河北省页岩分布及页岩气前景

页岩气作为非常规清洁能源,已正式进入我国能源战略视野。河北省在漫长的地质历史时期,广泛发育6套黑色页岩岩系:中上元古界洪水庄组和下马岭组、古生界石炭二叠系太原组和山西组、新生界古近系孔店组和沙河街组。岩相分别为海相、海陆交互相、湖相暗色泥页岩。其中,元古界页岩主要赋存于燕山以北,古生代与新生代页岩主要发育于冀东南。它们不仅具有分布范围广,埋深适中,是页岩气发育有利层位,具有页岩气资源勘探前景,其勘探开发将对于缓解我省能源危机和环境污染具有重要意义。     

山东省主要页岩气储层特征与资源潜力

山东省富有机质泥页岩发育层系多、类型多、分布范围广,为探寻页岩气有利储集层系和分布范围,以富有机质泥页岩为研究对象,通过分析富有机质泥页岩岩性特征,有机碳含量、生烃潜量、氯仿沥青“A”、干酪根类型、镜质组反射率等有机地化特征,孔隙度、渗透率、矿物成分、岩石密度等岩石物性特征,含气性特征等,对山东省页岩气赋存层位、生成的物质基础、热演化程度、储层特征等形成了系统认识。认为：古生界石炭系—二叠系山西组—太原组、新生界古近系孔店组和沙河街组富有机质泥页岩发育厚度大、分布面积广、有机质丰度高,热演化程度适中、岩石脆性矿物含量高,为页岩气有利储层;利用页岩气储层分布面积、泥页岩厚度、有机碳含量、镜质组反射率、含气性等相关评价参数,计算了山东全省页岩气资源潜力为1417797×108m3,优选了9个页岩气有利区,其中鲁西南有利区、阳谷 茌平有利区、黄河北有利区、贾镇潜凹陷有利区属海陆交互相泥页岩储层,泥页岩层系分布于石炭系—二叠系山西组—太原组;潍北凹陷有利区、东营凹陷有利区、沾化凹陷有利区、车镇 沾化凹陷有利区、临邑有利区属湖相泥页岩储层,泥页岩层系分别分布于古近系孔店组和沙河街组,为今后页岩气勘查工作提供了依据。     

北京地区中元古界下马岭组页岩气形成条件

以野外露头与地热井的岩屑样品为基础,以岩石学、有机地球化学和储层物性实验测试分析为手段,对北京地区中元古界下马岭组页岩进行了页岩气形成条件研究。结果表明,中元古界下马岭组页岩分布广泛,沉积厚度大,有机碳含量高,有机质类型好,以Ⅱ型为主、兼有少量的Ⅰ型,具有良好的页岩气形成条件。中元古界下马岭组页岩矿物组成主要为石英和黏土矿物,石英平均质量分数为60%,黏土矿物平均质量分数为31.5%,黏土矿物中伊利石含量最高,占黏土矿物总组成的77.54%;页岩中微孔隙与微裂缝发育,具备良好的页岩气赋存条件,等温吸附实验也证明了这一点。北京地区经历了多期构造变动,但页岩气藏具有较强的抗构造破坏能力,使得研究区具有较好的页岩气保存条件。总体认为北京地区中元古界下马岭组是较理想的页岩气勘探目的层系。     

内蒙古自治区页岩气资源远景探讨

内蒙古自治区发育有三套富含有机碳的泥页岩地层,即中-上元古界渣尔泰山群和白云鄂博群的海相含炭页岩系:晚古生界上石炭统太原组和二叠系山西组的海陆交互相含炭页岩系;中新生界的陆相含炭页岩系,页岩气主要赋存在陆相含炭页岩系中.根据煤、油气勘查成果以及页岩气评价资料,认为鄂尔多斯盆地含页岩气地层厚度大,有机质碳含量高,为好的烃源岩;在阿拉善盆地、二连-海拉尔盆地、通辽地区中生界炭质页岩、煤层及油页岩发育且厚度大,河套盆地中渐新统临河组和中新统五原组形成于潟湖相,富含有机质,为生油气的有利层位,推断这些盆地页岩气资源前景良好.依据页岩气形成条件和含页岩气地层的相关分析,提出页岩气勘查工作首先在鄂尔多斯盆地和二连-海拉尔盆地群展开,在获得一定成果的基础上,再对阿拉善盆地和河套盆地进行勘查,对通辽盆地页岩气进行野外调查.     

