山区型河道一维水力数值模拟糙率确定方法

糙率参数取值是河道水流一维数值模拟的关键技术。山区型河道因河势变化急剧而产生的局部阻力对水流流态影响较大。根据山区型河道的水力特性，提出了综合反映子河段内河底切力及局部阻力的综合糙率的确定方法，并通过算例对该方法进行了测试，取得了预期的效果。该方法使得水流一维数值模拟时的计算子河段划分趋于方便，同时对于缺少历史观测资料的河道糙率参数的确定，提供了一种新的方法。     

穿黄隧洞束窄河道对河段水沙特性的影响分析

利用建立的平面二维非恒定水流泥沙数学模型,在上游来流为10000年一遇的特大洪水过程情况下,就初步拟定的南水北调中线穿黄方案之一的孤柏嘴线路3 0km隧洞工程方案,穿黄隧洞束窄河道对河段水流流态、泥沙运动及河床变形的影响进行了计算和分析比较。计算结果表明,在该洪水过程情况下,穿黄隧洞束窄河道对河段水沙运动特性有一定影响,但影响不大。     

黑河中上游段河道渗漏量计算方法的试验研究

通过河道断面法对黑河中上游河段河道渗漏量进行了比测试验,结果表明:河床岩性组成、河流平面几何形态变化以及人类活动对输水方式的改变等对河道渗漏量影响显著.黑河实施全流域调水前后河道渗漏量发生显著的跳跃性变化,莺落峡至312桥区间河道渗漏量调水前为1.2543×108 m3,调水后为4.3747×108 m3,调水后较调水前河道渗漏量增加3.1203×108 m3;河道流量越小其相应损失率愈大,河道流量越大,其相应损失率愈小,由此得出各河段不同流量单位河长的损失率服从倒数函数分布.研究结果是在黑河中上游实体河道上进行上下断面流量比测试验的基础上得出的,符合该河段的实际情况,可作为黑河中游地表水、地下水转化分析、地下水流系统模拟、流域水资源重复利用、水量调度计算各种模拟模型验证河道渗漏量的基础资料.     

冰盖下水流垂线流速分布规律研究

河道中冰盖显著改变了水流流动结构.采用k-ε紊流模型建立了冰盖下水流流动垂向二维数值模型;根据量纲分析理论提出了流速分布规律的影响因素;针对各种因素的不同组合进行了数值计算,并对其流动特性如最大流速点位置、冰区及床面区平均流速等进行了分析研究;对冬季封冻河道的二点测流法精度进行了理论分析.研究结果表明,冰盖下水流的纵向流速在流动核心区并不遵循对数分布规律,同时揭示了冰盖底部与河床的相对粗糙比、河床相对粗糙度及雷诺数对流速分布规律的影响.     

城区河道治河工程与河相关系的关系

河道的河相关系是该河道各种因数相互作用的必然产物,是不可违背的.确立整治工程应当以保护现有河相关系为前提,只有保护好现有河相关系,整治工程才能符合河道水流的一般特性,才能不改变该河道整治前的演变规律,只有这样的整治工程才能与河流相匹配,才能实现工程与河流的和谐统一.也就是说有什么样的河流就有什么样的河道,水流作用于河道,河道适应着河流在改变,河道的改变又使河流变化,变化后的河流又作用着河道,这样周而复始变化,保持着河道特有的河相关系.     

入海水系整治水情数值模拟方法

入海水系河道纵横交错，其水流同时受上游河道来水、下游出口潮汐顶托、水工建筑物调控等的综合影响，水文情势十分复杂。采用水文预报与数值模拟结合的方法，对上游各边界河道采用由瞬时单位线法推得的设计洪水过程作为入流条件，对入海边界根据潮位过程及水工建筑物调节规程确定出流边界条件，进行了来水与潮位不同遭遇多种工况下的水文水流预测模拟，为水系整治提供水情依据。     

