碱性环境对油松花粉保存影响实验研究

孢粉是恢复古植被、古气候的重要代用指标。然而,即使是同一时代的地层,不同地点、不同岩性提取出的花粉量差异很大,造成这些差异的原因很多,其中花粉在不同沉积环境中的保存差异是重要原因之一。本研究是在实验室内模拟自然条件下碱性环境对油松花粉(Pinus tabulaeform is)的破坏情况:煮水5小时,泡10%NaOH溶液10天,煮10%NaOH溶液5小时对油松花粉破坏都很小;煮20%和30%NaOH溶液1小时对油松花粉影响也不明显;煮40%NaOH溶液1小时,油松花粉壁出现蚀变,加热时间增至5小时,蚀变现象进一步加深。表明油松花粉具有很强的耐碱,耐高温能力。更强碱或更长时间情况下花粉蚀变情况,有待进一步研究。     

电位落差法测定砂岩型铀矿氧化还原电位初探

岩石的电位差(ΔEh)控制着变价元素的地球化学行为,对揭示矿床形成机理及普查找矿具有重要意义。本文以重铬酸钾作为氧化剂,采用电位落差法测定砂岩型铀矿的氧化还原电位,系统研究了平衡电位时间、氧化剂浓度及酸度、岩矿样品与氧化剂溶液的固液比及样品浸泡时间对砂岩型铀矿Eh值测定的影响。结果表明:2 g砂岩型铀矿样品在50 mL 0.10 mol/L的1/6重铬酸钾溶液(介质为10%硫酸)浸泡2 h,氧化还原电位仪的电极在溶液中平衡20min后,Eh测定效果最佳。按照实验最优条件测定三个砂岩型铀矿样品的ΔEh,判断矿物氧化还原环境,与氧化系数法相吻合。     

氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定地球化学样品中痕量铋

样品经王水溶解后,加入KMnO4溶液氧化,草酸除去过量KMnO4后的体系,直接用氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法测定地质样品中痕量Bi。方法使Au、Pd、As、Sb、Se、Te等元素的允许量大为提高,减少了不同测定体系中共存元素对Bi测定的干扰。方法的检出限(6s)为0.042μg/g,精密度(RSD,n=12)为1.88%~5.57%。经国家一级地质标准物质验证,测定值与标准值吻合。     

表生水条件下毒砂溶解作用动力学实验研究

毒砂氧化溶解和释放的砷将对周围水体造成污染.本文用混合流流动反应器研究了毒砂在温度为15、25、35和45℃的FeCl3酸性地表水作用下的氧化溶解过程.结果显示在温度为15～35℃内,毒砂的氧化随FeCl3溶液浓度增加和反应温度升高而加速,而45℃时毒砂的反应速率反而降低;毒砂在与氧化剂FeCl3酸性溶液(浓度小于1×10-4 mol·     

黄河兰州段河水搬运花粉与累积花粉组合特征初步研究*

对从2011年9月至2012年6月在黄河兰州段采集的24个水样进行了孢粉分析,并探讨了河流搬运花粉组合随时间变化的特征以及累积花粉的组合状况。结果表明,河流中花粉组合和花粉浓度随时间具有明显的变化,春夏时段花粉组合以榆属、杨属、柳属和桦属等乔木花粉为主,秋冬时段以蒿属、藜科等草本花粉为主,且花粉浓度和河流含沙量有较好的正相关关系。根据河水流量与花粉浓度积分计算得出样品采集时段的累积花粉通量,其组合特征与各时间点的花粉组合具有明显的差异,表明单个时间节点花粉组合由于影响因素较多不能够反映流域植被状况,而累积花粉组合可以指示泥沙和花粉源区的植被状况。本研究中黄河兰州段河水搬运花粉可能指示黄河兰州段以上至刘家峡水库之间黄土区的植被情况。     

