南大西洋中段共轭盐盆盐构造变形期次对比及意义

南大西洋中段被动陆缘含盐盆地群是全球油气储量快速增长的地区,阿普特阶盐岩的分布及构造变形对该区油气成藏产生了重要影响.在前人地震及重磁资料基础上,沿热刺转换断裂带选取圣埃斯皮里图和宽扎这组典型共轭盐盆,平面上在Gplates软件中叠合布格重力异常数据进行板块构造重建,剖面上应用Move软件进行平衡恢复,根据反演结果设计正演模型,进行物理模拟对比实验.在重力滑脱及重力扩展作用下,盆地内形成了伸展-过渡-挤压的盐构造分带,而底板斜坡倾角、基底伸展量、前缘阻挡、盐上沉积载荷及同沉积速率等因素,造成了共轭盆地间盐构造变形过程的差异性.盐构造变形过程可分为盐构造初期变形阶段（阿普特期-阿尔比早期）和盐构造继承性发育阶段（两期,阿尔比晚期-古近纪早期和古近纪晚期-现今）:（1）阿普特期-阿尔比早期,圣埃斯皮里图和宽扎盆地初始为统一盐盆,盐盆东侧强烈伸展,形成伸展区断裂及盐筏,同时盐盆逐渐一分为二并形成外部高地带,盐岩重力变形逐渐减慢.（2）阿尔比晚期-古近纪早期,圣埃斯皮里图盆地外部高地带继承性隆起,盐岩垂向上浮迁移;宽扎盆地厚层盐高原隆起,盐岩越过外部高地带形成逆冲推覆体.（3）古近纪晚期-现今,圣埃斯皮里图盆地基底稳定热沉降,盐构造继承性发育,整个盆地盐岩呈现垂向迁移特征;宽扎盆地靠陆端基底一定规模构造抬升,盐岩向海运输重建,伸展区盐筏进一步发育成盐滚,过渡区及挤压区盐底辟持续上拱,逆冲推覆体继续发育并在盐上层形成大量断裂及褶皱,整个盆地盐岩不断向坡下聚集且构造分带性明显.      

下刚果盆地白垩系盐构造的形成演化

下刚果盆地具有巨大的油气资源和潜力,盐构造控制着油气成藏和分布。其盐岩流动的不规律性,增加了盐构造的形成演化和演化期次分析的难度,前人主要通过平衡剖面恢复的方法对断裂等构造形态进行定量恢复,但对盐构造形成演化过程的认识及变形期次刻画的准确性明显不足。本文基于数值模拟手段,通过沉积地层的分时期加载方法,正演了下刚果盆地的构造演化过程,探讨并明确了盐构造的演化阶段。数值模拟结果表明,下刚果盆地盐构造的形成主要分为3个阶段：盐岩初始流动阶段、盐构造形成阶段和构造稳定阶段。形成底辟构造的主要时期是古新世-中新世。其中,古新世-渐新世开始形成底辟构造,中新世多个大规模底辟构造形成,且该时期是盐构造活动最强烈时期。在此基础上进一步完成了下刚果盆地盐构造活动变形与重力作用流动、上覆沉积地层厚度不均一以及沉积扇体的进积作用关系分析。     

重力滑脱构造差异性及其对油气成藏影响分析:以下刚果—刚果扇、尼日尔三角洲盆地对比分析为例

重力滑脱构造是大西洋两岸被动大陆边缘盆地普遍发育的一种构造样式,南大西洋两岸整体发育2种不同塑性层的重力滑脱构造,一类以下白垩统盐岩、硬石膏为塑性层,另一类是以上白垩统-新近系海相泥岩为滑脱塑性层。且均可从陆向海依次划分为拉张区、过渡区和挤压区。为了厘清2种不同类型重力滑脱构造样式差异及对油气成藏影响,选取2个代表性盆地——下刚果-刚果扇盆地与尼日尔三角洲盆地进行对比剖析,从而查明2种不同类型重力滑脱构造在相应构造带内构造样式及其油气成藏差异。整体上,盐岩塑性层重力滑脱构造在拉张区表现为盐构造活动剧烈,油气成藏条件优越,油气发现多;过渡区盐构造活动强度减弱,油气富集程度高;挤压区构造活动强烈,盐岩大规模聚集,烃源岩和储层条件差,油气发现少。相比于盐岩塑性层重力滑脱构造,泥岩塑性层重力滑脱构造在拉张区构造活动相对较弱,断块圈闭与储层、烃源岩匹配良好,是主要的油气富集区;过渡区,大量塑性泥岩堆积,泥底辟规模大,深缓底辟型构造是油气有利富集区;挤压区以典型逆冲叠瓦状构造为主,烃源岩、储层和油源断层配置良好,油气富集程度高。针对上述2种不同类型重力滑脱构造样式在烃源岩、储层及油气成藏的差异影响分析,为相关类型重力滑脱构造研究提供借鉴。     

