脆性岩石破坏数值模拟研究的两个问题

应用数值模拟方法,对脆性岩石单轴压缩情况下破坏规律进行了初步研究,主要讨论了脆性岩石的破坏机理、脆性岩石破坏数值模拟试验中的端部效应问题,并得出了一些初步的结论。在单轴压缩试验中,脆性岩石破坏过程主要以拉伸破坏为主。端部效应则是除了岩石试件本身所具有的材料非均匀性外影响岩石试件破坏形式的另一个重要因素。总体上存在这样的规律,即端部约束越大,岩石试件破坏型式越趋近于“X”型剪胀破坏,端部约束越小,则岩石试件破坏型式越趋近于张拉破坏。     

三维梁-颗粒模型在岩石材料破坏模拟中的应用

用三维梁-颗粒模型BPM3D(beam-particlemodelinthreedimensions)对岩石类非均质脆性材料的力学性质和破坏过程进行了数值模拟。梁-颗粒模型是在离散单元法基础上,结合有限单元法中的网格模型提出的用于模拟岩石类材料损伤破坏过程的数值模型。在模型中,材料在细观层次上被离散为颗粒单元集合体,相邻颗粒单元由有限单元法中的弹脆性梁单元联结。梁单元的力学性质均按韦伯(Weibull)分布随机赋值,以模拟岩石类材料力学参数的空间变异性。材料内部裂纹通过断开梁单元来模拟。通过自动生成的非均质材料模型对岩石类材料的破坏机理进行研究。岩石类非均质脆性材料在单轴压缩状态下破坏过程细观数值模拟结果显示,岩石材料宏观破坏是由于其内部细观裂纹产生、扩展、贯通的结果。通过数值模拟结果之间的对比分析,揭示出岩石试样宏观破坏模式随细观层次上韦伯分布参数的变化而不同。与实际矿柱破坏形态的对比分析表明了模型的适用性。根据数值模拟结果对岩石类非均质材料的破坏机理进行了探讨。     

考虑统计损伤模型的非均质节理岩体拉剪破坏机制研究

拉剪应力状态极易导致岩体破坏乃至失稳,为研究节理岩体拉剪破坏规律,开展了拉剪荷载下共面非贯通节理岩体变形破坏的理论与数值计算研究。通过自定义考虑岩石统计损伤演化的Mohr-Coulomb和最大拉应力准则模型,编写力学参数服从Weibull分布的fish函数,研究了拉剪条件下非均质节理岩体的破坏模式及破坏规律,讨论了岩石均质度、法向拉应力及剪切速率对岩体破坏模式及其力学性质的影响。结果表明,(1) 拉剪应力状态下节理岩体的破坏模式以张拉破坏为主,加载初期破坏位置分布散乱,随着加载和损伤演化逐渐形成带状破裂面,岩体宏观力学性质明显降低;(2) 非均质性对岩体破坏影响显著,主要表现为均质度的增加,岩体由弥散型破坏向集中型破坏转变,破裂面起伏度增大,同时岩体的宏观力学性质增强并最终趋向于均质岩体;(3) 低应力水平下拉应力增大不改变节理岩体以拉张破坏为主的破裂模式,但剪切破坏比例明显减少,同时岩体抗剪强度降低,破裂面的粗糙度增大;(4) 剪切速率对岩体力学性质的影响显著,静态加载范围内岩体抗剪强度随剪切速率的增大而增大,且增幅越来越小。     

单轴压缩下含孔脆性材料的力学行为研究

运用材料破裂过程分析MFPA2D系统,在单轴压缩条件下对含单孔和双孔脆性材料破坏过程进行数值模拟。结果表明：原始的萌生裂纹不一定是最后形成宏观贯通破坏的主裂纹。岩石等脆性材料破坏的局部化特征,说明非均匀性是岩石类脆性材料发生局部破裂的根本原因。分析了孔的分布对材料强度以及破坏模式的影响,并给出破坏过程的应力-应变关系。指出了有的孔洞分布会增加应力的集中程度,而有的孔洞分布可以降低应力集中。数值模拟与试验结果具有较好的一致性。     

