样化，沉积物以湖相和近源冲积、洪积相交替出现。气候出现冷湿、冷干、温湿和温干多种波动模式。这些资料分析初步认为甜水海古湖大约形成于距今15万年，即青藏高原第三成湖期，这也与青藏高原在距今15万年左右的再次构造隆升有关。     

青藏高原岩石圈物质平衡问题研究

根据矿物岩石密度与地震波速（Ｖｐ和Ｖｓ）之间关系和原理,笔者回归出σ＝１．１８２＋０．２５Ｖｐ和σ＝０．９２＋０５０Ｖｓ两个线性方程,利用这个数学“称”,可以方便地根据地震测常数据测算任意剖面岩石圈的总质量,用此方法作者讨论了青藏高原岩石圈质量问题。     

青藏高原甜水海盆地MIS 3阶段湖泊沉积与环境变化

青藏高原西北部甜水海盆地地处内陆干旱区和喀喇昆仑山的东侧雨影区,气候环境极端干旱。但多次考察结果揭示晚更新世时期存在着大湖和高湖面的地质证据。为了探讨该地区过去气候与环境的演变历史,在甜水海盆地(海拔4840m)进行钻探采得沉积岩芯56.32m(TS95),通过对沉积岩芯其中一段的粒度、生物、同位素及地球化学多指标综合分析,探讨了MIS3时期甜水海地区气候环境演化过程。沉积岩芯显示沉积物岩性变化频繁,记录着湖面多次波动、沉积环境多变的演化过程,分别在59～56kaB.P.,49～47kaB.P.,45～41kaB.P.,35.5～34.0kaB.P.和28～25kaB.P.期间存在高湖面和湖水稀释。在其多环境指标的记录中,Heinrich事件和D-O旋回均有反映,揭示了全球变化信号在研究区的响应。同时,不同高湖面阶段内部环境波动也较明显,差别较大,其产生原因也各有不同,归结为3种情况:1)由于气候变暖导致冰雪融水补给增加而产生的高湖面;2)由于冷湿气候导致的高湖面;和3)由于暖湿气候导致的高湖面。本研究揭示出了MIS3时期气候频繁波动的特征和气候的不稳定性。     

我国首次发现的砷钙锌石和羟砷锌石的矿物学特征及其意义

我国首次发现的砷钙锌石和羟砷锌石产于内蒙古自治区额济纳旗老硐沟金矿脉氧化带矿石的空洞中。砷钙锌石多呈半自形或自形晶体，绿或淡绿色，透明，比重４．３２（计算）。Ｎｇ＝１．７７８，Ｎｍ＝１．７６０，Ｎｐ＝１．７５６，二轴晶（＋），２Ｖ＝４６°。化学分子式为Ｃａ０．９９（Ｚｎ０．９４Ｃｕ０．０７）１．０１［（ＡｓＯ４）０．９７（ＣＯ３）０．０３］１．００（ＯＨ），其中（ＣＯ３）２－取代部分（ＡｓＯ４）３－为红外光谱分析所证实，这不同于国外报道的砷钙锌石。据Ｘ射线粉末衍射分析的主要谱线，计算得其晶胞参数：ａ＝０．７４７３ｎｍ，ｂ＝０．９０１７ｎｍ，ｃ＝０．５９１６ｎｍ。羟砷锌石常呈集合体或单个晶体产出，淡黄绿色或无色，透明，比重４．４４（计算）。Ｎｇ＝１．７６１，Ｎｍ＝１．７３８，Ｎｐ＝１．７１９，二轴晶（＋），２Ｖ＝８７°。化学分子式为（Ｚｎ１．９７Ｃａ０．０２）１．９９（ＡｓＯ４）（ＯＨ）。据Ｘ射线粉末衍射分析的主要谱线，计算得其晶胞参数：ａ＝０．８３０４ｎｍ，ｂ＝０．８５１６ｎｍ，ｃ＝０．６０５４ｎｍ。氧化矿石的主要矿物组合为：臭葱石＋褐铁矿＋针铁矿＋砷钙锌石＋羟砷锌石＋自然金＋自然银＋石英＋方解石＋蛋白     

