荆州市郊主要农产品中铅来源的同位素示踪研究

对荆州市郊的农产品(稻米和蔬菜)、水和扬尘样品进行了Pb含量和Pb同位素组成研究.Pb含量分析结果表明,农产品样品具有较大的Pb含量变化范围(8～3469 ng/g),虽然其平均值较高(260 ng/g),但可食用的粮食和蔬菜未发生普遍的Pb超标现象,仅个别类蔬菜存在一定程度的Pb污染,且受污染的大部分Pb均富集于不可食用的根部或叶部.Pb同位素组成分析结果表明,所有农产品样品的206pb/204pb、207pb/204pb和208pb/204pb比值较接近,其平均值分别为18.280±0.079、15.630±0.020和38.451±0.084.水和扬尘样品的Pb同位素比值变化范围较大.208pb/(206pb+ 207pb)-206pb/207pb相关关系图显示扬尘位于土壤残渣相与汽车尾气和染料之间,农产品和水则位于由土壤、汽车尾气和染料与煤三者构成的三角形内部,表明扬尘Pb主要来自土壤、汽车尾气和染料;农产品中的Pb来源较为复杂:土壤、汽车尾气和染料、煤、扬尘与水均有贡献,但前三者是最根本的源区.为防止农产品今后逐渐发生Pb超标现象,需将工业Pb的排放与污染作为重中之重进行防范.综合对比分析农产品不同部位的Pb含量与Pb同位素比值,结果表明在进行农产品Pb来源同位素示踪研究中可直接采集Pb含量较高的非食用部位,以获得高精度的Pb同位素比值数据.     

长春市城市土壤铅同位素组成特征及其来源解析

为查明长春市土壤铅的污染来源,采集了长春市表层(0～20 cm)土壤及城市环境污染端元(燃煤尘、汽车尾气尘,建筑尘)样品,采用X荧光光谱法(XRF)测定土壤Pb含量,用质谱仪测定各样品的铅同位素组成.分析结果表明,长春市表层土壤Pb平均质量分数44.72×10-6,是长春市土壤背景值(19.06×10-6)的2.35倍,已受到一定程度铅污染;长春市土壤铅同位素208Pb/207Pb和206Pb/207Pb比值变化较大,分别为2.249～2.473和1.158～1.213;各污染端元物质铅同位素组成差异较大,能很好区别各端元物质.运用铅同位素示踪技术追踪土壤铅的污染来源结果表明,长春市中心城区土壤铅污染主要来源于以热电二厂为代表的工业燃煤排放和历史汽车尾气残留,而与当前汽车尾气排放关系不大;建筑尘也一定程度上对城市土壤产生了影响.     

原油中铅同位素的ICP-MS测定及其在油源鉴别中的应用

海洋溢油事件时有发生,探索基于铅同位素特征信息为指标的溢油鉴别技术,在海上溢油鉴别中有着十分重要的意义.本文利用极性较强的二氯甲烷溶解原油样品,分散均匀后在浓硝酸-双氧水氧化消解体系下微波消解,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定原油中铅的含量及铅同位素比值(208 pb/206 Pb、208 pb/204 Pb及208 pb/207 Pb),建立了基于铅同位素为特征信息的一种新的油源鉴别辅助技术.实验优化了ICP-MS工作参数,并利用铅标准溶液对同位素积分时间进行优化,提高同位素测定的精密度.结果表明,原油中铅元素测定方法的准确度较高,不确定度＜5％,重现性较好,相对标准偏差小于2％(n=3).该方法应用于测定渤海、南海及国外不同来源的原油样品,分析结果显示不同地区原油中铅元素含量的差异性较大,浓度范围为37.99 ～ 1213.00 μg/kg.考察了铅同位素比值信息,以208 pb/207 Pb与208 pb/206 Pb为变量,能够对不同区域原油样品进行分类,我国南海原油样品与其他油源的原油样品差异性明显.本文建立的油源鉴别技术能为油源的初步筛选提供一定的辅助作用.     