南华北盆地太康隆起煤系页岩气地质特征及勘探潜力

基于南华北盆地上古生界煤系页岩气勘探实践及认识,通过研究该区页岩气烃源岩地球化学特征、储集层特征、含气性特征,总结页岩气地质特征,分析勘探潜力。页岩气主要发育于太原组、山西组,烃源岩有机质类型以Ⅲ型为主,镜质体反射率为2.1%~3.4%,处于过成熟阶段;太原组、山西组泥页岩有机碳含量均值分别为2.34%、1.66%;页岩气储集层矿物成分以石英、黏土矿物为主,主要储集空间类型为矿物质孔和微裂缝;太原组、山西组页岩含气量均值分别为1.73 m³/t、1.55 m³/t,相对于海相页岩含气特征属于中等—偏高的范围;采用容积法计算页岩气地质资源量为7112×10⁸m³,资源丰度为2.54×10⁸m³。经综合对比评价认为庄头斜坡、杞县凹陷是南华北盆地太康隆起页岩气较为有利的勘探目标区。     

河南中牟区块页岩气特征及勘探前景分析

文章通过对河南中牟区块海陆过渡相太原组和山西组页岩气形成的地质条件与特征分析,认为区块构造较为简单、稳定,其海陆交互相沉积环境控制太原组和山西组页岩发育,分布广泛,富含有机质页岩厚度大,为页岩气目标层;有机碳含量w(TOC)=1.1%~3.7%,有机质类型为Ⅲ型,有机质成熟度指标镜质体反射率(Ro)3.0%~3.8%;目标层有效孔隙度1.0%~5.0%,黏土矿物以伊利石和伊/蒙混层为主;含气量0.5~3.3m~3/t,平均1.7m~3/t。对牟页1井太原组、山西组三段采用快钻桥塞分段压裂,累计注入压裂液量5 055.9m~3,加砂量202.7m~3,三层合采求产为1 256m~3/d,标志着南华北盆地海陆过渡相页岩气勘探取得重大发现。通过地质评价和资源量计算,中牟区块太原组、山西组页岩气地质资源量较为丰富,勘探有利区面积大,具备较好的页岩气勘探前景。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘临兴区块页岩气成藏因素分析及富集区预测

结合中联公司前期勘探成果,基于钻井、岩心、测井资料及实验数据,对鄂尔多斯盆地东缘临兴区块本溪组、太原组和山西组泥页岩沉积特征、有机地球化学特征、储层特征以及含气性特征进行了研究,重点讨论了页岩气的富集区。研究成果表明:本溪组和太原组发育潮坪相沉积环境,山西组发育三角洲相沉积环境;整体属于中等-优质烃源岩,太原组烃源岩最好;本溪组和山西组有机质类型主要以腐殖型为主,太原组有机质类型主要以混合型-腐殖型为主;有机质成熟度整体处于成熟-高成熟阶段,具有良好的生烃潜力;储集层微裂隙较发育,属于低孔低渗类型;山西组和太原组的脆性矿物含量在50%以上,有利于后期压裂;研究区泥页岩具有较高的含气量和较强的吸附能力;山西组页岩气富集区主要集中在北部和西南部,太原组页岩气富集区主要集中在北部,且资源潜力最优,本溪组页岩气富集区主要集中在西北部和东北部边缘一小块区域,且资源潜力有限。     