PM2.5降尘对A549细胞线粒体氧化损伤的影响

将不同浓度PM_(2.5)降尘作用于A549细胞后,利用MTT法检测其存活率,W-G染色观察细胞形态,荧光探针法检测细胞ROS和MMP相对水平,以探讨PM_(2.5)降尘对A549细胞线粒体氧化损伤的影响及作用机制。结果显示,经12. 5μg/m L的PM_(2.5)降尘作用A549细胞3 h后,细胞存活率为(81. 77±6. 15)%,并随作用浓度及时间增加呈递减趋势。PM_(2.5)染毒后可观察到细胞形态不规则,胞膜溶解破坏,细胞微核出现。PM_(2.5)降尘作用于细胞24 h后,胞内ROS相对含量随暴露浓度增加呈递增趋势,细胞MMP相对水平随染毒浓度增加而降低,且胞内ROS和MMP两者间存在显著相关关系(R2=0. 878)。提示PM_(2.5)降尘处理A549细胞后可通过刺激ROS的产生,诱导细胞MMP下降,造成细胞线粒体氧化损伤。     

表生条件下红铊矿氧化溶解动力学初步研究

红铊矿是一种含有有毒元素铊和砷的矿物,在氧化和酸性的介质中很容易被氧化和分解,对环境造成污染.本文的目的是研究红铊矿在表生条件下的氧化溶解速率及其影响因素,为铊的环境污染治理提供理论依据.根据一系列溶解实验,获得如下主要结论:①红铊矿的溶解受温度、氧化剂浓度及氧化剂中阴离子种类的影响.随着温度的升高,红铊矿的溶解速率逐渐增高;随着氧化剂浓度的升高,红铊矿的溶解速率逐渐降低;对氧化剂中Cl-和SO2-4离子的比较表明,Cl-离子存在更有利于红铊矿的溶解.②高铁浓度(10-3 mol/L)下,红铊矿的溶解速率降低,归因于红铊矿表面形成了一层纳米级的铁硫化合物的膜,阻止了红铊矿进一步溶解.③红铊矿每平方米暴露面积24 h溶解出来的铊总量接近0.01 mg,表明酸性矿水条件下红铊矿的溶解是贵州省兴仁县滥木厂地区铊污染的重要来源.     

紫红色松散土体在不同饱水环境中的化学反应特征试验研究

以特殊的紫红色土为研究对象,采取三峡地区黄腊石滑坡临江松散土进行室内饱水试验,根据能量最低原则建立热力学反应模型,通过线性规划求解,分析不同饱水环境下随时间积累过程中紫红色松散土矿物反应特征及规律。研究表明:松散土在不同溶液浸泡条件下化学反应类型不同,江水和弱碱性溶液中主要发生白云石矿物的溶解,自来水、纯水和弱酸性溶液中主要发生方解石矿物的溶解和Ca2+与K+的交换吸附。另外,不同浸泡环境中不同时间的水-土化学作用活跃程度明显差异,弱酸性溶液与松散土的化学反应在饱水1~7 d最为强烈,其他四种溶液与松散土的化学反应在饱水7~16 d最为强烈。饱水后期,不同溶液浸泡条件下的水-土化学作用都减弱并最终趋向于平衡。     