杭州西湖与运河沉积物铅同位素组成及其示踪意义

西湖底部表层沉积淤泥与沉积柱中沉积物的铅同位素组成存在明显的差异。沉积柱中206Pb/207Pb=1.1906±0.0029(2σ),208Pb/206Pb=2.0858±0.0074(2σ),而表层沉积淤泥的206Pb/207Pb=1.1705～1.1726,208Pb/206Pb=2.1052～2.1069,存在明显的异常。沉积柱中铅同位素组成演变特征表明,西湖沉积柱的上部受到了现代人为的铅污染,污染物厚度35cm左右,其中顶部10cm污染较为严重。与杭州市有关环境样品的铅同位素背景对比表明,西湖的铅污染主要来源于汽车尾气排放铅。运河(杭州段)0～30cm的沉积柱中除个别样品外,206Pb/207Pb=1.1543～1.1705,208Pb/206Pb=2.1011～2.1540,与西湖沉积柱下部沉积物中的铅同位素组成明显不同,而与西湖表层沉积淤泥的铅同位素组成一致,这表明运河沉积物存在显著的铅污染。对比表明,运河铅污染也主要来自汽车尾气,同时煤铅可能也有一定的贡献。根据西湖沉积柱中铅污染的深度与平均沉积速率估计,杭州地区的铅污染开始于1910年代,但到1970年代铅污染明显加剧。     

新疆可可塔勒铅锌矿床形成硫铅同位素地球化学证据

对新疆可可塔勒铅锌矿床物理化学条件和硫铅同位素研究,获得矿床形成温度为300℃;logfo2为-32.75～-33.91; logf2为-6.75～-10.00;pH值为5.3～7.0.矿石和脉石的206 Pb/204Pb比值为18.001～18.200,207pb/204 Pb比值为15.480～15.705,208Pb/204 Pb比值为37.605～38.861.硫化物的206Pb/204Pb比值为18.001～18.176,207pb/204 Pb比值为15.480～15.634,208Pb/204 Pb比值为37.605～38.027;铁帽的206Pb/204Pb比值为18.017～18.200,207pb/204Pb比值为15.509～15.617,208pb/204 Pb比值为37.833～38.283;重晶石和石英的206 pb/204 Pb比值为18.014～18.027,207pb/204 Pb比值为15.482～15.495,208Pb/204Pb比值为37.632～37.675.硫化物的δ34S值为-15.8‰～+5.1‰,其中黄铁矿的δ34S值为-14.3‰～+5.1‰,方铅矿的δ34S值为-15.8‰～-1.0‰,磁黄铁矿的δ34S值为-14.6‰～-1.4‰,闪锌矿的δ34S值为-14.5‰～-11.3‰.硫同位素指示硫来源于岩浆,铅同位素指示铅是多来源.     

T-检验在杭州市不同环境介质中铅同位素组成及其来源判别中的应用

应用Microsoft Excel软件中"数据分析"工具之T-检验,对杭州地区不同环境介质的铅同位素组成(206Pb/207Pb比值)进行了均值相等假设检验。通过T-检验,揭示了杭州市哪些环境介质具有相似或不同的铅同位素组成。结果表明,汽车尾气铅具有独特的铅同位素组成而不同于其它环境介质;汽车尾气铅对环境的污染导致环境中铅同位素组成逐渐偏离原值,如城区表土污染最为严重,其206Pb/207Pb比值已与土壤的残渣显示有显著差异,西湖表层沉积淤泥也与深部沉积柱样品有明显的不同。大气和水与多个环境介质具有相似的铅同位素比值,说明大气与水在环境中能与多种环境介质进行同位素物质交换,对污染的扩散起了重要的作用;茶叶与大气有相似的铅同位素比值,说明大气(降尘)对茶叶铅有较大的贡献。而运河沉积物与城区表土铅同位素比值高度一致则说明运河沉积物可能就是来自城区流失的表土。通过实例,介绍了Excel中T-检验在地球化学研究中的应用。     