四川盆地东北部前陆褶皱-冲断带盐相关构造

以中、下三叠统嘉陵江组(T1j)和雷口坡组(T2l)含膏盐碳酸盐岩层系为界,可以将川东北地区划分为3个构造-层序组合,盐下构造-层序组合由震旦系-下三叠统飞仙关组组成,属于一套海相碳酸盐岩层系为主的沉积;盐层构造-层序组合由下三叠统嘉陵江组和中三叠统雷口坡组组成,属于一套含厚层膏盐的海相碳酸盐岩层系;盐上构造-层序组合由上三叠统须家河组和侏罗系、白垩系组成,属于一套陆相碎屑岩沉积。川东北地区发育了一套独特的构造变形样式,主要有基底卷入叠瓦冲断强变形带、基底卷入与盐层滑脱叠合变形带、隐伏盐相关构造滑脱变形带、双重构造、堆垛式三角带构造和背冲断块构造等。由于该区盐岩层厚度相对较薄,盐岩层系总体作为一个大型滑脱层系,控制川东北地区的构造变形。川东北地区主要构造变形机制包括区域挤压缩短作用、盐岩层塑性流动和滑脱作用、构造隆升和剥蚀作用、重力滑动和重力扩展作用等。川东北地区与三叠系盐岩层系有关的构造变形控制该区油气圈闭样式,有利于油气聚集和保存。     

被动大陆边缘盐构造研究进展

被动大陆边缘的含盐盆地多在重力作用下发育薄皮盐构造。这些构造不但记录了盆地的演化过程,而且往往富含大量的油气资源。因此,被动陆缘盐构造是学术界与工业界共同关注的热点。在传统的被动陆缘含盐盆地模型中,盆地主要在重力作用下形成上坡的拉张区,下坡的挤压区和两者之间的转移区。近年来,国际学术界围绕重力变形在盆地中的作用机制展开了诸多探讨和研究。重力变形在含盐盆地中主要有盆地倾斜控制的重力滑脱和沉积楔差异负载控制的重力扩展。尽管在演化早期盆地的水深较浅,沉积物厚度较薄,沉积物差异负载的驱动力较弱。但是,由热沉降主导的盆地倾斜在早期倾角较小,其驱动力也不强。因此,这两种变形机制都有可能占据主导地位,而且往往共同控制盆地演化。此外,现有概念模型中盆地中段的转移区在自然界中较为少见。最新研究试图从盐下地貌与沉积模式两个方面来寻找盆地中间地带盐构造广泛发育的原因。最后,由于概念模型是静态的,难以反映构造区迁移和盆地多期次演化的动态特点。在实际的盆地中,被动陆缘盐构造的控制因素可能有多个,所形成的构造样式也较为复杂。总体而言,被动陆缘盐构造的研究进展并未脱离盆地倾斜和沉积物差异负载这两个基本控制因素,但在两者的时空变化上有许多新的发展。此外,相较于盆地倾斜,沉积物这个控制因素的系统性研究较少,可能是下一步研究的重点方向。     