水泥土在侵蚀环境中的试验研究和等效分析

拱北隧道是港珠澳大桥连接线的重要组成部分,隧道基底采用水泥土加固体处理。在加固体所处的环境中,由于地下承压水与海水相连,海水中所含的侵蚀性离子易对加固体产生一定的影响。通过室内试验和理论推导,研究侵蚀环境下水泥土的力学性能和耐久性。自制水泥土试块并模拟侵蚀环境,水泥土试块在侵蚀环境中浸泡时间分别为90、180、270 d,对浸泡后的水泥土试块进行无侧限抗压试验。试验结果表明：在侵蚀环境的影响下,水泥土试块强度的最大值出现在90～ 270 d之间。浸泡时间超过90 d,氯化镁和氯化钠的混合溶液（MCN）使水泥土试块的抗压强度表现出明显的衰减响应。在低浓度（1.5 g/L和4.5 g/L）条件下,MSN中的硫酸镁与水泥土中的3CaO•2SiO2•3H2O充分反应,使水泥土的抗压强度达到最高值,同比情况下对水泥土的抗压强度损伤最小。在相同的浓度下,氯化镁对水泥土试块的抗压强度影响比硫酸镁大。从化学动力学基本原理出发,基于硫酸镁与水泥水化产物的化学反应过程,推导得出侵蚀性溶液浓度与侵蚀时间之间的关系式(C1/C2)β=t2/t1,即当水泥土被侵蚀后达到同等抗压强度时,侵蚀性物质浓度的反应级数次方与侵蚀时间成反比。根据公式,可以通过较高浓度的侵蚀性溶液对水泥土试样浸泡较短时间条件下的强度试验结果,预测分析较低浓度的侵蚀性溶液对水泥土试样浸泡较长时间条件下的水泥土强度。最后结合试验数据对理论结果进行了验证。     

NaCl侵蚀环境下水泥固化铬污染土的强度及淋滤特性EI北大核心CSCD

日益严重的环境污染问题导致土壤中的重金属离子越来越多,这不仅使得土的工程性质受到影响,而且有害重金属离子的渗出也会威胁人类的健康。目前常采用水泥固化技术（S/S法）来处理重金属污染土。但当地下水中富含侵蚀性盐离子时,固化后的重金属污染土会受到影响,进而改变其强度及重金属离子的滤出特性。通过系统的室内试验,对水泥固化铬污染土在NaCl溶液浸泡后的强度特性及重金属离子的滤出特性进行了研究。试验结果表明,水泥固化铬污染土的无侧限抗压强度随NaCl溶液浓度的增加而减小,而随浸泡时间的增加呈先减小后增大的趋势,浸泡7d时最小。毒性特征沥滤试验（TCLP）结果显示,浸出液中Cr3＋浓度随NaCl浓度增加而增大,随浸泡时间增加而减小;而浸出液的pH值随NaCl浓度增加而减小,随着浸泡时间的增加呈先减小后增大的趋势,浸泡7d时最小;浸出液的pH值在4.0～5.5范围内时,Cr3＋滤出量随pH值增大而减小。     

A laboratorial study on influence of alkaline and oxidative environment on preservation of Pinus tabulaeformis pollen

Different sedimentary settings can influence preservation of pollens, which would lead to misinterpretation of fossil pollen spectrum. This study investigates the influence on the preservation of Pinus tabulaeformis pollen by simulating alkaline and oxidative environment in the laboratory. There was no obvious change in the content of Pinus tabulaeformis pollen while comparing the original with the ones that were immersed with 10% NaOH liquor for ten days, or boiled for five hours, and or boiled with 20%–30% NaOH for one hour, respectively. However, the pollen fossils were obviously corroded and eroded after being boiled with 40% NaOH for one hour and were seriously corroded after five hours. The result indicates that Pinus tabulaeformis pollen is quite durable in alkaline environment and heating condition within a shorter period of time, although alkaline environment has a disadvantage for its preservation. We also tested the influence of oxidation on Pinus tabulaeformis pollen preservation with KMnO₄ as oxidant. The result presents that the number of remaining Pinus tabulaeformis pollen grains decreased quickly after being dipped in KMnO₄ along with extending the reaction time and reinforcing oxidant. The rate of remnant pollen grains was less than 1% after being dipped with 2% KMnO₄ for one hour. It is suggested that oxidative environment has stronger influence on Pinus tabulaeformis pollen preservation than alkaline environment.     