山区阶梯式河道水流阻力研究

山区阶梯式河道是自然界来水来沙和山区大比降河床相互作用所形成的,其水力特性、河道阻力较为复杂。为了深入研究其阻力机理,从河床结构阻水的角度提出阶梯式结构糙率尺度的概念,得到了适用于阶梯式河道跌落水流的形体阻力系数表达式,并由不同来源的阻力分量构成了新的山区阶梯式河道水流总阻力系数公式。新公式结果表明,通过不同类型河段的野外试验数据,表面泥沙、阶梯形状以及漂石产生的阻力系数分量之和与试验测量总阻力系数数据的误差较小。随着雷诺数和阶梯单元尺寸的增加,河床表面的泥沙肤面阻力系数基本不变,阶梯式结构形成的跌落水流过渡到滑行水流,阶梯形体阻力系数逐渐变小,而较大粒径松散漂石产生的水流阻力系数只随着雷诺数的增大而减小。     

冰盖下矩形河道的综合糙率

综合糙率是采用曼宁公式确定河道水位和流量关系的关键参数。在河道冰封期,冰盖的出现增加了流动的阻力,明流条件下确定的综合糙率不再适用,需要重新估算。基于Einstein阻力划分过流断面的原理,冰盖下矩形河道的过水断面可划分为冰盖区、河床区和边壁区。根据总流的连续性方程,在确定各分区糙率系数、水力半径和断面面积的基础上,提出了冰盖下矩形河道综合糙率的计算公式。采用已有的试验水槽测量数据和天然河道实测资料对公式进行了验证,结果表明:公式计算的综合糙率与实测值吻合较好,与Einstein公式和Sabaneev公式相比,计算精度更高;对于冰封水流,宽浅河道采用分区水深代替水力半径进行简化计算的条件有别于明渠水流,在宽深比大于20时,计算结果才满足精度要求。     

通用河网二维水流模拟模式研究

通过对流域河网二维水流模拟问题的分析,提出了一个通用化的河网二维模拟概化模式,该模式将河网二维概化为"树状"河道计算单元、"环状"河道计算单元、"十字型"河道计算单元等河网二维基本单元,对这些河道计算单元的求解,构建流域型河网一二维耦合模式的求解模型,并由此建立了通用化的河网二维水流数学模型软件系统。通过"树状"河道二维计算单元求解模型的推导与实现,验证了概化模式的可行性,表明该思路可以应用于大型流域河网一、二维水流模拟,具有很好的应用推广价值。     

水文学在推求河道渗漏补给地下水水量的应用

河流、渠道在输水过程中,沿途不断地补给地下水,计算这部分河道渗漏补给量,是在进行平原区地下水资源计算中,确定综合补给量的一项主要内容。现行计算方法,主要是地下水动力学方法和经验公式法,但都离不开对有关水文地质参数的确定,在缺乏观测和实验的地区,采用这种方法计算是很困难的。本文利用水文学方法,从河道输水过程中的人渗规律入手,利用已有平原河道的水文观测资料,先用统计和相关法求出单位河长输水损失量的经验公式,再用初损——后渗法求出损失量补给系数,最后按河床质和河道流经地区的土壤岩性分类,给出分类的损失…     

水道加朵体型深水扇形成机制与模式:以白云凹陷荔湾3-1地区珠江组为例

深水扇储层的沉积特征是油气勘探开发中的一个热点问题。通过分析珠江口盆地白云凹陷荔湾3-1地区珠江组深水扇的沉积特征,明确了研究区具备深水扇形成的有利条件,受白云凹陷总体构造沉积背景影响,形成了富砂型的深水扇。本区深水扇是多种流体动力学机制共同作用的结果,碎屑流、浊流及底流相互作用与复合,形成了平面上具水道复合朵体的分布特征。在建立深水扇沉积模式的基础上,提出了水道加朵体型深水扇沉积微相划分方案,研究区储层以重力流水道、天然堤及滑塌朵体为主;而水道逐渐由相对近源的宽浅下切型变为远离物源的窄深型,其深度与天然堤宽度呈正比。     

水位流速耦合演算模型研究

河道防洪,水位和流速是重要的预报特征量.目前对于缺乏流量观测资料和没有稳定水位流量关系线的河道,几乎还没有实用、有效和具有通用性的水位与流速双变量预报模型.以水流质量和力的平衡方程为基础,根据因次分析方法,提出摩阻的导数表达结构,并差分形成水位流速双变量耦合演算模型.通过钱塘江、赣江和桂江3个流域中4个河段的模拟检验,取得了较好的结果,率定期和检验期的确定性系数都大于0.7.初步证明了双变量耦合演算模型结构的合理性和模拟实际河道水流的有效性.     

