新疆准噶尔盆地东缘中—晚二叠世植物群及其地质意义

本文首次报道了新疆准噶尔盆地东缘胜利沟中二叠世平地泉组植物化石11属19种和晚二叠世黄梁沟组植物化石7属9种,并结合前人对这一地区中—晚二叠世植物化石记录,讨论了两个植物群的地质时代。研究认为：中二叠世平地泉组植物群以安加拉植物群为主,混生个别欧美植物群分子;晚二叠世黄梁沟组植物群为混生少量华夏植物群分子的安加拉植物群。在此基础上,探讨了中—晚二叠世植物群演替、植被变化、植物群混生与中亚造山带板块聚合之间的关系,认为中二叠世的暖温带温湿气候在晚二叠世转变为季节性干热气候,准噶尔盆地东缘中—晚二叠世植物群混生与准噶尔—吐哈地块、塔里木板块、佳蒙地块、华北板块的拼合和古亚洲洋的关闭密切相关。     

中国西北甘肃地区华夏和安加拉混生植物群形成机制研究

系统总结了我国西北甘肃地区晚二叠世华夏和安加拉混生植物群的研究现状和研究进展,讨论了华夏和安加拉混生植物群的形成机制。早二叠世,塔里木板块和华北板块向西北运移,与此同时,哈萨克斯坦板块和西伯利亚板块向东南漂移。中二叠世,华夏古陆沿天山、阴山和大兴安岭一线与西伯利亚古陆碰撞导致古海洋闭合和山脉隆升,板块的碰撞为华夏植物群和安加拉植物群两者之间提供了"混生"的条件。来自这两个植物群的少数混生分子出现在本区的中二叠世晚期。晚二叠世,由于塔里木板块和华北板块与哈萨克斯坦板块和西伯利亚板块碰撞与联合,从而使华夏古陆和安加拉古陆对接,形成了华夏和安加拉混生植物群。华夏和安加拉混生植物群的分布模式可以归于陆地生态系统的板块运动、气候分异、环境变化、植物迁移和植物自身演化的结果。     

内蒙古阿拉善地区恩格尔乌苏缝合带二叠纪放射虫及其地质意义

报道了采自恩格尔乌苏缝合带的蛇绿混杂岩硅质外来岩块中的二叠纪阿尔拜虫目放射虫化石,包括3属7种,可以划分为2个放射虫化石组合,能够与日本、美国的放射虫化石带进行对比,其地质时代分别为早二叠世和中二叠世晚期—晚二叠世早期。恩格尔乌苏缝合带位于华北板块和塔里木板块之间,这些放射虫化石的发现为研究恩格尔乌苏缝合带的构造演化提供了新的证据。鉴于其中最新的放射虫组合的地质时代为中二叠世晚期—晚二叠世早期,认为华北板块与塔里木板块之间自中二叠世晚期—晚二叠世早期曾经存在古海洋,即华北板块和塔里木板块的拼合时间是晚二叠世晚期。     

内蒙古阿拉善地区恩格尔乌苏缝合带二叠纪放射虫及其地质意义

报道了采自恩格尔乌苏缝合带的蛇绿混杂岩硅质外来岩块中的二叠纪阿尔拜虫目放射虫化石,包括3属7种,可以划分为2个放射虫化石组合,能够与日本、美国的放射虫化石带进行对比,其地质时代分别为早二叠世和中二叠世晚期-晚二叠世早期。恩格尔乌苏缝合带位于华北板块和塔里木板块之间,这些放射虫化石的发现为研究恩格尔乌苏缝合带的构造演化提供了新的证据。鉴于其中最新的放射虫组合的地质时代为中二叠世晚期-晚二叠世早期,认为华北板块与塔里木板块之间自中二叠世晚期-晚二叠世早期曾经存在古海洋,即华北板块和塔里木板块的拼合时间是晚二叠世晚期。     

吉林延边地区早二叠世一个新的陆相地层单位

根据吉林省延边地区汪清县大兴沟镇和盛村附近含早二叠世华夏植物群陆相地层的发育特征,结合前人对延边地区石炭纪—二叠纪地层研究成果,提出一个新的岩石地层单位——和盛组,用来代表延边地区晚石炭世—早二叠世山秀岭组海相碳酸盐岩沉积和早—中二叠世大蒜沟组海相碳酸盐岩及碎屑岩沉积之间的一套陆相碎屑岩沉积,其时限为早二叠世晚期(亚丁斯克—空谷早期)。和盛组层型剖面为吉林省延边地区汪清县大兴沟镇和盛村剖面,厚230m,主要由灰色、灰黑色砾岩、含砾砂岩、粉砂岩及粉砂质泥岩为主的陆相沉积组成,与下伏地层山秀岭组假整合接触,与上覆大蒜沟组整合接触。和盛组与上覆大蒜沟组构成华北板块北缘早—中二叠世一个海进地层序列。和盛组的建立为探讨华北板块与佳蒙地块的分界、研究西拉木伦河—延吉缝合带在延边地区的东延提供了重要的地层证据。     