Assessing the use of mangrove pollen as a quantitative sea-level indicator on Mahé, Seychelles

We investigated the potential of mangrove pollen from Mahé, Seychelles, to improve existing metre-scale Late Holocene sediment-based sea-level reconstructions. Mangrove species at two mangrove sites are broadly zoned according to elevation within the tidal frame. Modern pollen rain from traps deployed for 1 year generally have a poor relationship with modern vegetation, and relatively low pollen production rates. Pollen from mangrove species that live in narrow elevation zones (e.g. Avicennia marina) are poorly represented in modern pollen rain, while pollen from mangrove species that live across a larger elevational range (e.g. Rhizophora mucronata) are relatively well represented. Pollen was found in extremely low concentrations in mangrove surface and core sediments, which inhibited further study into pollen transport and preservation. The results from this modern study demonstrate that utilizing mangrove pollen would not decrease existing metre-scale vertical uncertainties in Late Holocene sea-level reconstructions in the Seychelles. We suggest that this approach may still be successful in other locations if mangrove vegetation is (i) zoned at a more extensive lateral scale and (ii) is closely associated with modern pollen rain and surface sediments, and (iii) sedimentological conditions promote the preservation of pollen in fossil sequences.     

新疆博斯腾湖表层沉积物的孢粉分析

通过对新疆博斯腾湖的表层沉积物孢粉的分析, 探讨了干旱区大型湖泊中表层沉积物孢粉与周围植被的关系以及孢粉在湖泊中的分布和传播规律. 研究发现, 博斯腾湖表层沉积物中孢粉主要是来源于周围荒漠植被中的藜科、蒿属、麻黄等植物以及湖泊四周浅水地带生长的香蒲等水生植物. 藜科、蒿属、麻黄等花粉的传播过程主要受大风作用的影响, 而且百分比含量在整个湖盆中的分布比较稳定, A/C值能够反映区域目前的干旱状况; 香蒲等水生植物花粉的百分比含量主要受其母体植物分布的影响. 云杉花粉在河口区域的相对高百分比含量表明其河流传播特征; 云杉花粉在湖泊中的低百分比含量与整个流域的植被及其分布状况以及区域的气候条件有关; 云杉花粉具有超代表性. 近河口湖泊表层样品孢粉组合受河流和近岸植被的影响较大, 但距离超过2 km以后湖泊沉积花粉百分比含量较为稳定. 孢粉的质量浓度分布显示, 孢粉在湖盆中的分布有比较强的趋中性. 博斯腾湖中部沉积物孢粉序列能够很好记录区域的植被变化历史和环境演化特征.     

川北若尔盖高原表土孢粉的特征及其与现代植被的关系

通过对若尔盖高原不同植被带34个表土样的孢粉分析,研究了各植被带的表土孢粉组合与现代植被的关系。结果显示：表土孢粉组合基本上能够反映出现代植被的整体特征,与现代植被带在空间分布、建群种和优势种属方面基本相同,但不完全等于植被组成,影响其差异的原因可能是人类活动、孢粉保存、孢粉产量、外来孢粉和孢粉鉴定。表土花粉的代表性因种属的不同而各有差异。乔木花粉中,松属具有超代表性,云杉属代表性较好,而桦木属不具有超代表性;草本花粉中,菊科具较好的代表性,蒿属和藜科等具代表性,而禾本科和莎草科具低代表性;蕨类孢子具等代表性。     

冻胀作用对孢粉聚集速率测定的影响

孢粉聚集速率是描述孢粉产量的一个定量指标。多年冻土区孢粉聚集速率的确定受到冻胀作用的强烈影响。主要体现在两个方面:首先,野外测得的沉积物厚度是冻胀后的数值,显然偏大,因而影响到沉积物沉积速率的计算。其次,样品中分凝冰透镜体的存在,影响到孢粉样品体积的测定。由于孢粉聚集速率是一个包含沉积物沉积速率及孢粉样品体积的多变量函数,因而冻胀作用对孢粉聚集速率的测定产生显著影响。加拿大育空西南部一条冻土钻孔剖面的孢粉资料表明,冰分凝引起的冻胀作用是导致孢粉聚集速率误差的主要因素。     