ISOTOPIC TRACING OF POLLUTANT LEAD SOURCES IN SUBURB SOIL OF JINGZHOU CITY,CHINA

对荆州市郊的农田区、交通区和工业区土壤、汽车尾气、染料和煤等样品进行了铅含量和铅同位素组成研究.铅含量分析结果表明,工业区和交通区土壤均已受到一定的铅污染,其Pb含量平均值(32.80 μg/g和26.28 μg/g)均高于中国土壤平均值,但工业区受到的铅污染更严重.农田区土壤的Pb含量平均值(24.84μg/g)虽稍低,但也指示该区部分土壤已开始受到铅污染.土壤酸溶相Pb含量与全土Pb含量成显著正相关,指示土壤中的Pb主要分布在酸溶相中.铅同位素组成分析结果表明,工业区、交通区和农田区土壤以及土壤不同相(全土、土壤酸溶相和残渣相)具有不同的Pb同位素组成,且土壤的206Pb/204Pb和208Pb/204Pb比值大致具有如下规律:土壤残渣相＞全土＞士壤酸溶相.但是,全土的两组Pb同位素比值平均值更接近于酸溶相的.煤、汽车尾气和染料等环境样品具有比土壤变化范围更大的Pb同位素组成.208Pb/204Pb与206Pb/204Pb相关关系图显示,土壤酸溶相大致位于残渣相、汽车尾气和染料与煤组成的三角形内,表明土壤同时受到了汽车尾气、染料和煤的影响.综合对比分析所有样品的Pb含量和Pb同位素组成,结果表明自无Pb汽油的使用,交通区的Pb污染已大大降低,但工业区受到的Pb污染在加重.为防止土壤铅污染的进一步加重,今后需重点防范工业Pb的排放与污染.     

新疆霍什布拉克铅锌矿床硫铅同位素地球化学研究

对新疆霍什布拉克铅锌矿床硫化物硫、铅同位素测定,获得成矿早期黄铁矿的δ34S值为-12.1‰～-8.5‰,闪锌矿的δ34S值为-17.6‰,方铅矿的δ34S值为-18.8‰;晚期黄铁矿的δ34S值为+12.8‰～+22.2‰,闪锌矿的δ34S值为+20.0‰～+24.2‰,方铅矿的δ34S值为+14.4‰+22.2‰.成矿从早到晚,硫同位素由大的负值变化到大的正值,方铅矿的206 Pb/204 Pb比值为17.900-18.086,207Pb/204Pb比值为15.586-15.732,208Pb/204Pb比值为37.997-38.381;黄铁矿的206Pb/204Pb比值为17.950,207 pb/204Pb比值为15.633,208 pb/204 Pb比值为38.144.灰岩的206pb/204 Pb比值为18.156-18.875,207Pb/204Pb比值为15.396-15.855,208Pb/204Pb比值为37.631-38.967.硫同位素指示硫来源于海水硫酸盐还原硫.铅同位素指示至少有两上以上来源.     