平原河网区域来水组成原理

对于一般树状分布河网，上一级河道总是汇入至下一级河道，位于河道下游断面的流量总是由其上游汇集而至。但对于平原河网地区，特别是人工控制建筑物众多，又受潮汐影响的地区(如太湖流域)，河网错综复杂，水流方向不定，要跟踪某个断面的水流去向，或某个河段的水体、断面流量是从哪里汇集而来的，非常困难。但这样的问题在生产实践中往往对其很感兴趣。例如从常熟枢纽引长江水流进入望虞河后，流向何处?河网各断面流量中或各河段水体中常熟枢纽引江水量占多少比重?对这些问题的研究可以估计常熟枢纽引江的效果和影响范围。因此，平原河网区域来水组成方法在生产实践中具有重要意义。重点介绍了平原河网区域来水组成原理及其在太湖流域的应用。     

西江和北江三角洲区的水沙特点及河道演变特征

通过对珠江三角洲区有关水文泥沙资料的分析, 初步揭示了西江和北江在流速与流量、水位、含沙量、断面宽深比之关系方面的差别。结合河道平面及断面形态和河道冲淤特性, 探讨了其河型特点及成因。认为研究区西江为典型的网状河流, 而北江仍处于网状河流的发育初期。该区网状河流多河道的形成遵循冲裂机制, 人工堤围加速了河道沉积、抑制了河漫滩地的淤积, 从而使河道及河漫滩地的加积表现为不均一性。     

基于遥感技术的静海县浅埋古河道分析

利用2000年3月6日的TM数据以及1981年4月21日的MSS数据对静海县0～30m以内地层的古河道分布进行了解译,通过研究,发现古河道埋深在8.0m以下,属浅埋古河道类型,流向由南向北,走向N、NNE,平面上可划为三条河道带,总体上呈现出平原区辫状水系特征。按地层埋深推断古河道的形成发育时间,浅埋古河道带可划为二期,大致以26m为界,以下为第一期古河道,分布在②带,属南运河和黑龙港河上更新-全新世早期的废弃的古河道。埋深8.0～26.0m的古河道为第二期古河道,为早全新世古河道。静海县第一海相层开始沉积,充填和掩盖了所有古河道。早全新世低潮坪时期,冷期时也有河流摆动。     

Three‐dimensional gravity‐current flow within a subaqueous bend: Spatial evolution and force balance variations

The nature of three‐dimensional flow in submarine channel bends is poorly understood, largely due to the absence of detailed data from natural channels. Herein, data from density‐driven flows in a large reservoir on the Huanghe (Yellow) River are presented showing the spatio‐temporal variation of flow around a subaqueous bend. The data demonstrate for the first time that reversed helical flow, relative to that found in river channel bends, can occur from the centrifugal forcing of flow, even when the Coriolis force acts in the opposite direction. The data also suggest that reversed helical flow fields in submarine channels may be more frequent than currently estimated, notably for bends where Coriolis and centrifugal forces combine in the same direction. In addition, this study provides the first field evidence suggesting that sinuous submarine channels can exhibit an asymmetry in helical flow orientation between left and right‐turning bends, which will have major implications for the morphodynamics of submarine channels, their resultant patterns of sedimentation and, ultimately, the distribution of depositional units across submarine fan systems.     