福建省花岗岩类Nd-Sr同位素特征及其意义

本文报道了福建省范围内前人分析数据稀疏或空白区域内的１８个古生代－中生代花岗岩体的Ｎｄ、Ｓｒ同位素组成：εＮｄ（ｔ）＝－３．６～－１６．４,（８７Ｓｒ／８６Ｓｒ）ｉ＝０．７０５５～０．７３１８,ｔＤＭ＝１．２～２．３Ｇａ。结合前人分析数据,区分出三个地域区带：福安－南靖断裂以东的沿海带：εＮｄ（ｔ）＝－１．５～－６．８,（８７Ｓｒ／８６Ｓｒ）ｉ＝０．７０５６～０．７０９９,ｔＤＭ＝１．１～１．４５Ｇａ,弧后伸展构造背景下的幔－壳岩浆混合是该带花岗岩的主要成岩方式;福安－南靖断裂以西的内陆区域：εＮｄ（ｔ）＝－４．０～－１６．４,（８７Ｓｒ／８６Ｓｒ）ｉ＝０．７０６４～０．７４１０,ｔＤＭ＝１．３～２．３,其中加里东－印支期花岗岩主要由与麻源群相当之地壳物质部分熔融形成,而燕山期花岗岩,一部分由与麻源群相当或较年轻的地壳物质部分熔融产生,也有一部分可能由壳－幔岩浆混合形成;福建省南部的纬向带：εＮｄ（ｔ）＝－３．６～－７．５,（８７Ｓｒ／８６Ｓｒ）ｉ＝０．７０５５～０．７０９９,ｔＤＭ＝１．２～１．５５,同位素特征与沿海带相似,但该带构造拉张发育时间较沿海带略早     

大别山北部石榴二辉麻粒岩变质结构特征

通过对大别山北部石榴二辉麻粒岩中的变质结构及变质反应特征的研究,认为石榴二辉麻粒岩在变质作用过程中,经历了四个主要的变质演化作用阶段：（１）Ｓ１阶段以早期的残留矿物,并呈包体的形式产于石榴石中为特征,以Ｃｐｘ＋Ｑ（Ｃｓ）＋Ｒｕ＋Ｇｔ组合为代表,Ｔ＝６１２～７５０℃,表明石榴二辉麻粒岩曾经历过榴辉岩相阶段的变质作用;（２）Ｓ２阶段是以Ｏｐｘ＋Ｃｐｘ＋Ｇｔ＋Ａｍｐ＋Ｑ＋Ｔｉ＋Ｍｔ矿物组合为牲,其相应的Ｔ＝８３７～８８７℃,Ｐ＝１．０３～０．９５Ｇｐａ,此时的变质条件为麻粒岩相;（３）Ｓ３阶段,矿物组合为Ｃｐｘ＋Ｇｔ＋Ａｍｐ＋Ｐｌ＋Ｍｔ,Ｔ＝５３０～６６０℃,Ｐ＝０．８５～０．９５Ｇｐａ,此时的温故知新压条件代表岩石已经进入了角闪岩相阶段;和（４）晚期的低角闪岩相阶段Ｓ４,其形成的温压条件为Ｔ＝４９５℃,Ｐ＝０．５６～０．７０Ｇｐａ。     

高温高压下粗面玄武岩纵波速度异常原因初探

在１．０－５．０ＧＰａ,温度约１３５０℃条件下测量了福建塔庄粗面玄武岩的纵波速度。结果发现当ｐ〈３．０ＧＰａ,ｔ为５２９－８１６℃,ｐ＝４．０ＧＰａ,ｔ为５３７－８０７℃;ｐ＝５．０ＧＰａ,ｔ为６０７－８０２℃时,粗面玄武岩纵波速度随升高反而升高,显示出异常变化。通过对ｐ为１．０－５．０ＧＰａ条件下的最终实验产物及ｐ＝４．０ＧＰａ,ｔ为５８７,７２４,８８７℃温度点上的实验产物观察表明,实验产物中     