铅同位素分析技术在土壤铅污染源解析中的应用——以陕西凤翔长青工业园为例

土壤是产地环境的基本要素,良好的产地环境是确保食品安全的基础。铅在土壤中具有难以降解、持久性污染等特点[1-2],是土壤环境中具有潜在危害的污染物之一。研究土壤铅污染来源及各污染源的相对贡献率,对治理土壤铅污染,保障食品安全具有重要意义。铅(Pb)在自然界中存在四种稳定性同位素,208Pb、207Pb、206Pb,和204Pb,丰度分别为51.28%~56.21%、17.62%~22.1%、20.84%~27.48%,和1.04%~1.65%[3]。其中,前三种是232Th(钍)、235U(铀)和238U放射性衰变的终产物,为放射成因稳定性同位素;204Pb的半衰期为1.4×1017a,远大于地球的年龄(4.6×109a),可看作是稳定性同位素。铅同位素比率主要由地质形成初期铀和钍的相对含量及此后的衰变时间所决定,在地球化学上具有显著的区域化分异特征,但在同一区域相当一致[4]。因此,铅同位素比率可作为含铅物质的一种"指纹"来识别铅的来源[5]。铅同位素组成有多种表示方法。在地球化学领域、特别是环境科学领域通常用同位素比率来表示其组成,如206Pb/207Pb、208Pb/206Pb、208Pb/204Pb等。由于204Pb在自然界中丰度较低,测定精度较差,所以一般选择206Pb、207Pb和208Pb三者中任意二者的丰度比(比率)来研究铅的来源[6-9]。近几十年来,铅同位素比率分析技术已被广泛用于考古[10-14]、地球化学[7,15]、大气污染源解析[16-19]等方面。土壤铅污染源解析是产地环境评价和食物链铅来源分析的重要内容。本研究以陕西凤翔长青工业园为目标区域,采集污染源端元样品(矿石、燃煤)、大气降尘,耕层土壤和背景土壤样品,用ICP-MS测定铅元素含量及同位素比率值(206Pb/207Pb和208Pb/206Pb),结合二元混合模型和三元混合模型计算各污染源对耕层土壤铅的贡献率,旨在分析耕层土壤铅污染的程度和铅污染的来源,解析各污染源对土壤铅污染的相对贡献率,探讨土壤铅污染源解析方法。结果表明:污染端元介质——铅锌冶炼厂矿石206Pb/207Pb、208Pb/206Pb分别为1.1137±0.0027、2.1648±0.0033;焦化厂燃煤206Pb/207Pb、208Pb/206Pb分别为1.0938±0.0066、2.1290±0.0044;热电厂燃煤206Pb/207Pb、208Pb/206Pb分别为1.1752±0.0035、2.0712±0.0111(详见表1);耕层土壤206Pb/207Pb、208Pb/206Pb分别为1.1824±0.0088、2.0771±0.0078;背景土壤206Pb/207Pb、208Pb/206Pb分别为1.2214±0.0032、2.0384±0.0017;大气降尘206Pb/207Pb、208Pb/206Pb分别为1.1353±0.0049、2.1189±0.0035(详见表2)。该区域铅锌冶炼活动对耕层土壤铅的贡献率约为18.43%,焦化厂燃煤对耕层土壤铅的贡献率约为9.36%,热电厂燃煤对耕层土壤铅的贡献率约为19.71%,背景土壤对耕层土壤的贡献率约为52.5%。该区域耕层土壤中的铅主要来源于背景土壤。本研究表明铅同位素解析技术是一种解析土壤铅污染来源的有效手段。     

黔西北福来厂铅锌矿床Pb同位素研究及地质意义

单阶段演化正常铅用H-H法可获得高准确性的模式年龄,在黔西北福来厂铅锌矿床中采集16件矿脉和围岩样品,测定它们的Pb同位素组成,206 pb/204 Pb为18.5346 ～ 18.7294(均值18.5935),207pb/204 Pb为15.7408～15.7603(均值15.7519),208 pb/204 Pb...     

Mobilisation of traffic-derived trace metals from road corridors into coastal stream and estuarine sediments,Cairns, northern Australia

This investigation revealed the presence of traffic-derived metals within road, stream and estuarine sediments collected from a coastal catchment, northern Australia. Studied road sediments displayed variable total metal concentrations (median Cd, Cu, Pb, Pd, Pt, Ni and Zn values: 0.19, 42.6, 67.5, 0.064, 0.104, 36.7 and 698 mg/kg, respectively). The distinctly elevated Zn values are due to abundant tyre rubber shreds (as verified by SEM-EDS and correlation analysis). By comparison to the road sediments, background stream sediments taken upstream from roads have relatively low median Pb, Pd, Pt and Zn concentrations (7.3 mg/kg Pb, 0.01 mg/kg Pd, 0.012 mg/kg Pt, 62 mg/kg Zn). Stream and estuarine sediment samples collected below roads have median values of 21.8 mg/kg Pb, 0.014 mg/kg Pd, 0.021 mg/kg Pt and 71 mg/kg Zn, and exhibit ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁶Pb ratios that appear on a mixing line between the isotopically distinct background stream sediments and the road sediments. Thus, mobilisation of dusts and sediments from road surfaces has resulted in relatively elevated Pb, Pd, Pt and Zn concentrations and non-radiogenic Pb isotope ratios in local coastal stream and estuarine sediments. The investigation demonstrates that traffic-derived metals enter coastal stream and estuary sediments at the fringe of the Great Barrier Reef lagoon.     

