煤岩类型对煤储层吸附/解吸特征影响及实践意义

宏观煤岩类型差异是影响煤层气吸附/解吸特征及煤层气井产能的重要因素之一。针对保德区块BX-2井8+9号煤4种不同宏观煤岩类型样品,开展工业分析、显微组分、润湿性及等温吸附/解吸实验研究,探讨了煤岩类型对煤层气吸附/解吸特征的影响及其机制。结果表明:暗淡煤、半暗煤、半亮煤和光亮煤的镜质组含量逐渐增大,水分和灰分含量逐渐降低,亲水性逐渐减弱,Langmuir体积逐渐增大;光亮煤和半亮煤具有更强的吸附能力,同时具有更高的启动压力、转折压力和敏感压力,解吸过程中对应的有效阶段区间宽度更大,更有利于煤层气开发。宏观煤岩类型对吸附/解吸特征的影响机制主要体现在不同煤岩类型煤组分和润湿性的差异。基于宏观煤岩类型分层厚度占比参数,对BX-2井解吸特征参数进行了加权平均计算,并将该井煤层气解吸阶段划分为缓慢解吸、快速解吸和敏感解吸3个阶段,将排采阶段划分为排水降压、不稳定产气、稳定产气和产气衰减4个阶段。排水降压阶段应控制排水速度,减少应力敏感效应对渗透性的伤害;不稳定产气阶段应适当控制套压,尽量扩大解吸半径;稳定产气和产气衰减阶段应适当增大生产压差,利用解吸效率高的优势延长产气高峰期和稳产期。      

高煤阶煤储层解吸曲线定量表征及解吸参数研究

为了定量研究煤层气井解吸特征,文章通过煤样解吸实验获取解吸曲线并进行拟合回归得到了煤样解吸曲线定量表征公式。结果表明：煤样解吸曲线可以用来定量表征;解吸体积常数可表征煤样的最大解吸量,解吸时间常数表征解吸气体体积达到最大解吸气体积一半时所用的解吸时间;煤样初始解吸速率等于解吸体积常数与解吸时间常数之比,煤样解吸速率随着解吸体积常数增加而增加,随着解吸时间常数增加而降低。解吸时间常数与吸附时间成线性正相关关系,解吸时间常数越大,煤样解吸速率越小;在工程上可以用解吸体积常数代替解吸气量和残余气量之和;解吸时间常数随气体压力和裂缝指数增加而降低,随镜质组、惰质组含量增加而先增加后降低,与粘土矿物含量关系不明显;解吸体积常数随气体压力、惰质组含量增加而增加,与粘土矿物含量关系不明显,随着镜质组含量增加而降低,随裂缝指数先降低后增加。     

煤岩孔隙度主控地质因素及对煤层气开发的影响

为系统分析煤岩孔隙度主控地质因素及对其煤层气开发的影响,统计分析了全国37个主要煤层气区块/矿区的压汞孔隙度等数据。利用相关趋势分析方法分煤级着重探讨煤级、煤体结构、镜质组、灰分等因素对煤岩孔隙度以及煤层气开发的影响。结果表明:Ro,max是储层物性评价的重要参数,低煤级区煤岩孔隙度对Ro,max的变化最为敏感,且孔隙度平均值随成熟度升高呈现出高-低-高-低的变化。低煤级区同一煤层气区块/矿区内部,孔隙度变化区间大于高煤级区同一煤层气区块/矿区内部孔隙度的变化区间。中低煤级区,复杂的煤体结构对煤储层物性具有破坏作用;高煤级区,复杂的煤体结构对物性有一定的改善作用。镜质组含量与孔隙度呈负相关关系,灰分产率与孔隙度无明显相关性,且在低煤级区镜质组含量和灰分产率与孔隙度均具有明显的负相关性,是孔隙度评价的重要参数;而在中高煤级区,二者对孔隙度的影响可以忽略。煤岩大中孔比例和储层平均渗透率随平均孔隙度的增高而增高,孔隙度大小尤其是孔隙度随煤级的变化规律对不同煤级区煤层气开发潜力评价具有重要指导意义。     

