点荷载强度指数估算与岩浆岩的单轴压缩强度的关系

单轴压缩强度是岩石工程建设中广泛使用的力学参数,直接确定单轴压缩强度相对耗时且较为麻烦。点荷载试验可以间接估算岩石的单轴压缩强度（UCS）,试验方式简洁。通过收集到的岩浆岩点荷载试验成果,分析结果表明,（1）大部分转换公式在点荷载强度指数较大时得到偏高的单轴压缩强度值,特别是对部分幂函数;（2）ISRM（American Society for Testing and Materials）建议的取值范围仍然高估了岩石的单轴压缩强度值。为更准确地估算岩石的单轴压缩强度,建议采用点荷载强度指数 的二次函数（见式（1））估算岩石的单轴压缩强度,适用范围为0.0 MPa < <15.0 MPa。     

岩石点荷载强度与单轴抗压强度线性关系试验

针对目前岩石点荷载试验大部分采用规则试件进行,试件加工制作及试验的过程繁琐、成本高的问题,通过自制点荷载试验仪以及RMT-150B岩石力学伺服试验机,对煤矿顶底板常见岩性进行不规则岩石试件点荷载试验和规则岩石试件单轴抗压试验。试验结果表明:不规则岩石点荷载强度基本上满足正态分布规律,同时,点荷载破坏载荷与破坏面积之间呈线性关系,不同载荷破坏面积对点荷载试验中的尺寸、形状效应基本上没有太大的影响。通过分析点荷载强度与单轴抗压强度两者间的关系,得出通过点荷载强度确定单轴抗压强度的经验公式。      

TBM施工隧道岩石耐磨性与力学强度相关性研究

结合TBM施工隧道岩石耐磨性试验和岩石力学强度试验,获得岩石的耐磨值与各力学强度值;采用回归分析方法建立了岩石耐磨性与岩石各力学强度指标之间的相关关系数学模型。研究结果表明,岩石耐磨值与抗压强度、抗拉强度、粘聚力、点荷载强度呈指数函数关系,与内摩擦角呈对数函数关系,两者之间呈正相关关系。     

点荷载试验评价孔底岩基强度和承载力的方法

岩石点荷载强度试验可以求得岩石点荷载强度指数，由强度指数与抗压强度之间的关系可以换算出岩石的单轴抗压强度，进而可计算出岩基承载力，通过工程实例，介绍了点荷载试验评价人工挖孔桩底岩基强度和承载力的方法，并与岩基载荷试验结果进行了对比。     

红砂岩长期强度特性的试验研究

岩石的流变特性是岩石的重要力学特性之一,其中岩石的长期强度是绝大多数岩土工程所必须引起重视的力学特性,然而就目前研究现状而言,与蠕变特性相比较是极不对称的。由岩石蠕变试验确定岩石的长期强度是现有最常用的方法,具有重要的现实意义。通过对完整红砂岩在CSS－2950岩石双轴流变试验机上进行的单轴压缩蠕变试验,利用过渡蠕变法、等时曲线法探讨了这些方法确定岩石长期强度在理论上的正确性和试验方法的可操作性,同时,将蠕变曲线与应力-应变曲线结合,提出了确定岩石长期强度的新方法,预测了岩石在荷载作用下可能破坏的时间。分析结果表明,将蠕变曲线与应力-应变曲线结合确定岩石长期强度对岩土工程设计具有重要的指导意义     

不同试验方式岩石点荷载强度与单轴抗压强度对比分析

对重庆地区常见的砂岩、泥岩和灰岩进行了轴向、径向和不规则体三种试样的点荷载试验及单轴抗压强度试验,将试验所得点荷载强度值和单轴抗压强度值进行对比分析。结果表明:利用点荷载试验可以比较好地获得该地区的砂岩、泥岩和灰岩的单轴抗压强度值。相比于不规则试件,用规则试件进行点荷载试验得到的结果更加准确、可靠,且通过轴向和径向试验获得的强度值基本一致。     

点荷载测试岩石强度使用不规则试件的研究与探讨

为了在现场采用不规则试件测试岩石点荷载强度，在实验室和现场进行了相关的对比测试与分析研究。建立了点荷载强度公式；使用Ｇｒｕｂｂｓ准则取舍可疑数据，编制了计算机程序，对点荷载测试的可信度，强度比等进行了探讨。     