杭州市土壤铅污染的铅同位素示踪研究

根据杭州市40个土壤全铅和38个可溶相铅的统计分析,土壤中全铅平均含量为49.6×10^-6,可溶相铅平均为21.4×10^-6,城区表土的全铅高达76.1×10^-6,显著高于全国土壤平均值。分析结果还显示,从农村→远郊→近郊→公路旁,土壤可溶相铅含量逐渐增加,且土壤的可溶相铅含量与深度具明显的负相关关系。表明杭州市土壤受到了不同程度的铅污染,污染程度由农村→远郊→近郊→公路旁→城区有明显的增高趋势。通过对茶园土壤中可溶相铅、残渣态铅及城区表土全铅的同位素组成对比分析发现,从土壤残渣态(代表土壤背景)→土壤可溶相→城区表层土壤全铅²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb比值有明显的降低。²⁰⁸Pb/(²⁰⁶Pb+²⁰⁷Pb)也有类似的变化趋势。将土壤与杭州市的汽车尾气、大气等环境样品进行对比发现,随着土壤受污染程度的增加,铅同位素组成逐渐向汽车尾气铅漂移,表明汽车尾气排放的铅为其主要污染源。     

Quantitative spatial characteristics and environmental risk of toxic heavy metals in urban dusts of Shanghai,China

Associated with the rapid urbanization and industrialization, most of the urban parks and recreational areas in Shanghai are built close to major roads or industrial areas, where they are subject to many potential pollution source, including automobile exhaust and factory emissions. Urban dusts, containing many toxic heavy metals such as Pb, Cr, Cd, Hg and As, are one of main contributors for environmental pollution. In this study, 261 dust samples were collected from two different localities (streets and parks) in the urban area of Shanghai, China. Pb and Cr concentrations of all samples were determined by atomic adsorption spectrophotometer analyzer, and Cd, As and Hg concentrations in 74 samples by atomic fluorescence spectroscopy. The mean concentrations of Pb, Cr, Cd, As and Hg are 287, 157, 1.24, 8.73 and 0.16 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. Each heavy metal shows a wide range of concentration values. In comparison with heavy metal background values of soil in Shanghai, urban dusts have elevated metal concentrations as a whole, except those of As. The concentrations of Pb, Cr, Cd, As and Hg are 11.3, 2.1, 10.3, 0.997, 1.7 times of the soil background values, respectively. Compared with the global mean concentrations, Cr concentration in urban dusts is slightly higher. Pb, Cr and Hg show normal distribution after logarithmic transformation. Pb, Cr, Cd, As and Hg have second-order variation trends of the spatial distribution. The spatial distribution features of five toxic heavy metals, in general, illustrate relatively high levels within the regions of the inner-city ring highway and southwestern Shanghai. Cr and Cd are higher in Baoshan industrial park and the shipbuilding industries regions. The order of environmental risk is Pb > Cd > Cr > Hg > As. Pb and Cd have the highest risk for environment pollution and human health among the five metals. The pollutant sources of toxic heavy metals in Shanghai urban dusts are preliminarily concluded as follows: As may have mainly a natural source. Burning of coal has become the main source of Hg pollution. Pb, Cr and Cd have three sources, traffic, building construction, and weathering corrosion of building materials.     