华北板块北缘中二叠统于家北沟组植物化石及其大地构造意义

通过对内蒙古赤峰市广兴源乡于家北沟组模式剖面植物化石和安山质晶屑岩屑凝灰岩锆石U-Pb同位素年代学的研究,结合动物化石的分析,确认于家北沟组地质时代为中二叠世。于家北沟组植物化石以Gigantonoclea hallei Asama、Fascipteris sinensis Stockm. et Math.、Pecopteris taiyuanensis Halle、Pterophyllum daihoense Kaw.等众多华夏植物群典型分子为特征,属于典型的华夏植物群。目前,在中二叠世植物群中,从未发现有华夏和安加拉两大植物群的混生现象,这一事实进一步表明,中二叠世横亘于华北板块和佳蒙地块之间的古亚洲洋尚未闭合,在植物地理分布上起着重要的阻隔作用。     

西藏中南部雄马—措麦以南地区早、中二叠世地层及其意义

在西藏中南部雄马—措麦以南地区前人所定的属于中—晚侏罗世达雄群中采获了古生物化石，地层时代重新厘定为早—中二叠世。早二叠世早期拉嘎组中赋含重力滑塌块体和冰川漂砾，早二叠世晚期昂杰组碎屑岩中夹大量火山岩，中二叠世下拉组含大量火山岩碎屑等，与冈底斯—腾冲地层区广泛出露的早—中二叠世地层比较，岩性组合特征、沉积类型、沉积相、生物富集程度和属种组分及所处地质背景等诸方面均存在显著差异。该套地层的确定，对研究西藏早、中二叠世地层沉积相，重塑古地理环境，以及研究青藏高原和邻区特提斯构造发展阶段的地层演化、盆地构造背景等都有重要意义。     

吉林中部地区二叠纪岩相古地理及沉积构造背景

以沉积体系研究为基础,综合应用沉积岩碎屑物质成分统计、岩石地球化学分析等方法,详细地研究了吉林中部地区二叠纪沉积特征。结合沉积构造背景分析,重建吉林中部地区二叠纪岩相古地理及构造古地理。研究发现：早-中二叠世吉林中部地区具活动大陆边缘的复合边缘海盆特征,早二叠世发育了碳酸盐岩陆架、陆架边缘沉积体系及（次）深水盆地沉积体系,相序具有向上变浅的旋回特征;中二叠世初期,地壳活动强烈,火山发育,其后沉积了盆缘冲积扇沉积体系、（次）深水盆地沉积体系以及向上变浅的碳酸盐缓坡沉积体系等;晚二叠世东北中、小板块群与华北板块沿西拉木伦河-长春-延吉缝合带拼合,古地理发生重大变化,整个地区由海相环境转为陆相环境,仅局部地区有残留的海水,发育了湖缘冲积扇、次深湖沉积体系。     

银根-额济纳旗盆地恩格尔乌苏一带二叠系腕足类动物群及其意义

恩格尔乌苏处于哈萨克斯坦板块、塔里木板块与华北板块的结合部位,发育恩格尔乌苏断裂。恩格尔乌苏断裂的性质和带内地层特征受到广大地质学家的关注。前人认为在恩格尔乌苏断裂带,地层主要是上石炭统阿木山组,形成构造混杂带,发育蛇绿混杂岩,是塔里木板块和华北板块的分界。笔者在恩格尔乌苏北海尔汗剖面发现了腕足类动物群,该动物群属冷水和暖水混生的"哲斯动物群"。据此,把前人认为是阿木山组中段的地层重新厘定为下-中二叠统双堡塘组。双堡塘组沉积环境为裂谷环境下的三角洲-滨岸相,不是洋盆环境,暗示在早-中二叠世恩格尔乌苏断裂不是华北板块与塔里木板块的缝合带。     