南大西洋西非岸盆地群构造、沉积演化对比

非洲西部海岸盆地群经历了裂谷期、同裂谷期和漂移期构造演化阶段,构造演化和沉积充填有一定的相似性,但是由于后期局部构造和差异沉积的影响,现今盆地发育的构造样式和沉积建造有一定区别,导致勘探效果有较大的差异。本文通过对比南大西洋赤道段转换型、中段含泥型、中段含盐型和南段火山型盆地的综合柱状图,加上对尼日尔三角洲盆地和下刚果盆地进行平衡剖面恢复,探讨西非岸三段四类盆地的特征,以求对盆地的勘探工作有所帮助。赤道段转换型盆地在阿普特期和阿尔比期的裂谷阶段完成了湖泊、河流等陆相沉积到浅海碳酸盐岩沉积的转换,未发育盐岩。中段含泥盆地巨厚的新生代阿卡塔组泥岩为滑脱层,在差异负载作用下,泥岩层发生变形。中段含盐盆地在阿普特期,由陆相沉积过渡为浅海碳酸盐岩沉积。阿普特期盐岩层在差异负载和重力滑脱作用下流动变形,形成了伸展、底辟和挤压构造带。南段火山型盆地以裂谷期发育的溢流相玄武岩和凝灰岩为特征,发育典型的向海倾斜反射体。     

盐构造与深水重力流的相互作用及响应

在发育盐构造的被动大陆边缘盆地中,明确盐构造活动与深水重力流事件的沉积耦合特征是该类盆地相对优质储层和甜点区预测、评价的基础。通过综合钻井、岩心分析和三维地震精细解释,对墨西哥湾Sureste盆地中新统深水重力流沉积与盐构造之间的作用方式及响应进行研究,并探讨不同作用方式的成因及油气地质意义。研究表明,Sureste盆地陆坡区发育一系列与盐构造活动相关的微盆、地形坡折、局部凸起和弯曲通道等地貌单元;在这种复杂陆坡地貌背景下,早期和同沉积期盐构造既可以疏导或限制重力流,形成导向、限定、局限和侧向迁移等多种作用类型,也可以被重力流侵蚀形成不整合,后期盐构造活动对深水重力流沉积的改造表现为截切和变形两种样式;不同作用方式和匹配关系受重力流的性质、侵蚀能力与盐构造的规模、数量、走向以及活动时间和强度的控制,局限、侵蚀和截切对应了盐构造与深水重力流沉积相互作用的三个端元;早期和同沉积期盐构造活动影响深水碎屑岩储层的质量和分布,后期盐构造活动对构造、构造—岩性圈闭的形成至关重要。     

库车坳陷盐下构造对盐上盖层变形的影响因素分析

库车坳陷是在地壳或者岩石圈尺度整体挤压作用下,收缩构造变形形成的一个构造单元,膏盐岩层等软弱岩层可能导致滑脱断层发育,并引起盐上和盐下不协调收缩变形,区域挤压作用下一些先存基底断裂带的逆冲位移是控制盐上层冲断褶皱变形的主要因素。运用地震资料、地表露头、钻测井资料以及非地震资料等,对库车坳陷区域大剖面的盐上层、盐下层的构造变形样式进行分析,认为南天山在挤压收缩变形中隆升,诱导盆山过渡带发育基底卷入的高角度逆冲断层,先前基底断层的复活影响了盆地沉积盖层的构造变形,基底断裂与盖层断层组合样式在走向上基本一致,盖层强变形带与基底断裂带上下呼应。     

南大西洋被动陆缘盆地盐构造形成的控制因素

南大西洋两岸被动陆缘含盐盆地油气分布与盐构造的构造样式及分布有直接联系。基于地震资料的构造解译和物理/数值模拟实验,前人对被动陆缘盆地盐构造的形成演化进行了大量研究,然而尚缺乏对盐构造形成演化主控因素的系统论证。本文基于地震资料的构造解释,采用离散元数值模拟手段,通过2组共8个模型的对比实验,探讨了被动陆缘盆地底板倾斜角度和盐岩上覆地层厚度对盐构造形成的控制作用。数值模拟的结果表明:①随着底板倾斜角度的增加,盐岩及其上覆沉积流动速度逐渐增大。其中,从无倾角到2.5°倾角,盐岩流速增加最大,后续陆源沉积搬运距离增加了约1.5倍,远高于其他角度模型间的距离增量;②盐层的上覆地层厚度越大,后续沉积搬运能力越差,盐构造及其相关构造越难形成。上覆地层的厚度直接影响了盐岩的流动速度,上覆地层厚度每增加1m,沉积物的搬运距离减小约5%~10%。最后,基于上述模拟结果定量分析,探讨了两种因素对盐构造形成的影响机制。     