辽河盆地西部凹陷沙河街组古近系页岩气成藏地质条件研究

在辽河盆地各构造单元中以西部凹陷湖泊沉积持续时间最长,是研究辽河盆地沙河街组页岩气成藏的良好地区.本次在大量的资料收集、整理和分析的基础上,对辽河盆地西部凹陷沙河街组页岩气成藏地质条件进行初步分析,结果表明：本区的暗色泥岩主要发育在半深湖-深湖环境中,暗色泥岩具有厚度大、连续性强、分布广的特点.有机质丰度较高,TOC平均值在2.18%左右.干酪根类型以II型为主,偏向产气.有机质成熟度基本大于0.59%,表明泥页岩已基本进入大量排烃阶段.脆性矿物总量达到43.1%~61.5%,有利于页岩气开采.在页岩气成藏的地质因素分析基础上,综合研究认为,清水洼陷是沙河街组页岩气富集的有利区域.     

京西凹陷上古生界页岩气资源潜力分析

京西凹陷经历了地台结晶基底-盖层发育-板内造山复杂构造演化三个阶段。在晚奥陶世-早石炭世处于隆起剥蚀区,自晚石炭世开始由东南向西北的海侵和早二叠纪自西北向东南海退的总趋势,其间伴有多次小规模海水进退事件的发生,使本区堆积了滨海湖沼、三角洲-沼泽相的深色泥页岩、含煤建造。地层主要分布上石炭统太原组和下二叠统山西组黑色泥页岩。本次针对太原、山西组含页岩层系开展野外调查研究,在样品测试,含气量初评的基础上,对京西凹陷上古生界页岩气资源前景进行初步评价。研究表明,本区上古生界石炭-二叠系太原组-山西组有机质丰度较高、有机质类型好、达成熟-过成熟阶段,具有页岩气形成与富集的有利地质条件,可作为京西地区上古生界的生烃层位。经采用概率体积法进行页岩气资源评价,估算其潜在资源量约为8.12×10~8m~3,表明该区域具有一定的页岩气资源勘探前景。     

南华北盆地中牟凹陷太原组-山西组页岩气成藏特征——以河南中牟区块ZDY2井为例

河南中牟区块ZDY2井海陆过渡相太原组和山西组页岩气层系地质特征分析表明:太原组和山西组富有机质页岩厚度均为77.5m,有机质类型主要为Ⅲ型,少量Ⅱ型;有机碳平均含量分别为2.18%和1.90%;有效孔隙度分别为1.53%和2.4%,现场解析平均含气量分别为1.32m~3/t和1.1m~3/t,其中太原组中部优质压裂层段平均含气量为1.56m~3/t;有机质成熟度Ro值在2.6%～3.4%之间;黏土矿物以伊利石和伊蒙混层为主。综合研究认为中牟区块太原组、山西组页岩气层系普遍含气,太原组中部页岩层段及山西组下部大占砂岩是有利勘探层位。通过ZDY2井太原组中部43.3m页岩层段压裂,获得日产天然气3 614m~3,南华北盆地海陆过渡相页岩气勘探取得重大进展。     

河南牟页1井山西组—太原组页岩含气性控制因素

目前页岩含气性控制因素是页岩气勘探研究的一个关键问题。基于中牟区块及周边研究资料,在太原组—山西组海陆过渡相的泥炭沼泽亚相和潟湖亚相沉积岩是页岩气发育最有利相带,对岩芯进行含气量测试研究。结果表明:1)山西组泥页岩平均含气量为1.82m~3/t,累计厚度20～25m;太原组泥页岩平均含气量为2.64m~3/t,累计厚度26～30m。2)太原组泥岩的有机碳含量要高于山西组;随着埋藏深度的加大,有机碳含量具有逐渐增加的趋势,且非均质性较强。3)地层垂向岩性变化、厚度、有机质含量、有机质生烃能力影响页岩含气性。4)现场解吸气量、有机质丰度、厚度、埋深、裂缝、孔隙结构是牟页1井山西组—太原组页岩含气性控制因素。     