平台中心角对岩石抗拉强度测定影响的数值分析

岩石抗拉强度是岩石的一个重要力学参数,在测试岩石抗拉强度的平台巴西盘劈裂试验中,平台中心角对测试结果会产生重要影响,但测试中对此角度尚无严格规定,从而造成抗拉强度测试结果有很大的离散性。从细观的角度着手,应用数字图像技术对岩石材料内部不同细观介质的空间分布进行精确测量和数值表达,建立与有限元网格之间的相互映射关系,并引入到原有的岩石破坏过程分析系统RFPA中,建立了能反映岩石非均匀性的平台巴西盘数值模型。通过对花岗岩断面图像进行处理,运用数值模型研究了平台中心角对平台巴西盘轴线应力分布、劈裂破坏模式和抗拉强度测定的影响,确定平台中心角的合理值应在20～30?的范围内,这与试验结果相一致,从机制上进一步分析验证了平台中心角的取值范围,为测试中平台中心角的选取提供了理论依据。     

数字图像技术在岩石细观力学研究中的应用

岩石内部的细观组成和结构决定了其在外力作用下的应力-应变状态,进而控制了其宏观力学响应和破坏机制。数字图像处理技术作为一种材料细观尺度上的空间结构精确测量和数字表述手段,已广泛应用于土、岩石及混凝土的细观结构定量分析中。应用数字图像处理进行的岩石细观力学研究是对岩石力学研究方法的革新。现阶段主要研究内容包括：岩石裂隙隙宽的非接触测量,数字表述岩石结构的非均匀性,进行岩石细观力学行为分析,将提取的岩石数字特征值与相应的岩石物性结合以实现岩石流-固耦合研究,建立基于数字图像技术的岩石细观力学数值模拟方法。在研究相关文献的基础上,对数字图像技术在岩石细观力学定量研究中的成果进行客观评述,探讨各种方法的优缺点,分析展望数字图像技术在岩石细观研究领域中的应用前景。     

煤样单轴压缩时滞性变形破坏的试验研究

在深埋中等坚硬煤层采掘工作面煤壁片帮大多表现出明显时滞性,针对采掘工作面煤壁片帮发生时滞性应力特征,在RMT-150B岩石力学试验系统上进行煤样单轴压缩和分级加载对比试验,分析两种加载方式下煤样时滞性变形破坏特征,结果表明：两种加载方式在煤样峰值前应力-应变曲线宏观没有明显区别,单轴压缩峰值后出现分次应力跌落,而分级加载最后一级应力高于煤样屈服强度时没有明显峰值点,出现屈服平台,峰值后应力跌落迅速;单轴压缩得到的力学参数明显高于分级加载试验值,表现出煤样的力学参数具有时滞性;分级加载应力比低于70%时,煤样轴向和环向变形特征不明显,分级加载应力比高于70%时,尽管轴向应力保持恒定,随着时间延长煤样轴向和环向变形则不断增加,且环向应变远大于轴向应变,体积不断增加,在此期间,煤样继续吸收外界能量内部材料逐步损伤破坏,新生微裂纹不断演化、发展和汇聚,分级加载应力水平比越高,延时破坏越短,相反延时破坏则越长,分级加载时表现出明显时滞性特征;单轴压缩时煤样破坏相对简单,具有明显张剪性双重破裂面,而分级加载时煤样破碎充分,破坏形式复杂,环向膨胀特征明显,与采掘工作面煤壁延时片帮破坏特征极为相似。其研究结果对采掘工作面煤壁延时片帮治理具有一定的参考意义。     

考虑空间相关尺度特征的细观力学模型及其应用

天然岩石材料内部存在各种缺陷,在微、细观尺度表现出高度的非均质特性。基于连续介质力学框架,采用非线性标量损伤本构关系描述岩石材料的变形与破坏行为,建立了岩石细观损伤本构模型,并在常规Weibull随机分布模型基础上,引入空间相关尺度因子以模拟实际岩石材料各项物理力学指标具有的空间相关特征。选取典型岩石单轴拉伸试验算例,分析随机场内空间相关尺度因子的变化对试样荷载-加口张开度关系曲线以及破坏行为的影响。结果表明,考虑岩石材料各项物理力学指标的空间相关尺度特征对评价其力学指标的离散性以及破坏形态特征有着较显著的影响。     