胶东早元古代荆山群富铝片麻岩中矿物共生的P—T—X关系及其演化

根据显微构造和矿物微区化学成分的详细研究,确定了胶东早元古代荆山群富铝片麻岩中存在平衡组合Ｇｒｔ－Ｃｒｄ－Ｂｔ－Ｓｉｌ－Ｋｆｓ－Ｐｌ－Ｑｔｚ,反映变质峰期Ｇｒｔ＋Ｓｉｌ＋Ｑｔｚ→Ｃｒｄ,Ｂｔ＋Ｓｉｌ＋Ｑｔｚ→Ｇｒｔ＋Ｃｒｄ＋Ｋｆｓ＋Ｈ２Ｏ和Ｐｌ（Ａｎ）→Ｇｒｔ（Ｇｒｓ）＋Ｓｉｌ＋Ｑｔｚ①等转换反应和Ｆｅ－Ｍｇ交换反应均基本保持平衡状态。实验资料和地质温压计估算确定其峰期Ｐ－Ｔ－Ｘ关系：Ｐ为０．６０～０．７０ＧＰａ,Ｔ为７００℃～７５０℃,ＸＧｒｔＭｇ为０．２１～０．２６,ＸＣｒｔＣａ为０．０４４～０．０５３,ＸＣｒｄＭｇ为０．６５～０．７２,ＸＢｔＭｇ为０．５０～０．５７,ＸＰｌＡｎ为０．２８５～０．３８８。但Ｇｒｔ、Ｂｔ和Ｐｌ又都有明显的微区成分变化,反映峰期后降温过程各种交换反应的效应,其封闭温度在５００℃～６００℃之间,压力为０．４０～０．５０ＧＰａ。研究确立逆时针的ＰＴｔ轨迹,其样式反映早元古代陆缘壳内拗陷带的闭合过程。     

GDX—502树脂吸附分离富集—微分电位溶出测定水样中痕量酚

研究了酚（ｐｈｅｎ）－Ｃｕ－水杨酸（Ｈ２ｓａｌ）和四乙基碘化铵（Ｅｔ４ＮＩ）的四元体系中微分电位溶出分析法（ＤＰＳＡ）测定痕量酚。在ｐＨ为７．０的介质中,ｐｈｅｎ－Ｃｕ－Ｈ２ｓａｌ的配合物抑制了Ｃｕ在玻炭电极上的还原富集,降低Ｃｕ的微分电位溶出峰（Δｄｔ／ｄＥ）,且０．４～２００μｇ／Ｌ的酚与Δｄｔ／ｄＥ呈线性关系。加入Ｅｔ４ＮＩ使检测灵敏度提高２．７５倍。天然水样经ＧＤＸ－５０２树脂吸附分离富集后,除去了吡啶、苯胺等物质的干扰。ＮａＯＨ洗脱,预电解富集３ｍｉｎ,酚的检出限为０．２μｇ／Ｌ;实验测定２０μｇ／Ｌ的酚,相对标准偏差为２．７％（ｎ＝１１）;标准加入回收率为８８．１０％～１１３．２０％。方法用于天然水中痕量酚的测定,结果与４－氨基安替比林分光光度法结果符合。     

PERSISTENCES IN THE δ~(13)C AND δ~(18)O FROM TS95, A LAKE CORE AT THE SOUTH FRANK OF WEST KUNLUN MOUNTAIN

PERSISTENCES IN THE δ~(13)C AND δ~(18)O FROM TS95, A LAKE CORE AT THE SOUTH FRANK OF WEST KUNLUN MOUNTAIN     

R／S Analyses of Some Geochemical Indexes for Tianshuihai Lake Core in West Kunlun Mountain and Their Environmental Implications