Unconventional Natural Gas Accumulations in Stacked Deposits:A Discussion of Upper Paleozoic Coal-Bearing Strata in the East Margin of the Ordos Basin,China

The Upper Paleozoic(Carboniferous to Permian) succession in the east margin of the Ordos Basin in the North China Craton has a potential to contain significant hydrocarbon resources, though attention have been mainly attracted for its successful development of coalbed methane(CBM). To improve the previous resource estimates and evaluate the hydrocarbon play possibilities, this study incorporated new discoveries of hydrocarbon units and their stratigraphic relation with source rocks, hydrocarbon migration and trapping configurations. Continuous hydrocarbon accumulation units were identified within the Upper Paleozoic, including the Taiyuan, Shanxi and Xiashihezi formations with great tight gas potential, and the Taiyuan and Shanxi formations also containing shale gas and CBM. Different strata combinations are identified with coal deposition and favour for continuous gas accumulations, including the tidal flat, deltaic and fluvial systems distributed in most of the study areas. Methane was not only generated from the thick coal seams in the Taiyuan and Shanxi formations, but also from shale and dark mudstones. The coal, shale and tight sandstones are proved of remarkable gas content and hydrocarbon indications, and the gas saturation of tight sandstones decreases upward. The stacked deposit combinations vary isochronally in different areas, while the coal seams were developed stably showing good gas sources. Two key stages control the hydrocarbon enrichment, the continuous subsidence from coal forming to Late Triassic and the anomalous paleo-geothermal event happened in Early Cretaceous, as indicated by the fluid inclusions evidence. Extensive areas show good hydrocarbon development potential presently, and more works should be focused on the evaluation and selection of good reservoir combinations.     

Catagenesis of organic matter of oil source rocks in Upper Paleozoic coal formation of the Bohai Gulf basin (eastern China)

The Bohai Gulf basin is the largest petroliferous basin in China. Its Carboniferous-Permian deposits are thick (on the average, ca. 600 m) and occur as deeply as 5000 m. Coal and carbonaceous shale of the Carboniferous Taiyuan Formation formed in inshore plain swamps. Their main hydrocarbon-generating macerals are fluorescent vitrinite, exinite, alginite, etc. Coal and carbonaceous shale of the Permian Shanxi Formation were deposited in delta-alluvial plain. Their main hydrocarbon-generating macerals are vitrinite, exinite, etc. The carbonaceous rocks of these formations are characterized by a high thermal maturity, with the vitrinite reflectance R⁰ > 2.0%. The Bohai Gulf basin has been poorly explored so far, but it is highly promising for natural gas.     

山西省太原组和山西组煤的煤岩特征分析

在收集和整理大量山西省煤岩资料的基础上,分析了该省太原组和山西组煤的显微煤岩组分,并对各煤田太原组和山西组煤的R0,max的变化规律进行了研究。研究表明：山西省太原组和山西组煤中显微组分一般以镜质组为主,并且有从北向南有不断增加的趋势,惰质组次之,其趋势与镜质组相反,壳质组最少;太原组反射率值在0.6%～3.9%,整体上呈北低南高、西低东高的趋势,煤级从中煤级煤Ⅰ到高煤级煤Ⅱ都有赋存;山西组反射率值在0.6%～4.2%,其反射率变化趋势和煤级赋存特征与山西组类似。研究结果为评价和利用山西省的煤炭资源提供了依据。     

河南禹州与山西太原石炭--二叠纪多重地层划分与对比

河南禹州的本溪组、太原组与山西太原的岩性相似,唯厚度较小;禹州的石盒子组与太原的岩性和厚度差异大,而且太原的煤层厚、层位低,禹州的煤层薄、层位高。由本溪组至山西组呈向南穿时,石盒子组为向北穿时,显示海水先向南侵后又向北回泛的变化趋势。沉积环境由下而上由陆表海经三角洲向大陆体系演化,并向南迁移,反映了该区总体上北部是陆地,南部是海洋的古地理格局。     