考虑围压对岩石强度尺寸效应影响的统计模型

根据岩石材料内部所含缺陷分布具有随机性的特点,基于Weibull分布,采用Mohr-Coulomb准则来表示岩石细观单元的计算强度,建立了考虑围压影响的岩石强度尺寸效应统计模型。利用该模型探讨了均质度和围压对强度尺寸效应的影响,结果表明:不均匀性是强度离散性和存在尺寸效应的根本原因,材料越均匀,强度值的离散性越低,而尺寸效应也越不明显;围压会影响材料强度对试样尺寸变化的敏感性;围压越大,材料强度增大,与尺寸效应有关的材料强度所占比例减小,材料强度尺寸效应变得不明显。     

基于大直径霍普金森压杆数值试验的非均匀介质动态破坏过程分析

基于细观损伤力学基础而开发的动态岩石破裂过程分析系统RFPA2D代替大直径SHPB试验技术对非均匀介质的动态破坏过程和动态性能进行数值模拟,分析了加载波形和介质的非均匀性对数值试样的动态性能,如应力-时间曲线、应变-时间曲线、应力-应变曲线和应变率-时间曲线的影响。分析表明,大直径SHPB弥散效应对试验结果的影响较大,选择合适的加载波形可以减小SHPB装置中应力波的弥散效应,得到较准确的试验结果,其中三角形波加载可以有效降低大直径SHPB动态测试中的应力波弥散,是岩石等非均匀材料SHPB动态测试的较理想加载波形;在相同加载条件下,岩石的非均匀性对波的弥散效应影响不大,但非均匀岩石的试验曲线比均匀岩石的曲线在波峰后都出现较大的振荡,这主要是由于不同均质度的岩石其单元具有不同的破坏分布造成的,不是波形弥散造成的。     

Micromechanical Model for Simulating the Fracture Process of Rock

Summary A micromechanical model is proposed to study the deformation and failure process of rock based on knowledge of heterogeneity of rock at the mesoscopic level. In this numerical model, the heterogeneity of rock at the mesoscopic level is considered by assuming the material properties in rock conform to the Weibull distribution. Elastic damage mechanics is used to describe the constitutive law of meso-level elements, the finite element method is employed as the basic stress analysis tool and the maximum tensile strain criterion as well as the Mohr-Coulomb criterion is utilized as the damage threshold. A simple method, similar to a smeared crack model, is used for tracing the crack propagation process and interaction of multiple cracks. Based on this model, a numerical simulation program named Rock Failure Process Analysis Code (RFPA) is developed. The influence of parameters that include the Weibull distribution parameters, constitutive parameters of meso-level elements and number of elements in the numerical model, are discussed in detail. It is shown that the homogeneity index is the most important factor to simulate material failure with this model. This model is able to capture the complete mechanical responses of rock, which includes the crack patterns associated with different loading stages and loading conditions, localization of deformation, stress redistribution and failure process. The numerical simulation of rock specimens under a variety of static loading conditions is presented, and the results compare well with experimental results.     

Mesoscale numerical study on the evolution of borehole breakout in heterogeneous rocks

Inherent heterogeneity of a rock strongly affects its mechanical behavior. We numerically study the mechanisms governing the initiation, propagation, and ultimate pattern of borehole breakouts in heterogeneous rocks. A two-dimensional finite element model incorporating material heterogeneity is established to systematically examine the effects of several key factors on borehole failure, including borehole diameter, far-field stress, and rock heterogeneity. The inherent heterogeneity of a rock is explicitly characterized by prescribing the rock mechanical properties of mesoscale elements statistically obeying the Weibull distribution. Elastic damage mechanics is used to represent the constitutive law of the mesoscale element. We find that borehole diameter reduction remarkably changes the crack failure from tensile to shear and elevates the critical hydrostatic pressure. Far-field stress anisotropy strongly affects the shape of the borehole breakout. Rock heterogeneity dictates the location of the preferred crack under the hydrostatic stress, which leads to local stress concentration, and determines the types of breakouts around the borehole. Our findings facilitate in-depth understanding of the classic borehole stability problems in heterogeneous rocks.     