下刚果-刚果扇盆地沉积-构造演化与油气勘探领域

摘要：下刚果-刚果扇盆地位于西非海岸,因其富含油气,资源潜力大,长期以来一直引起众多研究者的关注。由于该区盐构造发育,变形复杂,盆地不同地区和不同勘探目的层勘探程度并不均衡,如何全面认识和评价盆地油气资源潜力成为指导下步勘探工作的关键。通过盆地沉积-构造演化特征研究,指出下刚果-刚果扇盆地是由下刚果盆地与刚果扇盆地垂向上叠置、平面上复合所形成的叠合复合型含油气盆地,经历了前裂谷期、陆内裂谷期、陆间裂谷期和被动陆缘期等演化阶段;在构造特征分析基础上,综合考虑油气成藏要素和运聚方式等特点,划分出新生界构造-岩性圈闭、盐上白垩系构造圈闭和盐下白垩系等三个油气勘探领域;通过各勘探领域油气成藏特征等的系统分析,指出了盆地东部陆上-浅水地区是勘探盐上白垩系构造圈闭勘探领域和盐下白垩系勘探领域的有利地区,盆地西部深水-超深水地区是勘探新生界构造-岩性圈闭勘探领域的有利地区。     

Growth of normal faults in multilayer sequences: A 3D seismic case study from the Egersund Basin,Norwegian North Sea

We investigate the structural style and evolution of a salt-influenced, extensional fault array in the Egersund Basin (Norwegian North Sea) through analysis of 3D reflection seismic and well data. Analysis of fault geometry/morphology, throw distribution and syn-kinematic strata reveal an intricate but systematic style of displacement and growth, suggesting an evolution of (1) initial syn-sedimentary fault growth contemporaneous with salt mobilization initiated during the Late Triassic, (2) cessation of fault activity and burial of the stagnant fault tips, and (3) subsequent nucleation of new faults in the cover above contemporaneous salt re-mobilization initiated during the Late Cretaceous, with downward propagation and linkage with faults. Stage 3 was apparently largely controlled by salt mobilization in response to basin inversion, as reactivated faults are located where the underlying salt is thick, while the non-reactivated faults are found where salt is depleted. Based on the 3D-throw analyses, we conclude that a combination of basement faulting and salt (re-) mobilization is the driving mechanisms behind fault activation and reactivation. Even though the sub- and supra-salt faults are mainly geometrically decoupled through the salt, a kinematic coupling must have existed as sub-salt faults still affected nucleation and localization of the cover faults.     

Salt movements in the Northeast German Basin and its relation to major post-Permian tectonic phases—results from 3D structural modelling, backstripping and reflection seismic data

The NW–SE-striking Northeast German Basin (NEGB) forms part of the Southern Permian Basin and contains up to 8 km of Permian to Cenozoic deposits. During its polyphase evolution, mobilization of the Zechstein salt layer resulted in a complex structural configuration with thin-skinned deformation in the basin and thick-skinned deformation at the basin margins. We investigated the role of salt as a decoupling horizon between its substratum and its cover during the Mesozoic deformation by integration of 3D structural modelling, backstripping and seismic interpretation. Our results suggest that periods of Mesozoic salt movement correlate temporally with changes of the regional stress field structures. Post-depositional salt mobilisation was weakest in the area of highest initial salt thickness and thickest overburden. This also indicates that regional tectonics is responsible for the initiation of salt movements rather than stratigraphic density inversion.Salt movement mainly took place in post-Muschelkalk times. The onset of salt diapirism with the formation of N–S-oriented rim synclines in Late Triassic was synchronous with the development of the NNE–SSW-striking Rheinsberg Trough due to regional E–W extension. In the Middle and Late Jurassic, uplift affected the northern part of the basin and may have induced south-directed gravity gliding in the salt layer. In the southern part, deposition continued in the Early Cretaceous. However, rotation of salt rim synclines axes to NW–SE as well as accelerated rim syncline subsidence near the NW–SE-striking Gardelegen Fault at the southern basin margin indicates a change from E–W extension to a tectonic regime favoring the activation of NW–SE-oriented structural elements. During the Late Cretaceous–Earliest Cenozoic, diapirism was associated with regional N–S compression and progressed further north and west. The Mesozoic interval was folded with the formation of WNW-trending salt-cored anticlines parallel to inversion structures and to differentially uplifted blocks. Late Cretaceous–Early Cenozoic compression caused partial inversion of older rim synclines and reverse reactivation of some Late Triassic to Jurassic normal faults in the salt cover. Subsequent uplift and erosion affected the pre-Cenozoic layers in the entire basin. In the Cenozoic, a last phase of salt tectonic deformation was associated with regional subsidence of the basin. Diapirism of the maturest pre-Cenozoic salt structures continued with some Cenozoic rim synclines overstepping older structures. The difference between the structural wavelength of the tighter folded Mesozoic interval and the wider Cenozoic structures indicates different tectonic regimes in Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic.We suggest that horizontal strain propagation in the brittle salt cover was accommodated by viscous flow in the decoupling salt layer and thus salt motion passively balanced Late Triassic extension as well as parts of Late Cretaceous–Early Tertiary compression.     