Lead isotopes as tracers of anthropogenic pollution in urban topsoils of Mexico City

A survey was performed to trace the main source of anthropogenic Pb pollution in Mexico City through Pb isotopic signatures (²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb, and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁷Pb) from 103 urban topsoil (0–5 cm) samples. Those were collected in the metropolitan area of Mexico City and compared with isotopic compositions of leaded gasoline (LG), domestic Pb ores (DLO) and parent rock (PR). The isotope ratios (IRs) of Pb were determined by inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectrometry (ICP-QMS) and total Pb concentration analyzed by wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF). The range of Pb concentrations levels in urban topsoil samples was 15–473 mg/kg. The IR values obtained for these samples were 37.965–39.718 (²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb), 18.375–19.204 (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb), 1.177–1.218 (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb) and 2.443–2.496 (²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁷Pb). Analyzed topsoil samples with low Pb content (<50 mg/kg) displayed high dispersion in ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb values, which are determined by different natural sources. Samples with 51–200 mg/kg Pb content, shown low dispersion that revealed the mixing between the natural Pb and anthropogenic Pb. The assessment of the IR values shown that, as Pb concentration increases, a trend toward gasoline IR data has been observed. The results obtained by this research suggest that although the use of leaded petrol had been banned in Mexico since 1997, the Pb pollution in the urban topsoils due to the historical use of Pb in petrol is still significant.     

Spatial distribution of lead and lead isotopes in soil B-horizon, forest-floor humus, grass (Avenella flexuosa) and spruce (Picea abies) needles across the Czech Republic

Lead concentrations were determined in samples of soil B-horizon (N = 258), forest-floor humus (O-horizon, N = 259), grass (Avenella flexuosa, N = 251) and spruce (Picea abies, N = 253) needles (2nd year) collected at the same locations evenly spread over the territory of the Czech Republic at an average density of 1 site/300 km². Median Pb concentrations differ widely in the four materials: soil B-horizon: 27 mg/kg (3.3-220 mg/kg), humus: 78 mg/kg (19-1863 mg/kg), grass: 0.37 mg/kg (0.08-8 mg/kg) and spruce needles: 0.23 mg/kg (0.07-3 mg/kg). In the Pb distribution maps for humus, grass and spruce a number of well-known Pb-contamination sources are indicated by unusually high concentrations (e.g., the Pb smelter at Pribram, the metallurgical industry in the NE of the Czech Republic and along the Polish border, as well as the metallurgical industry in Upper Silesia and Europe’s largest coal-fired power plant at Bogatynia, Poland). The ratio ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb was determined in all four materials. The median value of the ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb isotope ratio in the soil B-horizon is 1.184 (variation: 1.145-1.337). In both humus and grass the median value for the ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb isotope ratio is 1.162 (variation: 1.130-1.182), in spruce needles the median ratio is 1.159 (variation: 1.116-1.186). In humus, grass and spruce needles the known contamination sources are all marked by higher ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb isotope ratios in the maps. Furthermore, the soil B-horizon, humus, grass and spruce needles show distinctly different spatial distribution patterns of the ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb isotope ratios. The B-horizon does not provide a viable background value for metal concentrations in the O-horizon or plant materials. None of the maps provides evidence for the importance of traffic-related emissions for the observed isotope ratios at the scale of the Czech Republic.     

Tracing diffuse anthropogenic Pb sources in rural soils by means of Pb isotope analysis