点荷载试验在岩基强度和承载力评价中的应用

岩石点荷载试验可以求得岩石点荷载强度指数,由点荷载强度可以 计算出岩石的单轴抗压强度,进而可计算出岩基承载力。 利用点荷载试验方法对南京地区的多个人工挖孔桩工地的孔底岩基强 度和承载力进行了评价,具体指导了挖孔桩的挖进工作,取得了良好效果。     

厦门花岗石风化壳工程地质带及风化岩石的工程地质特征

本文对厦门花岗岩风化壳进行了系统地分带，共分为新鲜岩石带、微风化带、强风化带、不均匀风化岩土带及残积土带。阐述了各带工程地质特征，并进行了定量分带的探讨。本文用点荷载强度、弹性波速度及回弹锤试验结果进行了单指标和多指标的综合评判。根据大量现场和室内测试的研究资料，作者详细论述了各风化带的组构、物理力学性质及其变化规律。并建立了风化岩石点荷载强度指数Is（50）与弹性波纵波速度Vp、弹性波纵速度Vp与极限抗压强度R及点荷载强度指数Is（50）与极限抗压强度R之间的关系式。     

砂岩强度的估算研究及应用——以南水北调中线安阳段为例

为了获得合理的施工设计岩石强度参考值,以南水北调安阳段砂岩为例开展了3种岩石强度估算方法的研究:1)引进标准条件下风钎钻进时间作为指标来估算岩石的单轴抗压强度;2)收集已有成果给出利用波速估算岩石单轴抗压强度的公式;3)根据试验数据拟合出安阳地区点荷载强度与岩石单轴抗压强度间的经验关系式。通过上述方法得到了3种不同的岩石强度估算公式,并以AY33+600为例,综合利用所得公式进行了砂岩强度估算,发现这3种方法吻合度很高,且与砂岩室内试验强度值间的误差为2%~9%。上述公式在安阳段的应用解决了原设计方案中围岩分级不准的问题。     

香港花岗岩风化分级化学指标体系与风化壳分带

火成岩的化学风化过程实质上就是碱、碱土金属组分水解淋失与脱硅富铁铝化的地球化学过程。不同风化程度的岩石处于整个化学风化过程的不同阶段,因而具有不同的化学成分和风化度指标。笔者在对香港九龙两个地方5个钻孔共计150件不同深度、不同风化程度的样品化学全分析结果与岩土风化程度宏观判别结果的相互对比、选择和确认的基础上,建立了香港地区花岗岩风化岩土风化程度工程分级的化学指标体系。这一研究成果的提出不仅有利于提高花岗岩风化岩土工程分类的科。学性、可靠性和实用性,而且可以为风化岩土工程特性与风化作用关系研究提供理论依据。     

A Simplified Failure Criterion for Intact Rocks Based on Rock Type and Uniaxial Compressive Strength

The uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of intact rock, which can be estimated using relatively straightforward and cost-effective techniques, is one of the most practical rock properties used in rock engineering. Thus, constitutive laws to represent the strength and behavior of (intact) rock frequently use it, along with additional intrinsic rock properties. Although triaxial tests can be employed to obtain best-fit failure criterion parameters that provide best strength predictions, they are more expensive and require time-consuming procedures; as a consequence, they are often not readily available at early stages of a project. Based on the analysis of an extensive triaxial test database for intact rocks, we propose a simplified empirical failure criterion in which rock strength at failure is expressed in terms of confining stress and UCS, with a new parameter which can be directly estimated from the UCS for a specified rock type in the absence of triaxial test data. Performance of the proposed failure criterion is then tested for validation against experimental data for eight rock types. The results show that strengths of intact rock estimated by the proposed failure criterion are in good agreement with experimental test data, with small discrepancies between estimated and measurements strengths. Therefore, the proposed criterion can be useful for preliminary (triaxial) strength estimation of intact rocks when triaxial tests data are not available.     