西南地区早—中二叠世玥类复合标准序列的建立及初步研究

利用西南地区 10条石炭系—二叠系剖面上的类分布建立了该地区早—中二叠世类复合标准序列( CSS) ,总结了类 6 8属 6 32种在该地区的分布延限。根据类物种在复合标准序列上的分布规律 ,阐述了这一时期类动物群物种分异度的变化过程。研究结果表明 ,西南地区类物种分异度在早—中二叠世变化显著 ,共经历过三次快速增长时期 ,分别与假希瓦格亚科、米斯亚科及新希瓦格科的辐射演化有关 ;而物种分异度的两次大幅度下降则分别反映了早二叠世的动物群更替事件及中二叠世集群灭绝事件对本地区类动物的影响。     

下扬子区三叠纪古地理演化

下扬子区在三叠纪期间接受了早-中三叠世海相碳酸盐沉积、中-晚三叠世海陆交互相和陆相湖沼沉积.沉积相带的空间分布和古地理格局的变迁明显地受到区域构造的控制.区内盆地发育与演化是在华南板块与扬子板块、扬子板块与华北板块相互作用的背景下进行的.早-中三叠世末期的印支运动是下扬子区构造-古地理格局改变的决定性因素,使下扬子海盆闭合,沉积类型由海相沉积变为陆相沉积.下扬子区三叠纪古地理的演化特征也为板块碰撞提供了沉积证据.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987113000364

The South Tianshan Orogen and adjacent regions of Central Asia are located in the southwestern part of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt.The formation of South Tianshan Orogen was a diachronous,scissors-like process,which took place during the Palaeozoic,and its western segment was accepted as a site of the fnal collision between the Tarim Craton and the North Asian continent,which occurred in the late Palaeozoic.However,the post-collisional tectonic evolution of the South Tianshan Orogen and adjacent regions remains debatable.Based on previous studies and recent geochronogical data,we suggest that the fnal collision between the Tarim Craton and the North Asian continent occurred during the late Carboniferous.Therefore,the Permian was a period of intracontinental environment in the southern Tianshan and adjacent regions.We propose that an earlier,small-scale intraplate orogenic stage occurred in late Permian to Triassic time,which was the frst intraplate process in the South Tianshan Orogen and adjacent regions.The later largescale and well-known Neogene to Quaternary intraplate orogeny was induced by the collision between the India subcontinent and the Eurasian plate.The paper presents a new evolutionary model for the South Tianshan Orogen and adjacent regions,which includes seven stages:(I)late Ordovicianeearly Silurian opening of the South Tianshan Ocean;(II)middle Silurianemiddle Devonian subduction of the South Tianshan Ocean beneath an active margin of the North Asian continent;(III)late Devonianelate Carboniferous closure of the South Tianshan Ocean and collision between the Kazakhstan-Yili and Tarim continental blocks;(IV)early Permian post-collisional magmatism and rifting;(V)late PermianeTriassic the frst intraplate orogeny;(VI)JurassicePalaeogene tectonic stagnation and(VII)NeoceneeQuaternary intraplate orogeny.     

Geology and Tectonics of the Songpan-Ganzi Fold Belt,Southwestern China

In the Late Paleozoic, the Sino-Korean (North China) and Yangtze-Cathaysian (South China) cratons collided. The Carboniferous and Permian foreland basin to the north of the Tongbo-Dabie Mountains, and elongate intermontane basins in East Qinling, were filled by marine to terrestrial sediments, in which the fauna and flora communicated from North China, South China, and West China. In Triassic time, the Dabie-Sulu Mountains became a Himalaya-type mountain range as a result of continent-continent collision and doubling of the crust. Marked exhumation of this mountain range shed huge amounts of detritus to the west. First filled were the remnant ocean basins in Qinling. As the remnant basins filled, submarine fan deposition shifted to the west to gradually fill the Songpan-Ganzi area. Songpan-Ganzi is surrounded by continents with pre-Sinian basement. The Sinian and Paleozoic strata and their fauna and flora are of Yangtzean affinity.

Beginning in the Permian, a midocean-ridge triple junction was developed in Songpan-Ganzi, and the new oceanic crust provided more space for submarine fans. Later, a Triassic subduction zone was developed along the western margin of Songpan-Ganzi, and the rising island arc provided a smaller amount of detritus to its backarc basin in the east, which became part of Songpan-Ganzi. During the Early and Middle Triassic, the Dabie-Sulu high mountain ranges blocked the monsoon from blowing to the north, and, therefore, typical redbeds were deposited in North China for at least 15 million years, whereas the deposits of the same age in South China are still shallow-marine and littoral facies with coal measures. In the Late Triassic and Jurassic, the Dabie-Sulu mountain range was leveled to low hilly country. The monsoon blew to the north very easily, and coal measures were deposited all over North China. In Songpan-Ganzi, the Triassic submarine fan deposits were folded and metamorphosed during latest Triassic time, and the Songpan-Ganzi fold belt was formed. The Cenozoic Himalaya and its relationship with submarine fans in the Indian Ocean is similar to the Triassic Dabie-Sulu mountain range and its relationship with the Songpan-Ganzi submarine fans. Huge submarine fans and ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism are consequences of continent-continent collision, but the involved continents should have considerable sizes.     