Geochemical and Geological Characterization of Marine-Continental Transitional Shale: A Case Study in the Ordos Basin, NW China

The organic-rich shale of the Shanxi and Taiyuan Formation of the Lower Permian deposited in a marine-continental transitional environment are well developed in the Ordos Basin, NW China, which is considered to contain a large amount of shale hydrocarbon resources. This study takes the Lower Permian Shanxi and Taiyuan shale collected from well SL# in the Ordos Basin, NW China as an example to characterize the transitional shale reservoir. Based on organic geochemistry data, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) observations, the desorbed gas contents of this transitional shale were systematically studied and the shale gas potential was investigated. The results indicate that the Lower Permian Shanxi and Taiyuan shale has a relatively high total organic carbon (TOC) (average TOC of 4.9%) and contains type III kerogen with a high mature to over mature status. XRD analyses show that an important characteristic of the shale is that clay and brittle minerals of detrital origin comprise the major mineral composition of the marine-continental transitional shale samples, while the percentages of carbonate minerals, pyrite and siderite are relatively small. FE-SEM observations reveal that the mineral matrix pores are the most abundant in the Lower Permian shale samples, while organic matter (OM) pores are rarely developed. Experimental analysis suggests that the mineral compositions mainly govern the macropore development in the marine-continental transitional shale, and mineral matrix pores and microfractures are considered to provide space for gas storage and migration. In addition, the desorption experiments demonstrated that the marine-continental transitional shale in the Ordos Basin has a significantly potential for shale gas exploration, ranging from 0.53 to 2.86 m3/t with an average value of 1.25m3/t, which is in close proximity to those of terrestrial shale (1.29 m3/t) and marine shale (1.28 m3/t). In summary, these results demonstrated that the Lower Permian marine-continental transitional shale in the Ordos Basin has a significantly potential for shale gas exploration.     

河南中牟区块太原组-山西组页岩气富集控制因素

河南中牟区块牟页1井是南华北地区第一口海陆过渡相页岩气探井,对太原组、山西组压裂试气,取得了日产1256m³天然气的重大发现.基于对牟页1井及地震等资料综合研究,认为太原组和山西组页岩气富集与产能控制因素取决于原始沉积条件和后期保存条件;泥炭沼泽亚相和潟湖亚相为页岩气发育最有利相带,页岩厚度大、有机质含量高是页岩气勘探选区的重要评价指标;区块内通天断层较多,盖层为泥岩而非封闭更好的膏盐岩,显示总体保存条件一般;在页岩气层系地化指标、厚度、埋深、沉积相及盖层条件相似的情况下,寻找构造相对稳定的区域是下一步勘探选区的关键.     

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘煤层气储盖特征及其控气作用

煤层气储盖组合在一定程度上控制煤层气的保存条件。依据煤层顶(底)板的封盖能力,将鄂尔多斯盆地东缘煤层气储盖组合划分为4种类型。优势储盖组合主要发育于保德-临县地区太原组泻湖、潮坪相带以及大宁-吉县地区山西组滨浅湖相带,对煤层气的封盖能力强。次优势储盖组合主要发育于保德-河曲地区太原组、石楼-三交地区山西组以及韩城-合阳地区三角洲前缘相带,对煤层气的封盖能力较强。一般储盖组合主要发育于三交-吉县地区太原组浅海陆棚相带、保德-临县地区山西组三角洲平原、河流泛滥盆地相带,对煤层气的封盖能力较弱。不利储盖组合主要发育于河曲以北山西组辫状河上游、冲积扇相带,对煤层气的封盖能力差;煤层气储盖组合类型在一定程度上控制煤储层含气量分布,是煤储层含气性预测的重要参考依据。