承受负摩擦力的桩基沉降计算的迭代法

结合负摩擦力产生的机理,认为软土地区的桩基的负摩擦力问题主要是沉降问题,而不是强度问题。利用半理论半经验的桩基沉降计算方法［１］ ,对承受负摩擦力的桩基的中性点及桩基的沉降、桩的分担比进行简单的迭代计算,由此可确定承受负摩擦力的桩基的沉降,计算结果与实测结果的对比表明,该法简单可行。     

基于Hoek-Brown准则的岩石应变软化模型研究

基于Hoek-Brown（H-B）准则，根据大量试验数据，研究提出一种具有广泛适用性的岩石应变软化模型。利用40种硬岩和软岩三轴试验数据，验证了3参数幂函数型围压函数广泛适用于硬岩和软岩峰后临界塑性应变与围压的关系描述，并将其引入塑性内变量中；其次，比较分析当前基于H-B准则的岩石应变软化模型中软化参数的合理性，明确以GSI作为软化参数的方法最优，拟合结果正确且参数最少。然后，分析岩石峰后GSI随塑性内变量的演化规律，并建立一种普适的非线性演化模型。与其他演化模型相比，所建模型可更准确地描述不同种类岩石峰后H-B强度参数的非线性演化规律，同时参数较少。接着，采用非关联流动法则，将所建GSI演化模型嵌入有限元软件ABAQUS中，实现软化模型的数值求解。最后，对多种岩石的室内试验模拟结果表明，所建模型可正确描述不同围压下硬岩和软岩的峰后应变软化变形及剪胀变形，具备良好的适用性。与定临界塑性应变或定剪胀角的应变软化模型模拟结果相比，所建模型模拟曲线可一致性地与试验曲线接近。     

Investigation of the effect of aggregate shape and surface roughness on the slake durability index using the fractal dimension approach

Argillaceous rocks cover about one thirds of the earth's surface. The major engineering problems encountered with weak- to medium-strength argillaceous rocks could be slaking, erosion, slope stability, settlement, and reduction in strength. One of the key properties for classifying and determining the behavior of such rocks is the slake durability. The concept of slake durability index (SDI) has been the subject of numerous researches in which a number of factors affecting the numerical value of SDI were investigated. In this regard, this paper approaches the matter by evaluating the effects of overall shape and surface roughness of the testing material on the outcome of slake durability indices.

For the purpose, different types of rocks (marl, clayey limestone, tuff, sandstone, weathered granite) were broken into chunks and were intentionally shaped as angular, subangular, and rounded and tested for slake durability. Before testing the aggregate pieces of each rock type, their surface roughness was determined by using the fractal dimension. Despite the variation of final values of SDI test results (values of I_d), the rounded aggregate groups plot relatively in a narrow range, but a greater scatter was obtained for the angular and subangular aggregate groups. The best results can be obtained when using the well rounded samples having the lowest fractal values. An attempt was made to analytically link the surface roughness with the I_d parameter and an empirical relationship was proposed. A chart for various fractal values of surface roughness to use as a guide for slake durability tests is also proposed. The method proposed herein becomes efficient when well rounded aggregates are not available. In such condition, the approximate fractal value for the surface roughness profile of the testing aggregates could be obtained from the proposed chart and be plugged into the empirical relation to obtain the corrected I_d value. The results presented herein represent the particular rock types used in this study and care should be taken when applying these methods to different type of rocks.     

A Comparative Analysis of Cognitive Systems for the Prediction of Drillability of Rocks and Wear Factor

This paper demonstrates the applicability of cognitive systems or neural networks in predicting the drillibality of rocks and wear factor using engineering properties of rocks. Drillability of rocks is a useful guide for evaluating the suitability of drills for different ground operations. The wear factor of different materials subsequently helps in the selection of proper drills for different drilling operations. Different rocks were tested for Protodyakonov index, impact strength index, shore hardness number, Schmidt hammer number, drillability and micro bit chisels for wear factor. The data obtained from the tests were used to train and test the neural network. Results from the analysis demonstrate that cognitive systems are an effective tool in the prediction and suitability of drilling operations. Application of these predictive models can be a useful tool to obtain the value of these important parameters, they can save time and help to avoid the tedious process of instrumentation.     