兴蒙—新疆北部及邻区早石炭世古生物地理区系

中国兴蒙—新疆北部及邻区早石炭世地层十分发育，动植物化石丰富。根据生物群综合分析，将该研究区归入哈萨克斯坦—西伯利亚域和特提斯域，并进一步划分为３个省，８个亚省。西伯利业省以管孔贝大量发育为特征，缺少大长身贝类，珊瑚不甚发育，植物少见，为安加拉植物群；哈萨克斯坦—蒙古—兴安省以管孔贝类和大长身贝类共同发育为突出特征，珊瑚较发育，但分区特征不明显，并有大量异珊瑚类，植物为安加拉植物群；塔里木北缘—西秦岭省以南方型生物群大量发育为主要特征，大长身贝类最为发育，缺少管孔贝类，珊瑚数量十分丰富，并有假乌拉珊瑚大量发育，植物以华夏植物群为主。早石炭世古生物地理分区与板块关系密切，晚泥盆世末，西伯利亚板块南移，与哈萨克斯坦板块汇聚，到早石炭世早、中期，两大板块基本上处于相近似的古生物地理环境，与此同时，塔里木板块逐渐北移，与哈萨克斯坦板块海水相通，致使哈萨克斯坦板块广大海域出现南、北动物群混生现象。早石炭世末，三大板块海域相连，除各地沉积和构造古地理环境尚有差异外，中石炭世开始，腕足类，类及珊瑚等动物群均显示出明显的一致性。     

古亚洲构造域和西太平洋构造域在索伦缝合带东段的叠加: 来自内蒙古林西县西拉木伦断裂带内变形闪长岩的岩石学、地球化学和年代学证据

在内蒙古林西县西拉木伦断裂带内发育岩株状产出并具有不同程度变形特征的闪长岩体, 岩体侵入到双井片岩中.对该闪长岩进行了岩石学、地球化学、锆石LA-ICPMS U-Pb年龄和角闪石40Ar-39Ar年龄的研究.结果表明内蒙古林西县西拉木伦断裂带内的变形闪长岩侵位于早二叠世, 其锆石LA-ICPMS U-Pb年龄为286±1 Ma.岩浆来源于俯冲带流体/熔体交代作用而形成的富集地幔.岩石遭受了早侏罗世绿帘角闪岩相变质作用, 角闪石40Ar-39Ar年龄为188.7±1.4 Ma.结合研究区及邻区近年来的新成果认为索伦缝合带早古生代以来的镁铁质岩石均显示来源于相对富集LILE、LREE的地幔, 与俯冲流体或熔体的改造作用相关, 并且随着时代的更新改造程度显示增强的趋势.索伦缝合带在晚石炭世(~310 Ma)之前发生过闭合碰撞, 晚石炭世-早二叠世(~310~276 Ma)处于后造山伸展的背景, 在伸展环境下形成了华北北缘该时期广泛分布的闪长岩-花岗闪长岩带, 报道的闪长岩即为该时期的产物.晚二叠世缝合带局部区域存在洋盆, 洋盆的闭合导致了晚二叠世-中三叠世(~272~230 Ma)索伦缝合带的最终碰撞缝合, 最终碰撞缝合在空间上的不均一性形成了缝合带内该时期大量并存的同碰撞花岗岩和后碰撞花岗岩.索伦缝合带的缝合导致华北板块与其北部各微陆块的拼合, 此时蒙古-鄂霍次克海作为古太平洋的一个分支北东向展布于西伯利亚板块和拼合后的华北板块之间.早侏罗世蒙古-鄂霍次克海在蒙古东北部发生闭合, 本文报道的角闪石40Ar-39Ar年龄记录了洋壳闭合后陆-陆碰撞的变质时间, 之后研究区进入后造山伸展的环境.此时在古太平洋板块向华北板块俯冲应力的共同作用下, 华北东部在侏罗纪出现挤压机制与拉张机制的多次转换.晚侏罗世古太平洋板块俯冲方向转变后, 中国东部进入持续的拉张背景, 并转入西太平洋构造域的范畴.      