中国部分煤储层解吸特性及甲烷采收率

根据常压下的解吸实验和煤层气参数井实测数据分析,我国煤的解吸特笥变化较大,解吸率主要受煤层埋深及煤级的影响。最侍解吸深度一般在４００～６００ｍ之间,镜质体反射率小于３％时,随煤级的升高而增大;大于３％时,则相反。我国煤储层的吸附时间长短琚煤级没有特定关系,但在某些地区工层的含气量高低有关,甲烷含量低则吸附时间长,尤其是小于８ｍ＾３／ｔ时急剧增长。从现有资料看,我国煤储层的吸附时间一般不超达９ｄ。煤     

国外煤层气成因与储层物性研究进展与分析

从煤层气生成机制及其地质控制、煤储层孔隙结构与吸附/解吸行为、煤储层裂隙系统及其对渗透率的影响三个方面,有重点地总结了国外有关煤层气成因和煤储层物性研究的新进展。笔者认为:国外在煤层气次生生物成因、煤层气生成矿物金属元素催化作用、煤层气固溶态赋存形式、含气量测定不确定性、煤层气近临界和超临界吸附、吸附能及其非均质性、裂隙矿物成因及其对成藏过程的指示作用、煤储层渗透率随煤层气解吸的变化规律及其控制因素等方面的研究,极大地深化了对煤层气成因和煤储层物性的理解与认识;煤岩学、煤地球化学、岩石力学等的结合是国际上煤层气地质研究手段的重要发展趋势,而煤层气成因与特殊赋存形式、含气量精确测定与评价、超临界吸附与吸附能分布、解吸过程中煤储层渗透率变化特征及其地质控制等的研究,显示出国外煤层气成因和煤储层物性研究的重要前缘方向。     

河南省下二叠统山西组二1煤煤层气地质特征

从影响煤层气勘探开发的主要因素;煤厚、煤岩组成、煤级、煤体结构、裂隙系统、渗适性吸附／解吸特征和含气量等方面对河南省的主采煤层－－二、煤的煤层 地质学特征进行了详细论述,指出镜质组含量较高、割理比较发育、外生裂隙发育适中的原生结构和碎裂煤渗透性最好,是最有利的储层;外生裂隙发育适中的无烟煤是有利储层;碎粒煤为不利储层;糜棱煤为不可开发储层;临界解吸压力较高、含气量较高的中为煤级煤分布区是煤层气勘探     

不同变质变形煤储层吸附/解吸特征及机理研究进展

不同变质变形煤储层包括低煤级、中煤级和高煤级变质变形环境中的脆性变形煤、韧性变形煤和过渡型变形煤,不同变质、变形程度和机制对煤层气的吸附/解吸影响较大。干燥煤和平衡水煤的甲烷吸附量随变质程度的增强呈现出不同的变化趋势,干燥煤呈横"S"形且易于解吸,而平衡水煤呈倒"U"字形且吸附/解吸强度皆低于干燥煤样,且解吸过程较干燥煤滞后。构造变形导致煤的大分子结构和纳米级孔隙发生不同程度的改变,进而影响气体的吸附/解吸能力,脆性变形主要增加煤的大、中孔,其基本结构单元堆砌度略有增大,甲烷吸附/解吸程度有所增强;韧性变形主要增加煤的微孔-超微孔,其基本结构单元堆砌度增加较快,煤层气吸附能力增强,降压时韧性变形煤比脆性变形煤具有较高的瞬时解吸速率。由此可见,不同变质变形环境中的煤储层吸附/解吸能力差异较大,这主要是由煤储层内部结构及其影响因素对其制约所决定的。     