Evolution of anisotropy with saturation and its implications for the elastoplastic responses of clay rocks

Many clay rocks have distinct bedding planes. Experimental studies have shown that their mechanical properties evolve with the degree of saturation (DOS), often with higher stiffness and strength after drying. For transversely isotropic rocks, the effects of saturation can differ between the bed-normal (BN) and bed-parallel (BP) directions, which gives rise to saturation-dependent stiffness and strength anisotropy. Accurate prediction of the mechanical behavior of clay rocks under partially saturated conditions requires numerical models that can capture the evolving elastic and plastic anisotropy with DOS. In this study, we present an anisotropy framework for coupled solid deformation-fluid flow in unsaturated elastoplastic media. We incorporate saturation-dependent strength anisotropy into an anisotropic modified Cam-Clay (MCC) model and consider the evolving anisotropy in both the elastic and plastic responses. The model was calibrated using experimental data from triaxial tests to demonstrate its capability in capturing strength anisotropy at various levels of saturation. Through numerical simulations, we demonstrate the role of evolving stiffness and strength anisotropy in the mechanical behavior of clay rocks. Plane strain simulations of triaxial compression tests were also conducted to demonstrate the impacts of material anisotropy and DOS on the mechanical and fluid flow responses.     

软黏土加载速率效应特性试验研究:进展与趋势

大量的室内和现场试验都表明,软黏土的强度与变形速率相关。为了更深入地认识软黏土的加载速率效应特性,首先分析了一维应力条件下先期固结压力和三轴应力条件下不排水抗剪强度的加载速率效应及应力-应变关系的归一化,探讨了一维和三轴条件下的5个速率方程(2个指数形式和3个对数形式)在拟合黏土先期固结压力和不排水强度加载速率效应上的适用性;使用5个速率方程估计了一维和三轴条件下的加载速率参数,以及拟合了加载速率参数与液塑限的关系,并且分析了复杂应力(十字板剪切和旁压条件)下的非理想土单元体的黏土加载速率效应特性等;讨论了黏土加载速率效应特性在一维和三维、压缩与伸长、不同超固结比(OCR)条件下的统一性;最后,从香港黏土压缩与伸长和不同OCR条件下的剪缩、剪胀特性方面更深入地探讨了软黏土加载速率效应特性,并讨论了典型的剪缩、剪胀方程在黏土的力学特性模拟中的有效性。结果表明,为更好地描述黏土的应力剪胀特性,现有典型的剪胀关系需要更一步改进。     

香港国家地质公园粮船湾组火山岩岩石学研究

在香港国家地质公园西贡火山岩园区,核心地质景观是白垩纪粮船湾组(Kkh)火山岩优美的六方形石柱(柱状节理),它们的岩石类型长期存在熔岩和火山碎屑岩之争。笔者等经野外调查和薄片岩石学研究,确认粮船湾组火山岩实属一种特殊的熔岩——流纹质碎斑熔岩,以普遍的柱状节理、斑晶具有碎斑结构和珠边结构、基质发育霏细结构和流动构造为特征;它们不仅代表了香港地区中生代最晚期火山喷发的产物,而且构成了西贡破火山机构的中央侵出相岩穹。推断粮船湾组火山岩石柱是地球上已知面积最大的流纹质碎斑熔岩石柱群(～150 km2),目前所见的火山岩石柱仅是长期剥蚀后的残余部分。     

香港世界地质公园晚侏罗世荔枝庄组岩石组合及其成岩地质过程解析

中国东南大陆晚侏罗世地层普遍缺失,仅零星见于个别地区,香港新界东北的荔枝庄组即为其一。荔枝庄组出露于香港世界地质公园沉积岩园区的荔枝庄地区,自下往上由火山岩—沉积岩—火山岩组合而成,沉积岩中发育大型包卷层理和滑塌构造等典型沉积构造,是香港地区最具代表性的晚侏罗世火山—沉积岩系。通过实测地层剖面研究,确定其成岩过程大体上可划分为早期普林尼式火山爆发、中期破火山口湖相沉积和晚期普林尼式火山爆发三个阶段,以湖相沉积作用为主、火山喷发作用为辅;受晚期火山岩浆活动的影响,沉积岩层普遍发生硅化或炭化。荔枝庄组独特的岩石组合与形成的古地理环境,为探讨中国东南大陆中生代火山活动—沉积作用方式与成岩过程,提供了难得的研究实例。