Salinity Variability and Water Exchange in Interconnected Estuaries

A high-resolution coastal ocean model is used to investigate salinity variability and water exchange in a complex coastal system off the southern U.S. characterized by three adjacent sounds that are interconnected by a network of channels, creeks, and intertidal areas. Model results are generally highly correlated with observations from the Georgia Coastal Ecosystem Long Term Ecological Research (GCE-LTER) program, revealing a high degree of salinity variability at the Altamaha River and Doboy Sound, decreasing sharply toward Sapelo Sound. A Lagrangian particle tracking method is used to investigate local residence time and connectivity in the system. Local residence time is highly variable, increasing with distance from the Altamaha River and decreasing with river flow, revealing that discharge plays a dominant role on transport processes and estuary-shelf exchange. The Altamaha River and Doboy Sound are connected to each other in all seasons, with exchange occurring both via coastal and estuarine pathways. While particles released at the Altamaha and Doboy rarely reach Sapelo Sound, particles released at Sapelo Sound and the creeks surrounding its main channel can reach the entire estuarine system.     

Influence of artificial channels on the source and extent of saline water intrusion in the wind tide dominated wetlands of the southern Albemarle estuarine system (USA)

Saline water intrusion is degrading water quality in the channelized coastal wetlands of the southern Albemarle estuarine system (AES). The source, transport and fate of the saline water in the southern AES was determined by monitoring specific conductivity and water levels in small artificial channels, the Alligator River, the Alligator–Pungo Canal and the groundwater system for ~12 months. Results indicate that water levels are affected by wind tides which trigger the movement of saline water into the interior of the wetlands via the small canals. The wind tides are mostly driven by episodic southerly winds pushing saline water into the canal network and the groundwater regime proximal to the Alligator River. The saline waters persist in the canals as long as the wind tide events last. Specific conductivities from canals and groundwater are shown to be unexpectedly higher closer to the source of the Alligator River than toward the Albemarle Sound, suggesting that the large Alligator–Pungo Canal facilitates the northward migration of saline water from the Pamlico Sound to the Alligator River. Overwash and reversals in the flow directions between groundwater and surface water bodies suggest that saline water that is present during wind tide events may migrate into the groundwater system from surface water bodies. The results of this study reveal that whereas the large Alligator–Pungo Canal channels saline water to the AES, small artificial channels may also play significant roles in degrading water quality in the interior of channelized coastal wetlands.     

黄河三角洲上特殊侵蚀沟槽的研究

黄河独特的水文条件、沉积物的细粒特性,以及黄河三角洲地区近年来的半干旱气候条件,尤其黄河近年来严重断流导致了黄河三角洲水上平原发育了大量的异常地质现象,特殊侵蚀沟槽便是其中之一。根据平面形态侵蚀沟槽可分为线状、树枝状、坑洞状、面状,网状及隧道状几种;横剖面形态有“U”形、“V”形、梯形或窄缝形。其规模不一,小者长数厘米,宽深数厘米;大者长数十、甚至百余米;宽十几米,深数十厘米到一米多。沟槽壁上常发育滑塌、流痕或类钟乳等次级构造。     

Overbank sedimentation rates in former channel lakes: characterization and control factors

Overbank sedimentation rates were studied in former channels of three rivers in south-eastern France. Depth and spatial distribution of sediment, as well as geometry, hydrological connectivity and age of 39 lakes, were both measured and calculated. The mean sedimentation rate of lakes varied between 0 and 2·57 cm year⁻¹. Sedimentation rates are linked to water depth and often undergo a decreasing gradient from the downstream outlet to the inner part of the lake. Multiple regression modelling demonstrates that sediment depth is essentially a function of overbank flow frequency. The greater the difference between upstream and downstream overbank flow frequency, the faster the sedimentation rate. These differences in sedimentation rates also correspond to different former channel geometry: the rates are slower in narrow and straight channels (former braided, and point-bar backwater channels), and faster in large and sinuous channels (exhibiting meanders, anastomosing channels and coves). The suspended sediment flux is variable from one reach to another, the middle reach of the Rhône conveying more sediment than the upper reaches, the Doubs or the Ain reaches. The suspended sediment flux does not explain a statistical difference in lake sedimentation rates between the reaches, which also provide clear evidence of the importance of local connectivity controls. Sedimentation patterns were also complicated by temporal changes in lake connectivity associated with geomorphological or anthropogenic changes operating within the main channel.