Advance in Pollen Source Area

The conception of pollen source area has attracted broadly attention since it was proposed in the 1960s. In this paper,it can be subdivided into Normal Source Area of Pollen (NSAP) and Relevant Source Area of Pollen (RSAP) based on reviewing former studies and our recent work of vegetation survey and pollen analysis in the Northern China. The NSAP means a source area of pollen input a sedimentary basin,indicating a distance area beyond where the pollen contents of major pollen types do not show evident increase with increased distance. The RSAP means a source area of pollen assemblages in a basin has the closest relationship with surrounding plants,indicating a distance area beyond where the relationship between pollen assemblage and surrounding vegetation do not show obvious increase with increased distance. The changes of sedimentary basins radii and pollen grain size influence the NSAP and RSAP evidently. Wind speed also changes the NSAP, but does not significantly affect RSAP. The pollen of a sedimentary basin is composed of local pollen,regional pollen and extra regional pollen,which usually account for 30%~45%,25%~60% and 10%~30%,respectively. Local pollen which refers to the pollen coming within the RSAP range,is a reflection of the surrounding vegetation,and has important implications to the reconstruction and succession of local vegetation. Regional pollen which refers to the pollen coming from within the range of NSAP and excluding the range of local pollen,is the important carrier of studies for vegetation restoration and climate change. The pollen that comes outside the range of NSAP is called Extra regional pollen,which is mainly from greater distance by upper air flow,and has no indicator significance to the regional vegetation.     

Late Holocene vegetational history,human impact and pollen representativity variations in northern Cumbria,England

The comparison of pollen diagrams and their inferred vegetational histories are an important component of palaeoecological research. Radiocarbon-dated pollen profiles from three cores taken from two adjacent mires located in northern Cumbria, Bolton Fell Moss and Walton Moss, have been used to reconstruct the Late Holocene vegetation history between the Bronze Age and the present day. The profiles have been interpreted in the light of available archaeological and historical records and, although the pollen records are broadly similar, there are some notable differences between them, particularly during Iron Age and medieval times. Dissimilarities between the diagrams are explored numerically, and the statistical and palynological results are discussed in relation to pollen representativity. The results suggest that it may be advantageous to construct more than one pollen diagram from a mire, or even adjacent mires, as extra-local pollen may be a more important part of the pollen rain than previously envisaged. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Absolute pollen productivity and pollen–vegetation relationships in northern Finland

Pollen productivity is one of the most critical parameters for pollen–vegetation relationships, and thus for vegetation reconstruction, in either pollen percentages or pollen accumulation rates. We obtain absolute pollen productivity of three major tree types in northern Finland: pine (Pinus sylvestris), spruce (Picea abies) and birch (Betula pubescens ssp. pubescens and B. pubescens ssp. czerepanovii treated as one taxon). Long‐term monitoring records of pollen traps from 15 sites (duration: 5–23 years) and tree volume estimates within a 14 km radius of each trap were compared to estimate pollen productivity (grains m^?3 a^?1) of these trees using a regression method. The slope of the linear relationship between pollen loading and distance‐weighted plant abundance represents pollen productivity. Estimated productivities of pollen (×10⁸ grains m^?3 a^?1) for pine, spruce and birch are 128.7 (SE 31.5), 341.9 (SE 81.3) and 411.4 (SE 307.7), respectively. The birch estimate (P > 0.05) is not as good as the others and should be used with caution. Pollen productivities of pine, spruce and birch in northern Finland are, in general, comparable to those of congeneric species in other regions of Europe and Japan. Although the year‐to‐year variations are significant, our volume‐based estimates of pollen productivity for pine and spruce will be essential for quantitative reconstruction of vegetation in the region. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.