西非被动大陆边缘含油气盐盆地构造背景及油气地质特征分析

西非被动边缘含油气盐盆地包括西非安哥拉—喀麦隆段的加蓬盆地、下刚果盆地、宽扎盆地等。认为这些盐盆地从构造、沉积相、油气分布上都具有垂向上的分段性。盆地演化受控于石炭纪末泛大陆裂解及随后南大西洋的张开。盆地演化划分为前裂谷阶段(J3前)、同裂谷阶段(J3—K1)、过渡阶段(K1)和后裂谷阶段(K2—Q)。由于Tristan热点活动以及热带干旱气候的相互作用,过渡阶段发育厚层阿普特阶盐层,将盆地分为盐上、盐下两套油气系统,控制了油气纵向上的分布。盐盆地以上侏罗统—下白垩统特富湖相Ⅰ型烃源岩、森诺曼阶—赛诺统缺氧环境下形成的Ⅱ型海相烃源岩为主要源岩;大型深水浊积扇体为储层,油气通过同生断层及盐窗等疏导通道运聚至构造圈闭、盐层顺层滑脱引起的拱张圈闭以及一些岩性圈闭中,这些有利的成藏条件相匹配形成了巨大规模油田。     

3D structural model of the Polish Basin

A 3D structural modelling of the Permian–Mesozoic Polish Basin was performed in order to understand its structural and sedimentary evolution, which led to basin maturation (Permian–Cretaceous) and its tectonic inversion (Late Cretaceous–Paleogene). The model is built on the present-day structure of the basin and comprises 13 horizons within the Permian to Quaternary rocks. The analysis is based on 3D depth views and thickness maps. The results image the basin-scale symmetry, the perennial localization of the NW–SE-oriented basin axis, the salt movements due to tectonics and/or burial, and the transverse segmentation of the Polish Basin. From these observations, we deduce that salt structures are correlated to the main faults and tectonic events. From the model analysis, we interpret the stress conditions, the timing, and the geometry of the tectonic inversion of the Polish Basin into a NW–SE-oriented central horst (Mid-Polish Swell) bordered by two lateral troughs. Emphasis is placed on the Zechstein salt, considering its movements during the Mesozoic sedimentation and its decoupling effect during the tectonic inversion. Moreover, we point to the structural control of the Paleozoic basement and the crustal architecture (Teisseyre–Tornquist Zone) on the geometry of the Polish Basin and the Mid-Polish Swell.     

Style and evolution of salt pillows and related structures in the northern part of the Northeast German Basin

The northern part of the Northeast German Basin contains a large number of Late Permian (Zechstein) salt pillows, whereas diapiric structures are almost completely absent. This lack of diapirs facilitated the study of early stages of salt movement in the basin. Salt pillows and related structures were investigated in terms of distribution, geometry and time of initiation of salt flow within the regional geological context. The primary Zechstein thickness in the study area was reconstructed to gain more insight into the relationship between the geometry of the salt layer and the style of the salt-related structures. In this study, no clear spatial relationship between the salt structures and basement faults has been found and the location of the salt structures in this area appears to be highly independent of the underlying structural grain. The overburden is affected by minor faulting. We propose that buckling of the overburden due to regional compression significantly contributed to the initiation of the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous salt structures in the basin. Reverse faulting of the Gardelegen and Haldensleben Faults is related to inversion tectonics and exerted a compression on the basin fill. During the deformation, the Late Permian salt layer acted as an efficient detachment and led to a marked decoupling of the Mesozoic overburden from the underlying pre-Zechstein rocks.     

