基于双曲线模型的采空区路基变形监测预警系统的建立

通过采空区域高速公路路基地表沉降变形的现场监测,建立了路基沉降变化观测值数据库,基于实测数据,建立了地表沉降变形预测模型,研发了路基沉降变形监测预警系统,并进行了公路路基工后沉降变形的预测分析,最终生成沉降预警报告。     

青藏铁路路基下融化夹层特征及其对路基沉降变形的影响

基于青藏铁路多年冻土区路基地温与变形现场监测资料, 研究了青藏铁路路基下融化夹层特征及其对路基沉降变形的影响. 结果表明:在已有监测场地中, 青藏铁路沿线天然场地融化夹层发育较少, 而路基下融化夹层发育较多. 低温冻土区路基下融化夹层能够逐渐完全回冻使其消失, 高温冻土区大部分路基下融化夹层有进一步发展的趋势. 当融化夹层下部为高含冰量冻土时, 融化夹层与路基沉降变形关系密切, 路基易产生较大的沉降变形; 当融化夹层下部为低含冰量冻土时, 路基沉降变形较小.     

青藏铁路冻土路基变形监测与分析

基于现场监测资料,对作为青藏铁路中的主要保护冻土的几种路基形式（如：通风管路基、块石路基、块石护坡路基、保温材料路基和普通素土路基）进行了变形和温度分析,发现所有路基的变形均以沉降变形为主,且其变形与其下伏冻土的地温场变化密切相关。经过2～3个冻融周期后,通风管路基、块石路基、块石护坡路基和保温材料路基的变形已趋于稳定,而无任何措施的普通路基目前变形仍未稳定。另外,各种路基左右路肩均存在变形差。基于以上分析可得到一个启示：在高温、高含冰量冻土地区,由于路基下多年冻土温度升高产生的高温冻土压缩变形而引起的路基沉降变形具有相当大的量级,很有可能成为冻土路基发生破坏的一个重要原因,工程实践中应给予足够的重视。     

基于载荷试验的青藏铁路试验路堤沉降监测设备可靠性验证

青藏铁路成败的关键在路基工程,而路基工程的关键是冻土问题.为研究填土分选重组试验路堤的承载力状况以及冻土沉降钻孔监测设备的性能和监测结果的可靠性,进行了基于平板载荷试验的冻土沉降监测设备可靠性验证,估算试验路堤的承载力.试验结果表明,将试验路堤土体视为各向同性弹性连续介质模型是合理的;冻土变形监测设备测试结果与利用土介质的各向同性弹性连续介质模型的计算结果相吻合,显示出冻土钻孔变形监测设备具有较高的可靠性.     

深上限-退化型多年冻土路基变形特征分析

为了研究深上限-退化型多年冻土路基变形特点,基于青藏公路多年冻土路基地温和沉降现场监测资料,通过分析西大滩、唐古拉山北坡以及唐古拉山南坡路段的土质、冻土含冰量、冻土地温以及路基沉降变形数据,对冻土上限变化过程与路基沉降特点进行了研究,同时对沱沱河和清水河地区冻土路基分层沉降观测结果进行了分析。结果表明,土质和含冰量对退化型冻土路基的沉降变形影响较大,深冻土层的融化对路基沉降变形影响较小,退化型冻土路基的沉降变形主要发生在退化后的冻土层中,退化冻土层在冻融循环过程中,需要较长时间才能完成固结。对于冻土含冰量为少冰、多冰的稳定路段,退化冻土路基年平均沉降速度约为3.9～5.6 mm/a,路基沉降量极小;对于含冰量较高且土质以粉黏性颗粒为主的不稳定路段,路基沉降速度具有持续性和无减缓性的特点,路基年平均沉降量达到0.03 m/a,路基变形表现为整体均匀沉降,横向差异沉降量较小。     

青藏铁路路基加宽的变形特征研究

通过青藏铁路清水河冻土站场路基试验段冻土路堤、地基的沉降变形、水平位移、地温及路堤温度等进行较全面的试验和监测,分析了路基加宽对冻土路基温度场及变形产生的影响。     

高速拓宽软土路基差异沉降数值计算及监测分析

路基差异沉降控制是软土地区高速拓宽工程中的关键性技术问题之一,本文以北方某高速拓宽工程的试验段为例,运用ABAQUS软件进行了拓宽软土路基变形的有限元数值计算,并与路基现场变形监测数据进行对比分析,数值计算与实测结果基本吻合,结论一致地反映了路堤填筑初始阶段新路基的沉降速率较大,旧路基在填筑后期才产生较明显的附加沉降变形; 路基变形在拓宽侧呈现明显的"沉降盆"效应,新、旧路基的差异沉降是造成路基路面纵裂的主要因素; 桩端地基土呈现出较明显的侧向挤压效应,则表明采用带帽PTC桩复合地基中用于减沉时,桩端应置于具有较高承载力的有效持力层上。     

