灼烧处理对纤蛇纹石反应活性的影响

    使用可循环的NH4Cl 溶液作为中间媒介获取Mg2+用于CO2 矿物封存是一种新兴工艺,但是纤蛇纹石在NH4Cl 溶液中较 低的Mg2+浸出率却是这项工艺发展的瓶颈。针对这一问题,本文采用灼烧处理对纤蛇纹石进行改性。结果表明, 灼烧处理 可以有效改变纤蛇纹石中Mg2+反应活性。在600℃灼烧后,所得产物与NH4Cl 反应的转化率达到55.64%,比灼烧前提高了 约43%。600℃灼烧处理脱除了纤蛇纹石外羟基,增大了矿物的反应表面积和具反应活性的Mg2+的量,促进了其与NH4Cl 的 反应 ;脱除内羟基后,具反应活性Mg2+减少,与NH4Cl 反应的转化率降低。     

基于二氧化碳封存的水镁石反应动力学研究

缓慢的矿物溶解速率以及溶解介质难以回收一直是影响CO>.2>矿物封存发展的两个难点.本文提出了一种新的以可循环的氯化铵溶液作为中间媒介的CO<,2>矿物封存工艺.在此基础上,选取水镁石作为富镁硅酸盐矿物的代表,系统地研究了水镁石在氯化铵溶液中的流一固两相的反应动力学.结果表明该溶解反应符合Avrami经验模型.反应速率...     

含铜土壤中铜的物相分析

文章探讨了含铜土壤中铜的赋存状态，并对土壤中铜的物相分析方法进行了研究。结果表明：用乙二胺浓度为0．05mol/L(pH=10)的溶液浸取自由氧化铅，用含有Na2SO3和NH4HF2的H2SO4（0．9mol/L)溶液浸取结合氧化铜，且含有硫脲（200g/L)的HCI（1．0mol/L）溶液浸取次生硫化铜能获得满意的结果。在最佳浸取条件下对含铜土壤中的铜进行物相分析和基准矿物回收试验，结果满意。     

CO2矿化封存条件下玄武岩溶解反应速率模型

实施CO2补集与地质封存是目前降低大气中CO2含量、减轻温室效应的有效途径。在所能利用的封存方式中,CO2矿化封存最为安全、稳定。在能实施矿化封存的岩石介质中,玄武岩封存潜力巨大,且岩石溶解反应过程是矿化沉淀过程的基础;因此,研究玄武岩溶解反应速率十分必要。在构成玄武岩的单一矿物与缓冲溶剂的反应速率模型的基础上,提出不同温度下玄武岩样品在超临界CO2水溶液中的溶解速率模型,并通过室内实验,利用采自山东省临朐县的玄武岩岩心样品,在45~100 ℃、10 MPa条件下,与超临界CO2－纯水反应,并运用最小二乘法确定模型中相关参数。同时利用57 ℃、72 ℃、92 ℃ 3个温度下的模型计算值与实验值对模型进行验证,结果证明了模型的准确性和可靠性,研究结果可直接应用于CO2地质封存条件下玄武岩溶解速率的计算。     

铝土矿中镓的浸取工艺研究

采用盐酸溶液介质，研究了从铝土矿石中浸取镓的工艺条件。实验结果表明：铝土矿石碎样在温度为500℃时恒温煅烧3h，然后用6mol/L的盐酸浸取12h，取的固液比为1：2．5的条件下，镓的取率可达94％以上。     

钾长石—CO_2相互作用水热实验研究

利用高压釜在不同温度下(100℃、125℃、150℃和175℃)开展了CO2-钾长石水热实验。通过扫描电镜、X--衍射技术及紫外分光光度计等对反应前后样品及溶液进行观察或测试,结果表明,随着温度的升高,钾长石溶蚀程度增加,150℃时在钾长石表面识别出新生的碳酸盐等矿物。这说明温度达到150℃时,CO2就能够以新生矿物的形式稳定固结在地层中,为CO2的地下封存提供了实验依据。     

应用超基性岩尾矿封存CO2——以金川铜镍矿尾矿为例

通过CO2矿物封存可以降低人类活动产生的温室气体的排放,富镁硅酸盐矿物经碳酸盐化作用转化为镁碳酸盐矿物可以实现CO2的封存,而超基性岩尾矿是CO2矿物封存的理想原料.我国可用于封存CO2的超基性岩尾矿包括铜镍矿尾矿、石棉尾矿、蛇纹石尾矿以及钒钛磁铁矿尾矿等.本文重点介绍金川铜镍矿尾矿的粒度、矿物组成、常量和微量元素,以...     