Knowledge of the cause and source of Pb pollution is important to abate environmental Pb pollution by taking source-related actions. Lead isotope analysis is a potentially powerful tool to identify anthropogenic Pb and its sources in the environment. Spatial information on the variation of anthropogenic Pb content and anthropogenic Pb sources in rural topsoils is remarkably limited. This study presents results of a survey of approximately 350 topsoil samples from rural locations covering the entire Netherlands, for which the bulk geochemical and Pb isotope compositions were determined. The specific aim of this study is to determine the anthropogenic Pb sources in the topsoils from rural areas in The Netherlands. The spatial distribution of anthropogenic Pb in soils in The Netherlands will be explained in terms of land use and pollution sources.Nearly all studied topsoils display Pb contents that exceed the amount expected based on the soil lithology. The range in Pb isotope ratios of the additional Pb fraction in rural Dutch topsoils is established at 1.056–1.199, 2.336–2.486 and 0.452–0.490 for ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁸Pb and ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁸Pb, respectively. Five land use types are distinguished (forest, open nature, moor, arable land and grassland) with distinct isotopic compositions for added Pb. Additional Pb in soils of natural areas (forest, open nature and moor) has on average lower ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb, ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁷Pb and ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁸Pb ratios than the agricultural soils (arable land and grassland). Additional Pb in both natural area soils and agricultural soils is interpreted to be of anthropogenic origin: most likely a mixture of coal/galena, incinerator ashes and gasoline Pb. The dominant sources of additional Pb in the topsoil of open nature areas are most likely incinerator ash and gasoline Pb. In contrast, the on average higher ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb, ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁷Pb and ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁸Pb ratios of additional Pb in agricultural soils are most likely caused by the presence of animal manure and N–P fertilizers.Several areas are observed with notably high additional Pb contents (26–211 mg/kg on an organic matter-free basis) in the topsoil. The largest area is the Randstad area, which has the highest population and traffic density, and hosts a considerable fraction of the Dutch chemical industry. Two other areas with high additional Pb contents in the topsoil are located near the Dutch borders and are most likely influenced by German and Belgian chemical industries. The topsoils in the coastal dunes and southern, central and northern forests are characterized by relatively low additional Pb contents (<10 mg/kg on an organic matter-free basis). The population, traffic and chemical industry density is low in these areas and no fertilizers are applied.     

Application of Pb isotopic tracing technique to constraining the source of Pb in the West Lake Longjing tea

This paper dealt with the Pb contents and Pb isotopic composition of the West Lake Longjing tea. The results showed that in the tea leaves, from young leaf →old leaf →tea limb, the Pb contents tend to increase gradu-ally from 1.63 →4.84 →6.07×10-6, wich revealed that the Pb was accumulated gradually in the tea. After cleaned, the Pb contents of tea leaves were significantly reduced. This indicated that the deposits on the surface of tea leaves made a great contributuion to Pb contents. The survey results for soils in the relevant tea gardens showed that soil from the Longjing tea garden has higher Pb contents, with an average level of 49.6×10-6, two times those of common soils (24×10-6) in China. Results of the systematic analysis for tea, tea garden soil and the samples with the relevant background of the Pb isotopic composition displayed that the Pb isotopic ratio of tea is 206Pb/207Pb=1.164±0.005 (2σ). The ratio of 206Pb/207Pb for the soil gradually decreased from residue phase, soil dilute acid extract phase, and then to urban topsoil, i.e., 1.175 →1.171 →1.170. The 208Pb/(206Pb+207Pb) ratios also show a similar variation trend. 206Pb/207Pb ratios in the samples with the relevant background were: vehicle exhaust, 1.124; coal-combustion, 1.156; atmosphere, 1.168; and water, 1.166. Comparative studies have shown that Pb pollution is popular in the environ-mental media (soil, atmosphere, water) in Hangzhou. With the aggravation of Pb pollution, the Pb isotopic composi-tion gradually changed from the natural background (soil residues) to the direction of automobile exhaust. This phe-nomenon could illustrate that the pollution source was the vehicle exhaust, while the coal-combustion contributed little to environmental pollution in Hangzhou. The Pb of the Longjing tea came mostly from soluble phase Pb in the polluted soil. Moreover, secondary pollution was caused by vehicle exhaust.     