青藏铁路含融化夹层路基热力响应监测分析

基于青藏铁路沿线P32和P33监测断面连续10年的含融化夹层路基的地温和变形场地实测数据,分析了该两处监测断面左路肩下多年冻土人为上限、季节冻结最大深度、融化夹层厚度及多年冻土人为上限附近地温的年变化过程;同时分析了P32和P33监测断面左右路肩的总沉降年变化过程、P32监测断面左路肩地温场对变形的影响及P33监测断面左右路肩地温场差异对左右路肩差异沉降的影响。结果表明:P32和P33监测断面左路肩下多年冻土人为上限逐年下降、季节冻结最大深度基本不变、融化夹层厚度逐年增厚及多年冻土人为上限附近地温逐年升高;观测期内,P32和P33监测断面左右路肩变形均以沉降为主,且P32监测断面左右路肩的总沉降变形量均小于P33监测断面;其中P32监测断面左路肩暖季沉降变形明显,冷季发生轻微的冻胀变形,且发生沉降和冻胀的时间略滞后于路基下部温度场的变化;P33监测断面左右路肩地温场的差异导致左右路肩存在差异沉降,且其差异沉降值随时间逐年变大。     

高速公路扩建工程软基拓宽的沉降监测与分析

高速公路拓宽建设中新老路基特别是软土路基的固结沉降与力学性质的差异将引起严重的路面开裂,因而控制其差异沉降、防止拼接处路面开裂成为扩建工程软基处理中的技术关键。针对采用薄壁管桩和粉喷桩处理的软基路段,选取具有典型地质条件及较高填方的断面,通过埋设地面沉降板,对拓宽路基及新老路堤结合部进行了为期9个月的沉降动态监测。监测结果表明,拓宽路基的累计沉降及差异沉降均很小,后期沉降速率小于控制标准,为新老路基差异沉降的评价提供了依据;薄壁管桩用于处理埋深大、层厚大的拓宽软基及粉喷桩用于处理埋深浅、层厚较小的拓宽软基具有各自的适用性,拓宽后的新老路基已形成整体性强的复合地基,达到了路基拓宽的理想效果。     

真空堆载预压法控制高速公路软土地基沉降的现场监测试验分析

真空堆载预压法具有真空预压和堆载预压双重加固效果,真空预压产生的侧向收缩变形与堆载产生的侧向挤出变形相抵消,保证了上部路堤的稳定性,加速地基土的固结,提高了施工速度.依托高速公路软基处理实体工程,设置四个现场监测试验段,对完整有效的观测断面的沉降进行了全程监测.分析结果表明,真空堆载预压法加固的路基沉降量主要发生在初期和中期,沉降速率在监测初期较大、中期时达到最大值,后期的沉降量和沉降速率减小,最后阶段最大沉降速率为0.09 cm/d,小于堆载预压规定的允许值1cm/d的要求,表明真空堆载预压法加固效果显著.     

Revisiting the effect of foundation embedment on elastic settlement: A new approach

The effect of foundation embedment on settlement calculation is a widely researched topic in which there is no scientific consensus regarding the magnitude of settlement reduction. In this paper, a non-linear three dimensional Finite Element analysis has been performed with the aim of evaluating the aforementioned effect. For this purpose, 1800 models were run considering different variables, such as the depth and dimensions of the foundation and the Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio of the soil. The settlements from models with foundations at surface level and at depth were then compared and the relationship between them established. The statistical analysis of this data allowed two new expressions, with a mean maximum error of 1.80%, for the embedment influence factor of a foundation to be proposed and these to be compared with commonly used corrections. The proposed equations were validated by comparing the settlements calculated with the proposed influence factors and the true settlements measured in several real foundations. From the comprehensive study of all modelled cases, an improved approach, when compared to those proposed by other authors, for the calculation of the true elastic settlements of an embedded foundation is proposed.     

路堤下现浇薄壁管桩复合地基工作特性分析

现浇薄壁管桩和土工格栅加筋碎石垫层所组成的复合地基加固软弱路基具有经济合理，施工时间短，承载力高，沉降减小明显等优点。采用非线性有限元对路堤荷载作用下的现浇薄壁管桩复合地基的工作特性进行了分析，结果表明：在路堤荷载作用下，路堤填土材料中的拱效应、土工格栅的拉膜效应或加筋垫层的刚性垫层效应、桩土间刚度差异引起的应力集中效应保证了大部分荷载由桩承担，有效地减小了总沉降和不均匀沉降。同时对荷载传递机理的影响因素做了分析.     