与蛇纹石化相关的碳酸盐化作用

二氧化碳是一种温室气体,是造成全球变暖的"元凶"之一,二氧化碳的存储方法是近年来研究的热点之一。基性或超基性岩的蛇纹石化作用会产生富Ca2+、Fe2+和Mg2+的流体,而这些离子与二氧化碳反应形成碳酸盐矿物,这是一种CO2储存的新途径。板块俯冲过程中,这些碳酸盐矿物可能被俯冲至地球深部,并形成碳酸盐岩浆。因此,研究蛇纹石化过程中的碳酸盐化作用有重要的科学意义。二氧化碳对蛇纹石化的影响分为三个方面:一是降低蛇纹石化速率,研究表明,300℃、500 bar、富二氧化碳(PCO220 bar)的体系中,橄榄石的蛇纹石化速率降低了50%[1];另一方面,体系中富集二氧化碳使得氢气和甲烷的生成速率大大降低[2],这是因为碳酸镁富集Fe2+,降低Fe3+和氢气的含量;此外,二氧化碳增加蛇纹石化流体的Si O2含量,从而降低流体的p H,促进橄榄岩的蚀变产物由蛇纹石-水镁石-透辉石平衡组合变为蛇纹石-滑石-碳酸镁[3]。碳酸盐矿物类型和温度相关。温度≤300℃时,蛇纹石化流体富Mg2+而贫Ca2+[4],Mg2+和CO2反应形成碳酸镁;温度≥400℃时,则形成碳酸钙[5]。可以用此来判断地质过程中蛇纹石化作用的温度。关于蛇纹石化过程中的碳酸盐化仍值得进一步关注。     

沉积型滑石的测定方法

本文用沸腾的氯化铵水溶液处理样品,使滑石与方解石,白云石分离,然后进行滑石含量的测定。 1.氯化铵对若干矿物的溶解情况: 取一定量单矿物于250毫升烧杯中,加入100毫升不同浓度的氯化铵水溶液,煮沸一定时间。冷后,定容至100毫升,干过滤。分取溶液测定钙、镁,计算矿物的浸取率。 从上述分离试验看出,5％的沸腾氯化铵水溶液,能有效地溶解方解石和白云石,而不溶解滑石。     

富镁尾矿封存二氧化碳的实验地球化学研究

为了实现IPCC 提出的控温1.5℃的目标，矿物封存因其具有长期稳定性和安全性的特点而成为研究热点，文章选取富镁尾矿作为封存原料进行研究。该尾矿为盐湖钾盐生产废弃物，由于无法利用，一直困扰当地产业。将其利用为封存二氧化碳的原料，可实现以废治废。文章通过实验研究不同反应温度（0、20、50、80℃） 下二氧化碳吸收和碳酸盐沉淀两个核心过程，探讨二氧化碳在MgCl₂-NH₃-H₂O 体系中的反应路径和速率，发现二氧化碳在气—液界面的动力学反应速率常数 是限制CO₂传质的重要因素，对温度和反应速率常数进行建模发现两者关系为： k_app=1.4857×10⁵ exp(-1974/T) 。另外，通过对比不同温度下的二氧化碳吸收率和碳沉淀速率，提出最佳的实验温度条件，为富镁尾矿规模化封存二氧化碳提供参考。     

CO2 mineral sequestration by wollastonite carbonation

In this paper, we demonstrated a new approach to CO₂ mineral sequestration using wollastonite carbonation assisted by sulfuric acid and ammonia. Samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and ²⁹Si nuclear magnetic resonance. The change in Gibbs free energy from ?223 kJ/mol for the leaching reaction of wollastonite to ?101 kJ/mol for the carbonation reaction indicated that these two reactions can proceed spontaneously. The leached and carbonated wollastonite showed fibrous bassanite and granular calcium carbonate, respectively, while the crystal structure of pristine wollastonite was destroyed and the majority of the Ca²⁺ in pristine wollastonite leached. The chemical changes in the phases were monitored during the whole process. A high carbonation rate of 91.1 % could be obtained under the action of sulfuric acid and ammonia at 30 °C at normal atmospheric pressure, indicating its potential use for CO₂ sequestration.     