中–高煤级煤岩孔隙发育特征

煤层气的吸附、解吸、扩散、运移与煤储层孔隙发育情况密切相关,煤岩孔隙特征实验研究至关重要。离心法获取煤样毛管压力资料快速简便,无毒无害,通过离心取代常规压汞来表征并划分中-高煤级煤岩孔隙结构类型,将二者实验结果进行对比,同时结合扫描电镜实验探究孔隙发育成因。结果表明:依据煤级高低可将煤岩孔隙结构划分为3类,从类型Ⅰ到类型Ⅲ,孔隙发育情况由大-中孔向微-小孔过渡,气体储运模式由吸附扩散向游离渗流过渡;离心与压汞在表征煤岩孔隙发育特征上具有一致性;不同种类的煤孔隙成因导致煤层气在各类煤储层中的储运方式存在差异。      

中国长焰煤物性特征及其煤层气资源潜力

为了评价我国长焰煤储层煤层气开发前景,对全国范围内的34个长焰煤煤样(测试18个,收集16个),进行了煤岩组分、平衡水分、工业分析和物性特征分析,以及等温吸附实验和煤表面能计算。结果表明:长焰煤的平衡水分、干燥无灰基挥发分、空气干燥基水分随煤化程度的增加而减少,孔隙率随煤化程度增大而增大,且孔容分布不均,大孔最多,约占40%,孔比表面积以过渡孔和微孔占绝对优势,二者约占97%;长焰煤的朗缪尔体积随惰质组含量的增加而趋于增大,随镜质组含量的增加呈减少趋势,且煤表面能ΔγL和朗缪尔体积均随煤化程度的增加而增大,随温度的升高而减小,煤表面能对甲烷吸附控制作用明显。估算全国2 000 m以浅长焰煤煤层气资源量为4.3万亿m3,长焰煤孔隙率高,孔径结构分布连续,且连通性较好,其煤层气资源具有开发潜力。当前我国低煤级煤层气尚未取得规模性商业开发的突破,为低煤级煤层气开发提供了长焰煤储层的基础研究,指明了其物性特征及优势,梳理了不同区域的长焰煤煤层气资源,对低煤级中长焰煤煤层气开发具有一定指导意义。     

沁水盆地南部高煤级煤储层孔隙分形特征

以沁水盆地南部的20个高煤级煤样品的压汞实验和煤岩煤质分析的结果为依据,探讨了孔隙分形维数的计算方法,分析了盆地南部地区高煤级煤孔隙分形特征。研究表明,高煤级煤孔隙分形无标度区为50nm~100μm,孔隙分维数在2.94~3.21,孔隙分维数与煤变质程度、孔隙度、大孔含量、体积中值孔径呈负相关关系,与中孔含量、吸附孔含量、退汞效率、灰分产率呈正相关关系,而固定碳含量、镜质组质量分数、挥发份产率、兰氏体积则以孔隙分维数3.05为拐点呈双U形或倒双U形变化。孔隙分维数可以作为反映高煤级煤储层吸附能力和解吸能力的一个重要参数,并依据孔隙分维数划分出该区富气易解吸区、富气难解吸区及含气解吸区。     

黔西盘县地区煤层气成藏的构造控制

针对盘县地区复杂的煤层气地质条件,以构造演化为主线,结合野外地质观测和室内测试分析,探讨了构造对煤层 气成藏的控制作用。结果表明,盘县地区晚古生代以来经历了陆内裂陷（D-P）、稳定台地（T1-T2）、陆相坳陷（T3-J2）、 断褶隆升（J3-Q）四个构造演化阶段,煤层主要赋存于向斜构造,向斜控气特征明显;上二叠统含煤地层经历了两期沉降 埋藏、两期抬升剥蚀和三期煤化作用,燕山中期是煤层气成藏的关键时期,在深成变质作用基础上叠加了区域岩浆热变质 作用,奠定了煤级的现代分布格局;区内发育的压性- 压剪性构造是造成现今煤层高含气量的重要因素,近EW 向的水平挤 压现代构造应力场可能使得土城向斜和照子河向斜煤层渗透率高于向盘关向斜和旧普安向斜。     