With the decrease of gloal temperature,glacial epoch came over the earth and global climate fluctuated over a great range since the beginning of Quatenary .Paleoclimotologists of various countries have focussed attention to the periodic characteristics and dynamics of climation flucturation in the past many years(Berger,1977;Imbrie and Hays,1984:ding zhongli et al.,1990;Yu zhiwei et al.,1992:Liu Youmei et al.,1996),Although some of the workers have paid their attention to the nonlinear characteristics of the global Quaternary environmental evolution(Nicolis and Nicolis,1984,Lu Houyuan et al.,1993)_,it is worth while to do this kind of work in some special areas in the world,for example the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Using R/S analysis,the authors calculated the Hurst indexes H of some geochemical proxies,including organic carbon,FeO,Fe2O3 and FeO/Fe2O3,from the Tianshuihai Lake core in West Kunlun Mountain of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,The proxies satisfy the Hurst law with Honrg.carbon=0.735,HFe2O3=0.757,HFeO=0.848and HFeO/Fe2O3=0./646,All the indexs are greater than 0.5,meaning that from 240 to 15ka B.P.,there were some long-run dependencies-persistence in the climatic and environmental evolution around the Tianshuihai Lake area.This is in accordance with the climate there from 240 to 15ka B.P.(Yu Suhua et al.,1996),The paleo-climate and paleo-environment evolution around the Tianshuihai Lake area is of persistence as well as of fluctuation and is a combination of these two components,There are some differences between the four Hurst indexes,Which Probably resulted from the differnet intensitites of Persistence of the four proxies,organic carbon.FeO,Fe2O3 and FeO/Fe2O3,or from the change of drainage system around the Tianshuihai Lake area from opemness to closeness(Li Bingyuan et al.,1991;Sun Honglie,1996:Shi Yafeng et al.1998_).The Qinghai-Tibet plateau was the starter and sensor of the climatic and environmental variation of the surrounding areas(Yao Tandong et al.,1991;Feng Song et al., 1998) and some other scientists even regarded it as the driver and amplifier of global climatic variations (Pan Baotian and Li Jijun,1996).The persistence in which the climate and environment around the Tianshuihai Lake area evolved from 240 to 15ka B.P.is probably a function of the continuous uplift of the palteau in the same period of time.     

Oxygen isotopic composition of lacustrine carbonates since 130 ka bp from a Tianshuihai Lake core,Tibet: an overall increasing δ18O trend and its implications

The oxygen-isotopic composition of lacustrine authigenic carbonates from a core taken from Lake Tianshuihai in western Qinghai-Tibet Plateau shows an overall increasing δ¹⁸O trend (OIT) from about 130 to 15 ka bp. Based on the argument by Wei and Gasse (1999) that the δ¹⁸O of lacustrine carbonates from lakes in west China is controlled mainly by the δ¹⁸O of the local precipitation, we propose that this OIT may have resulted from a similar OIT of δ¹⁸O of precipitation over the drainage area of the Tianshuihai Lake. This OIT suggests that from about 130 to 15 ka bp, variations of δ¹⁸O of precipitation on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were controlled mainly by changes, not in temperature, but in moisture sources, especially in the ratio of precipitation of moisture from marine sources (MMS) to that from continental evaporation (MCE). The changes in the sources of the moisture and in the MMS/MCE ratio may be mainly a function of the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.     

Scaling behaviour of vertical magnetic susceptibility and its fractal characterization: an example from the German continental deep drilling project (KTB)

The variations of rock magnetism reflect the geological inhomogeneities of the earth's crust, i.e. its petrological-mineralogical and structural organization. The present state of the crust bears meaningful information of its past dynamic processes and evolution. We analysed magnetic susceptibility data series from the boreholes of the German Continental Deep Drilling Project (KTB). By means of spectral and rescaled-range (R/S) analyses we could detect a scaling behaviour of magnetic data series and quantify it in fractal terms. In particular, the R/S method yields more precise results than the Fourier analysis and leads to Hurst coefficients H > 0.5, which means that the magnetic variations exhibit some persistence with depth. Because of the relation between rock magnetism and crustal features, we suggest that the magnetic vertical inhomogeneities in the KTB area can be described by a self-affine model with H 0.8, corresponding to a fractal dimension D 1.2.     

青藏高原可可西里盐湖水位上涨趋势及溃决风险分析

2011年位于可可西里腹地的卓乃湖溃决引起的盐湖水位上涨和面积增大趋势仍在快速发展。遥感资料显示,卓乃湖溃决后,盐湖面积持续增加,从2012年的134.1 km²一直持续增大到2018年的197.5 km²,尤其是2016-2018年增加较快,面积增加了42.0 km²,即平均每年增加14.0 km²。水位监测数据显示,2016年5月20日至2018年11月11日期间,盐湖水位共上升了8.241 m,年平均上升2.747 m。目前盐湖的面积仅比模拟的溢出面积小19.3~21.1 km²;湖泊水位仅比分水岭最低处低4.09 m。按照2016-2018年面积和水位变化趋势,预计盐湖将在未来1~2年内可能发生溢水溃决。研究表明：近年来区域降水增加、卓乃湖溃决后地下水释放、上游湖泊出水口可能存在侵蚀扩大导致湖水继续向下输送等原因是导致盐湖水位持续上涨和面积快速增大的主要原因。利用水库溃坝预测分析模型,对盐湖溢水溃决冲沟形成时洪峰流量预测表明,盐湖溢水溃决时将形成巨大的洪峰流量,洪水将对青藏公路、青藏铁路和兰西拉光缆等造成危害,建议尽快开展盐湖潜在的湖水外溢途径地质条件调查,并设计防治措施。     