New Process for Preparation Alumina and Silica White from Coal Fly Ash

Fly ash was used to prepare alumina and silica white, The 3 stages of the process are as follows: ammonium sulfate calcining, acid leaching and alkali dissolution. The optimum conditions for the experiments to determine are as follows: molar ratio of (NH4)2SO4/Al2O3 is 6, the calcining time is 2h, he H2SO4 concentration is 20%, the leaching temperature is 80℃ and dissolution duration is 2h, the ratio of solution and solid reaction material is 6 for ammonium sulfate calcining and acid leaching stage, reaction time 30min, ratio of liquid to ore 5∶1, alkali concentration 45% and reaction temperature 95 ℃for the alkali dissolution stage. Under these conditions, the total leaching efficiencies of Al2O3 and SiO2 are 78.86% and 95%, respectively. The quality of the main products alumina and silica white can meet the national standards of GB/T24487-2009 and GB10517-89, respectively.     

Investigating dissolution of mechanically activated olivine for carbonation purposes

Mineral carbonation is one of several alternatives for CO₂ sequestration and storage. The reaction rates of appropriate minerals with CO₂, for instance olivine and serpentine with vast resources, are relatively slow in a CO₂ sequestration context and the rates have to be increased to make mineral carbonation a good storage alternative. Increasing the dissolution rate of olivine has been the focus of this paper. Olivine was milled with very high energy intensity using a laboratory planetary mill to investigate the effect of mechanical activation on the Mg extraction potential of olivine in 0.01 M HCl solution at room temperature and pressure. Approximately 30–40% of each sample was dissolved and water samples were taken at the end of each experiment. The pH change was used to calculate time series of the Mg concentrations, which also were compared to the final Mg concentrations in the water samples. Percentage dissolved and the specific reaction rates were estimated from the Mg concentration time series. The measured particle size distributions could not explain the rate constants found, but the specific surface area gave a good trend versus dissolution for samples milled wet and the samples milled with a small addition of water. The samples milled dry had the lowest measured specific surface areas (<4 m²/g), but had the highest rate constants. The crystallinity calculated from X-ray diffractograms, was the material parameter with the best fit for the observed differences in the rate constants. Geochemical modelling of mechanically activated materials indicated that factors describing the changes in the material properties related to the activation must be included. The mechanically activated samples in general reacted faster than predicted by the theoretical models. Mechanical activation as a pre-treatment method was found to enhance the initial specific reaction rates by approximately three orders of magnitude for a sample milled dry for 60 min in a planetary mono mill compared to an unactivated sample. Wet milling in the planetary mill did not produce samples with the same maximum reaction rate as dry milling, but wet milling in general might be easier to implement into a wet carbonation process. Mechanical activation in a planetary mill is likely to consume too much energy for CO₂ sequestration purposes, but the increase in obtained olivine rate constants illustrates a potential for using milling as a pre-treatment method.     

基性、超基性岩: 二氧化碳地质封存的新途径

CO₂地质封存是控制全球CO₂净排放量的有效手段.自然界存在大量基性、超基性岩石的碳酸盐风化作用, 与CO₂反应生成稳定的碳酸盐矿物.影响基性、超基性岩石与CO₂反应速率的因素有温度、压力、pH值、流体流动速率以及与矿物接触的表面积等.矿物在反应过程中放热可以使碳酸盐化体系进入自我加热的良性循环, 同时控制流体的流动速率可以保持最佳温度并使反应速率最大化.蛇绿岩中的橄榄岩、大陆玄武岩和深海玄武岩在地球表层广泛分布, 可贮存大量CO₂.目前研究表明此方法在技术上可行, 经济成本上有优势.因此, 基性、超基性岩石具有封存CO₂的巨大潜力, 可以作为地质封存CO₂的新途径.      