准噶尔盆地东南部低煤阶煤层气富集条件及主控因素

准噶尔盆地煤层气资源丰富。其中,准东南地区煤层分布稳定,厚度大,埋深适中,含气性较好,是煤层气勘探有利区。 然而,准东南地区近年来的煤层气勘探没有取得理想效果,对低煤阶煤层气富集主控因素认识不足是其主要原因之一。本 文通过对煤层气地质特征和富集条件的分析,认为准南地区煤岩演化程度高,水文条件较好,有次生生物气及深部热解气 的补充,气源充足,富集条件好;准东地区尽管煤层厚度大,但煤岩演化程度低,地下水矿化度高,不具备生物气补充条件, 且缺乏区域盖层,富集条件较差,导致煤层含气量低。进一步分析认为,构造、水文和盖层是准南地区煤层气富集的主控因素, 有利的构造部位控制着深部热解气源,水文地质条件控制着次生生物气的补给,盖层控制了煤层气的保存条件。     

Methane and CO2 sorption and desorption measurements on dry Argonne premium coals: pure components and mixtures

Sorption and desorption behaviour of methane, carbon dioxide, and mixtures of the two gases has been studied on a set of well-characterised coals from the Argonne Premium Coal Programme. The coal samples cover a maturity range from 0.25% to 1.68% vitrinite reflectance. The maceral compositions were dominated by vitrinite (85% to 91%). Inertinite contents ranged from 8% to 11% and liptinite contents around 1% with one exception (Illinois coal, 5%). All sorption experiments were performed on powdered (−100 mesh), dry coal samples.Single component sorption/desorption measurements were carried out at 22 °C up to final pressures around 51 bar (5.1 MPa) for CO₂ (subcritical state) and 110 bar (11 MPa) for methane.The ratios of the final sorption capacities for pure CO₂ and methane (in molar units) on the five coal samples vary between 1.15 and 3.16. The lowest ratio (1.15) was found for the North Dakota Beulah-Zap lignite (VR_r=0.25%) and the highest ratios (2.7 and 3.16) were encountered for the low-rank coals (VR_r 0.32% and 0.48%) while the ratio decreases to 1.6–1.7 for the highest rank coals in this series.Desorption isotherms for CH₄ and CO₂ were measured immediately after the corresponding sorption isotherms. They generally lie above the sorption isotherms. The degree of hysteresis, i.e. deviation of sorption and desorption isotherms, varies and shows no dependence on coal rank.Adsorption tests with CH₄/CO₂ mixtures were conducted to study the degree of preferential sorption of these two gases on coals of different rank. These experiments were performed on dry coals at 45 °C and pressures up to 180 bar (18 MPa). For the highest rank samples of this sequence preferential sorption behaviour was “as expected”, i.e. preferential adsorption of CO₂ and preferential desorption of CH₄ were observed. For the low rank samples, however, preferential adsorption of CH₄ was found in the low pressure range and preferential desorption of CO₂ over the entire pressure range.Follow-up tests for single gas CO₂ sorption measurements consistently showed a significant increase in sorption capacity for re-runs on the same sample. This phenomenon could be due to extraction of volatile coal components by CO₂ in the first experiment. Reproducibility tests with methane and CO₂ using fresh sample material in each experiment did not show this effect.     

煤中残余气含量及其影响因素

煤中残余气是煤层气的一个组成部分,其含量直接影响到煤层气含量和煤的含气饱和度。本文对不同地区、各种煤级的近100 个煤心煤样的残余气含量测试结果进行了综合分析研究,找出了煤中残余气含量的分布变化规律,探讨了其影响因素。结果表明:不同煤的残余气含量不相同,变化范围为0~3 m3/t;残余气在煤层气中占的比例变化很大,为1.5%~30.0%;残余气含量的高低受煤级、灰分和煤样粒度等因素影响,煤级和灰分越高,残余气含量亦越高      