含预制裂纹脆性岩石破坏数值模拟研究

岩石是经过变形、遭受过破坏的地质体。在外界荷载条件下岩石内部缺陷引起的渐进性破坏,这个过程与材料本身存在的缺陷有着密切的关系。应用数值模拟方法对含有预制裂纹的脆性岩石的破坏规律进行了初步的研究,分析了裂纹的存在对岩石破坏的影响机制。研究发现,在对带有预制裂纹的岩石试件进行加载试验过程中,预制裂纹的存在成为了影响岩石破裂方式的主要因素。与之相比,由材料非均质性所造成的影响便成了次要因素,而对于含有双预制裂纹的岩石试件裂纹的间距是影响岩石破坏型式的重要因素。     

Digital Image Based Approach for Three-Dimensional Mechanical Analysis of Heterogeneous Rocks

Summary This paper presents a digital image based approach for three-dimensional (3-D) numerical simulation and failure analysis of rocks by taking into account the actual 3-D heterogeneity. Digital image techniques are adopted to extract two-dimensional (2-D) material heterogeneity from material surface images. The 2-D image mesostructures are further extrapolated to 3-D cuboid mesostructures by assuming the material surface as a representation of the inner material heterogeneity within a very small depth. The iterative milling and scanning system is set up to generate the 3-D rock mesostructures. A Hong Kong granite specimen is used as an example to demonstrate the procedure of 3-D mesostructure establishment. The mechanical responses and failure process under the conventional Brazilian tensile test condition are examined through numerical analyses. The stress distribution, crack propagation process and failure model of heterogeneous material cases are simulated with a finite difference software. The numerical results indicate that material heterogeneity plays an important role in determining the failure behavior of rocks under external loading.     

高渗透压脆性岩石蠕变宏−细观力学模型研究

高渗透压对深部地下工程脆性岩石蠕变力学特性有着重要影响。然而,能够解释高渗透压作用脆性岩石完整减速、稳态及加速三级蠕变过程中,细观裂纹扩展与宏观变形关系的宏细观力学模型研究很少。基于考虑含有初始裂纹与新生成翼型裂纹影响的裂纹尖端应力强度模型,引入渗透水压与初始裂纹及新生成翼型裂纹之间的力学关系,建立了考虑渗透水压作用的裂纹尖端应力强度模型;然后结合亚临界裂纹扩展法则,与裂纹及应变损伤关系模型,推出了考虑渗透水压影响的脆性岩石蠕变裂纹扩展与宏观变形关系的宏细观力学模型。当施加轴向应力小于岩石裂纹启裂应力时,岩石近似表现为线弹性变形;当施加轴向应力大于裂纹启裂应力且小于岩石峰值强度,岩石表现为塑性蠕变变形。研究了不同渗透压作用下,分级轴向应力加载岩石蠕变应变时间演化曲线,并通过试验结果验证了模型的合理性。分别讨论了恒定渗透压与分级渗透压,对脆性岩石蠕变过程中裂纹长度、裂纹扩展速率、轴向应变及轴向应变率的影响。该模型为高渗透压深部地下工程围岩稳定性评价提供了重要理论依据。     

Numerical simulation of the fracture process in cutting heterogeneous brittle material

The process of cutting homogeneous soft material has been investigated extensively. However, there are not so many studies on cutting heterogeneous brittle material. In this paper, R‐T^2D (Rock and Tool interaction), based on the rock failure process analysis model, is developed to simulate the fracture process in cutting heterogeneous brittle material. The simulated results reproduce the process involved in the fragmentation of rock or rock‐like material under mechanical tools: the build‐up of the stress field, the formation of the crushed zone, surface chipping, and the formation of the crater and subsurface cracks. Due to the inclusion of heterogeneity in the model, some new features in cutting brittle material are revealed. Firstly, macroscopic cracks sprout at the two edges of the cutter in a tensile mode. Then with the tensile cracks releasing the confining pressure, the rock in the initially high confining pressure zone is compressed into failure and the crushed zone gradually comes into being. The cracked zone near the crushed zone is always available, which makes the boundary of the crushed zone vague. Some cracks propagate to form chipping cracks and some dip into the rock to form subsurface cracks. The chipping cracks are mainly driven to propagate in a tensile mode or a mixed tensile and shear mode, following curvilinear paths, and finally intersect with the free surface to form chips. According to the simulated results, some qualitative and quantitative analyses are performed. It is found that the back rake angle of the cutter has an important effect on the cutting efficiency. Although the quantitative analysis needs more research work, it is not difficult to see the promise that the numerical method holds. It can be utilized to improve our understanding of tool–rock interaction and rock failure mechanisms under the action of mechanical tools, which, in turn, will be useful in assisting the design of fragmentation equipment and fragmentation operations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Micromechanical analysis of the failure process of brittle rock