内蒙古苏尼特左旗南两类花岗岩同位素年代学及其构造意义

内蒙古北部索伦缝合带（索伦-苏尼特左旗-锡林浩特）被多数中外学者认为是西伯利亚板块南缘和华北板块北缘的最终缝合带,本文选择该缝合带上苏尼特左旗南两类花岗岩-与俯冲有关和与碰撞有关的岩浆岩（分别叫弧岩浆岩和碰撞岗岩）进行同位素年代学研究,结果表明：（1）弧岩浆活动有两期,分别约为490Ma和310Ma(锆石U-Pb,SHRIMP);碰撞花岗岩的侵位年代在230-250Ma(Rb-Sr全岩和锆石U-Pb);（2）根据本文新的年代学数据,索伦缝合带的最终缝合时间可能是在230-310Ma,这显然不同于国内多数学者坚持的“晚泥盆世碰撞”模式;而Sengor等推测的“晚二又开展碰撞”模式与本文数据一致。     

大兴安岭地区上古生界变形特征及构造层划分

大兴安岭地区古生界构造变形表明,上古生界自二叠纪末以来遭受了3期构造变形改造:第一期变形为二叠纪末华北板块与佳蒙地块碰撞造成的近EW向展布的断裂和褶皱构造,强度由南向北有减弱的趋势;第二期变形为侏罗纪西太平洋板块俯冲导致的NE—NNE向左行走滑断裂和褶皱构造;第三期为NW向具有右行走滑特征的断裂构造,时间大致在晚侏罗世—早白垩世。综合区域构造、沉积岩古地理分析对比,初步将大兴安岭地区上古生界划分为早古生代、D—C1、C2—P2、P3—T14个构造层:早古生代末加里东运动之后,在D—C1期间早期以伸展为主,总体表现为北海南陆的古地理特征;早石炭世末期松嫩地块与额尔古纳—兴安地块沿嫩江—扎兰屯一线碰撞拼接;C2—P2期间总体表现为造山后伸展特征,表现为北陆南海;P3—T1时期古亚洲洋的闭合,海水退出,转为陆相。     

Palaeozoic collisional tectonics and magmatism of the Chinese Tien Shan, central Asia

The Chinese Tien Shan range is a Palaeozoic orogenic belt which contains two collision zones. The older, southern collision accreted a north-facing passive continental margin on the north side of the Tarim Block to an active continental margin on the south side of an elongate continental tract, the Central Tien Shan. Collision occurred along the Qinbulak-Qawabulak Fault (Southern Tien Shan suture). The time of the collision is poorly constrained, but was probably in in the Late Devonian-Early Carboniferous. We propose this age because of a major disconformity at this time along the north side of the Tarim Block, and because the Youshugou ophiolite is imbricated with Middle Devonian sediments. A younger, probably Late Carboniferous-Early Permian collision along the North Tien Shan Fault (Northern Tien Shan suture) accreted the northern side of the Central Tien Shan to an island arc which lay to its north, the North Tien Shan arc. This collision is bracketed by the Middle Carboniferous termination of arc magmatism and the appearance of Late Carboniferous or Early Permian elastics in a foreland basin developed over the extinct arc. Thrust sheets generated by the collision are proposed as the tectonic load responsible for the subsidence of this basin. Post-collisional, but Palaeozoic, dextral shear occurred along the northern suture zone, this was accompanied by the intrusion of basic and acidic magmas in the Central Tien Shan. Late Palaeozoic basic igneous rocks from all three lithospheric blocks represented in the Tien Shan possess chemical characteristics associated with generation in supra-subduction zone environments, even though many post-date one or both collisions. Rocks from each block also possess distinctive trace element chemistries, which supports the three-fold structural division of the orogenic belt. It is unclear whether the chemical differences represent different source characteristics, or are due to different episodes of magmatism being juxtaposed by later dextral strike-slip fault motions. Because the southern collision zone in the Tien Shan is the older of the two, the Tarim Block sensu stricto collided not with the Eurasian landmass, but with a continental block which was itself separated from Eurasia by at least one ocean. The destruction of this ocean in Late Carboniferous-Early Permian times represented the final elimination of all oceanic basins from this part of central Asia.     

北天山前陆盆地中段成煤及后期构造演化

早石炭世哈萨克斯坦板与塔里木板块碰撞拼接，古亚洲洋闭合，褶皱隆起形成造山带，与其相邻的地块由于造山带隆升产生的构造负荷作用，引起岩石圈挠曲，在天山造山带南北两侧形成前陆盆地。前陆盆地演化过程中，不仅形成丰富的能源矿产，而且记载了造山发展演化的历史。