青藏高原近25年来主要湖泊变迁的特征

青藏高原分布有青海湖、纳木错、色林错3个特大型湖泊和扎日南木错、当惹雍错、阿牙克库木湖、班公错、哈拉湖、鄂陵湖、羊卓雍错、扎陵湖、赤布张错、乌兰乌拉湖、昂拉仁错11个大型湖泊。通过对20世纪70年代中期的MSS图像和90年代末期—21世纪初期的ETM 图像的解译,对近25年来青藏高原重点湖泊的变迁进行了分析。研究结果表明,哈拉湖、鄂陵湖面积相对稳定;青海湖、扎日南木错、当惹雍错、阿牙克库木湖、扎陵湖、乌兰乌拉湖等8个湖泊的面积都有不同程度的缩小,其中青海湖、乌兰乌拉湖面积减少最多,分别为60.60km2、59.80km2;纳木错、色林错、班公错3个湖泊的面积都有不同程度的增加,其中色林错面积增加最多,达140.52km2。重点湖泊的变迁分析为研究青藏高原的湖泊演化和气候、环境变迁提供了新资料。     

青藏高原西缘班公错地区新构造运动特征

青藏高原西缘的班公错地区是青藏高原西构造结的典型区域,更是研究青藏高原中更新世以来构造活动、地貌演化和环境演变的重要区域。依据野外调查结果,借助卫星遥感影像的解译和数字高程模型地形地貌特征的分析,对该地区的新构造运动特征以及其与地形地貌特征的耦合进行了研究。研究结果显示,研究区地貌分区特征以中大起伏山地（地势起伏度500~2 500 m）地貌为主,平原、台地少有发育;班公错地区断层走向分为近EW向、NW向、NE向和NNE向4组,其中近EW向为主体,断陷盆地多具有拉分断陷特征;区内晚新生代地层发育,尤其第四纪冲洪积物和湖积物广泛展布,并受断层的控制具有线性发育特征,湖积阶地和冲洪积阶地发育,班公错北岸乌奖附近拔湖高度62 m、65 m、98 m的沉积阶地钙质堆积物年龄为（23.8±2.3)、（33.9±4.0)、（78.0±8.0)万年;区内地震频发,1970年以来的40年间,4级以上地震达到303次,其中6级以上强震达到7次。众多地质事实指示该地区的中更新世以来为较强烈的、阶段性快速构造抬升和剧烈的剥蚀作用、动荡的构造环境。     

Characteristics of the change of major lakes on the Qinghai Tibet Plateau in the last 25 years

On the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau there are three super large lakes, the Qinghai Lake, Nam Co and Siling Co, and eleven large lakes, the Zhari Nam Co, Tangra Yumco, Ayakkum Lake, Banggong Co, Har Lake, Ngoring Lake, Yamzho Yumco, Gyaring Lake, Chibuzhang Co, Ulan Ul Lake and the Ngangla Ringco. The authors studied the changes of these major lakes in the past 25 years, based on interpretations of the MSS images obtained during the middle 1970s and ETM⁺ images obtained in the late 1990s or at the beginning of the 21st century. The study shows that: the areas of the Har Lake andNgoring Lake have remained relatively stable; the areas of the Qinghai Lake, Zhari Nam co, Tangra Yumco, Ayakkum Lake, Gyaring Lake, Ulan Ul Lake and Ngangla Ringco have been reduced to varying degrees, of which the areas of the Qinghai Lake and Ulan Ul Lake have decreased most sharply by 60.60 km² and 59.80 km² respectively; the areas of the Nam Co, Siling Co and Bangong Co have increased more or less, of which the area of the Siling Co has increased most sharply by 140.42 km². The analysis on the changes in areas of major lakes has provided new materials for the study of the lake evolution, climatic change and environmental variation on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. __________ Translated from Geological Bulletin of China, 2007, 26(12): 1633–1645 [译自: 地质通报]