The failure process of brittle rock submitted to a compression state of stress with different confining pressures is investigated in this paper based on discrete element method (DEM) simulations. In the DEM model, the rock sample is represented by bonding rigid particles at their contact points. The numerical model is first calibrated by comparing the macroscopic response with the macroscopic response of Beishan granite obtained from laboratory tests. After the validation of numerical model in terms of macroscopic responses, the failure process of the DEM model under unconfined and confined compression is studied in micro‐scale in detail. The contact force network and its relation to the development of micro‐cracks and evolution of major fractures are studied. Confining pressure will prohibit the development of tensile cracks and hence alter the failure patterns. An in‐depth analysis of micro‐scale response is carried out, including the orientation distribution and probability density of stress acting on parallel bonds, the effect of particle size heterogeneity on bond breakage and the evolution of fabric tensor and coordination number of parallel bond. The proposed micromechanical analysis will allow us to extract innovative features emerged from the stresses and crack evolution in brittle rock failure process. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The evolution of rock failure with discontinuities due to shear creep

A two-dimensional brittle creep model for rock provides insight into the initiation of shear fracture along weak discontinuities in rock. The model accounts for material heterogeneity and introduces the concept of a mesoscopic renormalization to capture the cooperative interaction between cracks in the transition from distributed to localized damage. A series of shear creep tests on rock with discontinuities were performed to simulate the initiation and propagation of crack along a pre-existing weakness under sustained shear stress and normal stress. The investigation showed that shear stress level and the normal stress level might have significant effect on the long-term behavior of rock with weak discontinuities. Moreover, a case study of rock slope instability was also investigated, where the numerically simulated instability failure of rock slope with discontinuities showed that both tensile and shear damage at the weakest elements are the trigger for the failure surface initiation in the rock slope. Once damage occurs, redistributed stress concentrations would then intensify fracture propagation and coalescence within these damage zones, leading to the progressive development of a failure surface. Moreover, failure surface extending is not only dominated by the properties and the position of discontinuities but also influenced remarkably by the complex interaction between existing discontinuities and fracture propagation. The results are of general interest because they can be applied to the investigation of time-dependent instability in rock masses, to the mitigation of associated rock hazards in rock engineering, and even to a better understanding of the physical phenomena governing the stability of rock slope.     

基于黏聚力裂缝模型的反倾层状岩质边坡倾倒破坏模拟

反倾层状岩质边坡的倾倒破坏是一种常见的地质灾害。为探究开挖条件下反倾层状岩质边坡的倾倒破坏机制以及层间剪切强度、岩层厚度因素对破坏特征的影响,利用ABAQUS有限元软件,建立黏聚力裂缝模型（Cohesive Crack Model,CCM）,基于连续-离散方法,经参数标定和对比,建立反倾层状岩质边坡CCM,采用开挖并增重的方式诱发边坡倾倒破坏。数值模拟结果与古水水电站坝前倾倒变形体离心模型试验结果基本一致,验证了CCM的正确性。进一步,基于以上参数及模型,研究了反倾层状岩质边坡的破坏演化过程和应力分布特征,并探讨层间剪切强度对边坡倾倒破坏特征的影响。结果表明:坡体前缘首先发生局部折断,后缘出现明显拉裂缝,反倾岩层由下往上依次折断直至倾倒体中部（一级破裂面）。随后,坡体前缘的表层岩层被挤出,形成二级破裂面,最后一级破裂面扩展至坡体后缘,形成连通宏观的破裂面。最后,二级破裂面扩展至坡体中部,边坡完全倾倒破坏;破裂面基本沿层间法向应力峰值位置连线发育;层间剪切强度对边坡倾倒破坏特征具有显著的影响,随着层间剪切强度的增大,岩层初始折断位置逐渐降低,垮塌范围逐渐减小,破裂面倾角增大;坡体层厚越大,一级破裂面分布越深,垮塌区范围越大,坡体滑动的整体性越强。研究成果可为反倾层状岩质边坡倾倒破坏的分析和监测提供有效计算方法及依据,为此类滑坡灾害的防治提供一定参考。