改扩建软土路基的变形分析与控制对策

针对典型公路的改扩建工程,通过现场原位试验对比研究了新老路基地基土体的差异性,老路基土体力学性质整体好于新路基,但这种差异主要表现在浅部一定深度范围内,且随老路堤高度增加而增大,超过这一深度范围后,新老路基土体力学性质差异不大。借助数值预测方法,分析了拓宽路基在运营期的沉降变形和可能引起的路面病害。结果表明:未经处理的软土地基会引起路基较大的工后变形,同时带动老路基产生固结沉降,影响新修路基的稳定性;而新老路基土刚度差异较大时,易导致新老路基产生过大的差异沉降。防治工程病害的关键在于提高路基的整体强度和稳定性以及新老路基的变形协调控制。     

强夯地基效应及加固机制浅析

强夯地基效应,是指经强夯处理使地基土的结构形式,强度和变形大小,及其作用过程发生的改变。通过对强夯过程中一系列的现象分析,揭示强夯地基效应的形成机制,对强夯地基效应的三个方面及其之间的联系进行分析,其结论对于强夯处理设计和加固机制的认识有较大意义。     

昆明新机场高填方地基沉降的二维数值模拟

昆明新机场地处岩溶发育地区,工程地质条件复杂,地基沉降问题突出.结合工程地质勘察资料,分析机场T1区地基沉降问题.结合实际地质模型建立该区跑道计算模型,分析该区跑道填方地基的沉降规律.实际监测数据表明,根据数值模拟结果进行的施工达到很好的效果.     

高速公路拓宽工程地基处理效果的数值分析

以既建高速公路地质资料为背景,通过通用的有限元程序,对高速公路拓宽工程中新、老路基采用不同处理方法的效果进行了数值模拟。结果表明：新路堤的堆载会引起老路基一定程度上的瞬时变形,新路基采用复合地基法处理能较好地解决不均匀沉降问题,且新路基施工前老路基的固结度对复合地基法的处理效果影响较小。     

保国寺旅游公路软土地基最终沉降量估算

利用软土地基的沉降计算方法,对保国寺旅游公路软土地基沉降进行计算分析。 对比该公路软土地基沉降观测成果,应用最小二乘法准则计算公路软土地基土性参数;根据所介绍的软土地基的沉降计算方法计算出该公路9个典型断面软土地基的工后沉降。     

Piled Raft Design Strategies for High Rise Buildings

Piled rafts have been widely adopted as an effective foundation for designing high-rise buildings because of their efficiency in controlling the total and differential settlements and improving bearing capacity. In many cases the piled rafts settlements are likely to be large, which leads to an increase of the pile length and/or number of piles required to reduce the settlements. However, this increase does not satisfy the design requirements or an economical design. The majority of piled raft foundations has been designed with a uniform pile length and configuration. This paper describes the process of optimizing the design of a piled raft foundation for a high rise building in the Mazandaran province in Iran by considering an economical design methodology in which piles are placed more densely beneath the maximum load positions when the piled raft is subjected to non-uniform loads. By using the ELPLA software in the analysis process, the validity of the software is examined through the results of a report prepared on behalf of Technical Committee TC18 on piled foundations. The study shows that the pile arrangement method can help to considerably reduce the total and differential settlements with similar total pile length as well as the induced bending moments and shear forces of the raft. This study can help practicing engineers to choose pile and raft parameters with the pile arrangement method to produce an economical design.     

软土地基桥台位移病害分析及防治措施

软土地基桥台存在三方面的主要隐患:桥头与路堤具有较大的沉降差;桥台倾斜或桥台底部出现垂直裂缝;桥台向河心移动。软土层地质结构及物理地学性质、桥台形式、勘探与施工质量是影响桥台位移的主要原因。淮安市高等级公路建设的桥梁建设实践表明,应从设计施工、养护方面采取综合防治措施,使损失减到最低限度。     

Some specific problems of wetted loessial soils in civil engineering

Bally, R.J., 1988. Some specific problems of wetted loessial soils in civil engineering. Eng. Geol., 25: 303–324.

Loessial soils, wetted above the limit of collapsibility, remain in the category of difficult foundation grounds. Some case histories are presented herein: surpassing soil bearing capacity and non-stabilized settlements of buildings after initially dry loess wetting; slow but nondamped settlements or damped but great and, eventually, non-uniform settlements of structures erected on wet loess; supplementary settlements by water level lowering in loessial ground; great settlements of deep foundations passing through the collapsible loess to the underlaying wet but noncollapsible loess. Research on wetted loess performed in the laboratory (oedometer, triaxial) or in situ (full-scale experiments or real constructions) have emphasized the dependence of the soil structural resistance, deformability (compressibility and deformation under constant volume) and final resistance on both the moisture content or stress-state and on their history; the depth propagation of the active zone of surface loadings on wetted loess is different from that of the linear elastic theory; some suggestions to estimate the depth of the active zone are presented. The usual foundation systems on wetted loessial grounds, or in their vicinity, adopted in Romania include: loessial or gravel cushions; surface compaction (very efficient results of intensive dynamic compaction); foundation “stamping” or loessial ground “reinforcing”. It is recommendable to take into consideration: surveyed wetting under construction until maximum moisture content of the loessial ground; in situ columns of stabilized loess; the efficiency of geotextiles for filter-drainage and antierosional functions in loessial soils.