沂源地区不同类型岩土淋溶水与浸泡水的化学特征分析

为研究降水补给地下水过程中包气带岩土对水化学的影响,在沂源地区采集了不同地表岩土样品开展淋溶和浸泡试验。淋溶结果显示:易溶的Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)、CO_3~(2-)、NO_2~-、NO_3~-等阴离子率先溶解进入淋溶水中,之后K~+,Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+),Fe等含量逐渐增加,且淋溶初期p H值呈碱性,之后向中性过渡。浸泡结果显示:不同类型岩土样经过浸泡5min后,其水化学组分发生了显著变化;随浸泡时间增加,K~+、Na~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、HCO_3~-及含盐量均出现不同程度增加,但Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)在不同类型岩土中含量变化则是不同的。由此推测,降水转入地下水过程中,透过地表浅层包气带时就已经淋溶了大量物质,水化学性质发生了重大变化。     

高温硝解EDTA容量法快速测定铅精粉中的铅

试样经NH4HF2助溶,HNO3-KClO3溶解后,在冒SO3白烟时（340℃）,高温硝解残渣。在1mol/L的H2SO4介质中沉淀铅,生成PbSO4沉淀,过滤除去溶解于溶液的干扰元素,用pH=5.5～5.9的HAC-NAC缓冲溶液溶解PbSO4沉淀,以二甲酚橙作指示剂,EDTA容量法测定铅。本方法克服了国标方法测定流程长,多点测定（残渣、滤液、溶液中的铅）,溶解矿样过程繁杂,费时费力等缺点。建立的方法可一次性测定铅量,经用铅精粉国家一级标准物质GBW07167验证,结果与标准值吻合,方法的精密度RSD%（n=11）在0.1%～0.3%之间,方法简便、快速。适合于钡含量低（〈2%）的铅精粉中铅的测定。     

亚高山表层岩溶泉域土壤溶蚀速率季节变化及碳汇量估算——以重庆金佛山水房泉流域为例

利用标准溶蚀试片法测定了重庆金佛山水房泉流域林地、草地和灌丛三种土地利用类型不同深度年溶蚀速率。结果表明,不同土地利用类型、不同季节、不同土壤深度的溶蚀速率具有很大的差异。通过对各土地利用类型下不同季节不同深度土壤有机质、土壤CO2浓度和土壤pH分析发现:土壤有机质和pH相互耦合共同对溶蚀速率产生影响,有机质含量越高,则pH值越低,溶蚀速率就越大;三种土地利用方式下土壤CO2浓度与溶蚀速率具有一定的相关性,夏秋季土壤CO2浓度较冬春季高,相对应地,其土下溶蚀速率也比冬春季大。最后利用试片溶蚀数据对泉域内年碳汇量进行了估算,结果约为:25.595t/a。      

Geochemical process regulating groundwater quality in a coastal region with complex contamination sources: Barka,Sultanate of Oman

An investigation was carried out to evaluate the geochemical processes regulating groundwater quality in a coastal region, Barka, Sultanate of Oman. The rapid urban developments in Barka cause depletion of groundwater quantity and deterioration of quality through excessive consumption and influx of pollutants from natural and anthropogenic activities. In this study, 111 groundwater samples were collected from 79 wells and analysed for pH, EC, DO, temperature, major ions, silica and nutrients. In Barka, water chemistry shows large variation in major ion concentrations and in electrical conductivity, and implies the influence of distinguished contamination sources and hydrogeochemical processes. The groundwater chemistry in Barka is principally regulated by saline sources, reverse ion exchange, anthropogenic pollutants and mineral dissolution/precipitation reactions. Due to ubiquitous pollutants and processes, groundwater samples were classified into two groups based on electrical conductivity. In group1, water chemistry is greatly influenced by mineral dissolution/precipitation process and lateral recharge from upstream region (Jabal Al-Akdar and Nakhal mountains). In group 2, the water chemistry is affected by saline water intrusion, sea spray, reverse ion exchange and anthropogenic pollutants. Besides, high nitrate concentrations, especially in group 2 samples, firm evidence for impact of anthropogenic activities on groundwater quality, and nitrate can be originated by the effluents recharge from surface contamination sources. Ionic ratios such as SO₄/Cl, alkalinity/Cl and total cation/Cl indicate that effluents recharged from septic tank, waste dumping sites and irrigation return flow induce dissolution of carbonate minerals, and enhances solute load in groundwater. The chemical constituents originating from saline water sources, reverse ion exchange and mineral dissolution are successfully differentiated using ionic delta, the difference between the actual concentration of each constituent and its theoretical concentration for a freshwater–seawater mix calculated from the chloride concentration of the sample, and proved that this approach is a promising tool to identify and differentiate the geochemical processes in coastal region. Hence, both regular geochemical methods and ionic delta ensured that groundwater quality in Barka is impaired by natural and human activities.