云南恩洪向斜煤层重烃异常成因探讨

恩洪向斜煤层重烃气浓度极端异常,但重烃气来源至今不甚清楚。为此,本文通过对恩洪向斜煤样自然解吸阶段的 密集取样和分析测试,对重烃气成因进行了探讨。结果显示,恩洪煤样自然解吸气组分分馏规律明显,重烃气浓度随解吸 时间延长而显著增高;在自然解吸过程中,甲烷碳同位素组成略有变重,重烃气碳同位素组成没有明显变化,烷烃气碳同 位素始终呈现为正碳同位素系列;自然解吸气组分浓度与碳同位素组成之间具有良好的相关关系,但甲烷与重烃气的相关 趋势截然相反。因此,恩洪向斜煤层气主要起源于煤中有机质的热成因,但不排除部分甲烷具有次生生物成因的可能性。     

Petrographical and thermo-chemical investigation of some North East Indian high sulphur coals

The Tertiary North East Indian coals, classified as sub-bituminous rank, have found less industrial application owing to their physico-chemical attributes. These coals are characterized by low ash (<15%), high volatile matter (>35%) and high sulphur (2.9-4.46%). Majority of the sulphur occurs in organic form affixed to the coal matrix owing to marine influence, is difficult to remove. The coal maceral analysis shows the dominance of vitrinite (>75%) with lesser amounts of liptinite and inertinite. Reflectance measurements (Rmax) of these sub-bituminous coals fall in the range of 0.57 to 0.65. In this study, the petrographical (maceral), thermal and other physico-chemical analyses of some low rank Tertiary sub-bituminous coals from north-east India were carried out to assess their potential for combustion, liquefaction and coal bed methane formation. The petrofactor, conversion (%) and oil yield (%), combustion efficiency of the coal samples were determined. The respective linear correlations of conversion (%) of the coals with their vitrinite contents, petrofactor and oil yield values have been discussed. The relative combustion efficiency of the coals was measured from the thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) of coals. The influence of maceral composition upon gas adsorption characteristics of these high volatile coals showed the increase in methane adsorption with vitrinite enrichment. Both the maceral and mineral matter contents were observed to have important influence on the gas adsorption characteristics.     

Petrographic, mineralogy, and geochemistry of coals of Pabedana, Kerman Province, Central Iran

This paper discusses the result of the detailed investigations carried out on the coal characteristics, including coal petrography and its geochemistry of the Pabedana region. A total of 16 samples were collected from four coal seams d2, d4, d5, and d6 of the Pabedana underground mine which is located in the central part of the Central-East Iranian Microcontinent. These samples were reduced to four samples through composite sampling of each seam and were analyzed for their petrographic, mineralogical, and geochemical compositions. Proximate analysis data of the Pabedana coals indicate no major variations in the moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon contents in the coals of different seams. Based on sulfur content, the Pabedana coals may be classified as low-sulfur coals. The low-sulfur contents in the Pabedana coal and relatively low proportion of pyritic sulfur suggest a possible fresh water environment during the deposition of the peat of the Pabedana coal. X-ray diffraction and petrographic analyses indicate the presence of pyrite in coal samples. The Pabedana coals have been classified as a high volatile, bituminous coal in accordance with the vitrinite reflectance values (58.75–74.32 %) and other rank parameters (carbon, calorific value, and volatile matter content). The maceral analysis and reflectance study suggest that the coals in all the four seams are of good quality with low maceral matter association. Mineralogical investigations indicate that the inorganic fraction in the Pabedana coal samples is dominated by carbonates; thus, constituting the major inorganic fraction of the coal samples. Illite, kaolinite, muscovite, quartz, feldspar, apatite, and hematite occur as minor or trace phases. The variation in major elements content is relatively narrow between different coal seams. Elements Sc,, Zr, Ga, Ge, La, As, W, Ce, Sb, Nb, Th, Pb, Se, Tl, Bi, Hg, Re, Li, Zn, Mo, and Ba show varying negative correlation with ash yield. These elements possibly have an organic affinity and may be present as primary biological concentrations either with tissues in living condition and/or through sorption and formation of organometallic compounds.