下刚果盆地盐下构造特征及其对油气成藏的控制作用

摘要：通过对下刚果盆地不同构造部位地震剖面的解释,总结了下刚果盆地盐下构造特征,认为下刚果盆地盐下发育一中央隆起带,该隆起带将下刚果盆地划分为内裂谷带和外裂谷带,大西洋枢纽断裂(带)是中央隆起带和外裂谷带的分界线。内、外裂谷带均发育次级凸起和凹陷,呈“两凸三凹”的构造格局。下刚果盆地盐下隆坳格局控制着烃源岩、储层、盖层的类型和分布范围,控制着油气成藏组合和成藏模式。在上述研究的基础上,指出下刚果盆地盐下油气成藏的主要控制因素为断裂控制的基底构造高部位,下一步勘探方向应以寻找基底构造高垒块为主。     

非洲下刚果盆地钾盐矿床特征、沉积旋回与沉积模式

下刚果盆地位于西非大陆边缘,形成于南美大陆与非洲大陆裂开初期,大西洋打开之时,在早白垩世形成了巨型钾盐矿床。文章在盆地内布谷马西矿区钻孔的岩芯编录的基础上,结合岩相学、地球化学和沉积韵律等研究,探究钾盐矿床沉积特征和盆地内蒸发岩沉积旋回,并总结了矿床沉积模式。下刚果盆地总体较平缓,西南低,北东高,自盆地边缘向中部,沉积厚度逐渐增大,钾盐矿床赋存于下白垩统Aptian阶蒸发岩系中。蒸发岩系主要由石盐岩与光卤石岩互层构成,局部夹(含水氯镁石)溢晶石岩、石膏岩和黑色碳质页岩夹层。矿床由多层水平_近水平层状矿体组成,单层矿体厚度几米至几十米,矿层比较稳定,延续范围广,主要矿层——光卤石层累计厚度超过100 m。主要矿石类型为光卤石型,仅局部为钾石盐型。矿石品位高,KCl平均品位为16.49%。成盐盆地在早白垩世只有一个成盐期,含盐系即为Ⅰ级韵律;根据沉积特征,又可划分为8个Ⅱ级盐韵律和若干个Ⅲ级盐韵律。整个成盐期总体沉积环境较稳定,未出现蒸发岩序列中断,但受地面的沉降变化和海水周期性灌入的影响,出现了石盐与光卤石的韵律互层沉积。下刚果盆地内蒸发岩沉积序列与正常的海相蒸发岩不同,底部缺乏碳酸盐和硫酸盐地层,指示其成钾物质来源于经过一定程度蒸发浓缩的古海水。在上述研究的基础上,结合成盐期盆地岩相古地理与构造条件,总结出下刚果盆地裂谷型钾盐矿床沉积模式。     

同构造沉积速率对先存被动盐底辟挤压变形的影响:库车坳陷西秋里塔格构造带盐构造分析及物理模拟

文中构建了两组构造物理实验,对存在先存被动盐底辟构造的含盐盆地的厚皮挤压构造演化特征进行模拟,研究揭 示了库车坳陷西段秋里塔格构造带新生代盐相关构造演化过程。实验结果表明,同构造沉积速率对库车坳陷西段秋里塔格 构造带博孜-却勒区域（西段） 和秋里塔格-克拉苏区域（东段） 盐相关构造横向分段差异变形具有重要的控制影响作 用。在挤压过程中,博孜-却勒区域慢速同构造沉积使得先存被动盐底辟北翼（拜城凹陷南翼） 向南逆冲到底辟南翼之 上,并促使却勒盐推覆体和米斯坎塔克盐背斜形成;而秋里塔格-克拉苏区域快速同构造沉积使得先存被动盐底辟北翼快 速下沉,而其南翼在挤压应力作用下向北逆冲到底辟北翼（拜城凹陷南翼） 之上,形成南秋里塔格盐背斜。