Heavy metal contamination of urban soils and street dusts in Hong Kong

Due to rapid urbanisation and scarcity of land, most of the urban parks and recreational areas in Hong Kong are built close to major roads or industrial areas, where they are subject to many potential pollution sources, including vehicle exhaust and industrial emissions. An extensive soil survey was conducted in urban parks of Hong Kong to study the current conditions of heavy metals contamination in soils. Soil samples and associated street dusts were collected from more than 60 parks and public amenity areas in old urban districts, industrial areas and New Towns of the territory. Soils were also sampled in the remote country parks to establish the baseline conditions. The total concentrations of heavy metals and major elements in the samples were determined. The results indicate that urban soils in Hong Kong have elevated concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn. The parks with high metal concentrations are located in old urban commercial districts and industrial areas, indicating that the major contamination sources in these soils are traffic emissions and industrial activities. In addition, the application of Cd containing phosphate fertilizers may be an important source of Cd in urban park soils. The street dusts have highly elevated Zn concentration, particularly along the main trunk roads. The high Zn content in the street dusts may come from traffic sources, especially vehicle tyres. Selective soil and road dust samples were also analysed for potential chemical speciation by a sequential chemical extraction method. The chemical partitioning results show that Pb and Zn are mainly in the carbonate/adsorbed and Fe–Mn oxide phases, while Cu is largely associated with the organic and sulphide fractions. The high exchangeable Cd in urban soils and high concentration of Zn in street dusts need further investigation for their ecological and health implications.     

若尔盖高原土壤和近地表大气气溶胶铅同位素组成测试及示踪研究

若尔盖高原牧场处于中国偏远洁净高海拔地区,大气沉降是污染物主要来源途径之一。由于季风的影响,污染源的辨析较为困难。本文通过多点大气气溶胶不同季节同时采样方式,利用热电离固体同位素质谱仪可有效校正质谱分析中同位素分馏效应的优点,对若尔盖地区土壤和大气气溶胶的铅同位素比值进行精确分析,并结合季风特征对该地区污染物的来源进行解析。结果表明:土壤的208Pb/204Pb比值变化范围为38.79059±0.00194~38.94461±0.00135,206Pb/207Pb为1.18551±0.00002~1.19362±0.00002;大气气溶胶的208Pb/204Pb比值变化范围为37.49571±0.00117~38.48980±0.00105,206Pb/207Pb为1.12894±0.00001~1.16734±0.00001。该地区土壤铅同位素的特征是放射成因铅高,来自于自身天然存在的岩石矿物,与大气污染关系不大;大气气溶胶的铅同位素组成与土壤差异较大,显示为多元混合模式,受到了天然物质和人类活动来源的混合影响,机动车尾气及来自北部(兰州)和西北部(青海、新疆、哈萨克斯坦、俄罗斯)的大气远程运移是若尔盖大气气溶胶及污染物质的主要来源。     

Contemporary lead concentration and stable lead isotope ratio distribution in forest moss across the Czech Republic

Lead concentrations and stable lead isotopes (²⁰⁴Pb, ²⁰⁶Pb, ²⁰⁷Pb, ²⁰⁸Pb) were measured in forest moss samples (Pleurozium schreberi or Scleropodium purum) collected at 273 sites across the Czech Republic during 2010. Continuously decreasing median Pb concentrations in moss were documented over the last two decades: 1995: 11 mg/kg, 2000: 5.66 mg/kg, 2005: 4.94 mg/kg and 2010: 2.85 mg/kg. Several local anomalies have decreased in scale, the overall regional distribution patterns remained, however, the same. The regional Pb isotope ratio distributions show that the ratios show little variation for a large central part of the country and provide the large-scale background isotope ratios for the Czech Republic of about ²⁰⁴Pb/²⁰⁶Pb = 0.0550, ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb = 1.167, ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁸Pb = 0.478 and ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁸Pb = 0.409 for 2010. This background Pb isotope ratio signal in moss has been locally (900–7500 km²) modified by specific Pb isotopic ratio signals caused by deposition of Pb emissions from known local anthropogenic Pb emission sources, such as industrial combustion of local coal, and a variety of industrial enterprises (metallurgical, engineering and glass works). At some sites where mining of uranium and polymetallic ores took place the moss samples show also a locally specific Pb isotope signal. The in terms of area affected largest deviations in the Pb-isotope ratios, e.g., in the Bohemian Massif, may be due to the input of geogenic dust.