辽河油田欧利坨子潜火山岩及其成藏机制

辽河油田欧利坨子油气的主要储集岩为侵位于沙三期烃源岩中的岩镰状潜火山侵入体。在岩浆侵位过程中，由于侵入体中挥发份的逸出并在岩体顶部聚集，于冷凝壳下发生“隐爆作用”，在冷凝壳内形成隐爆角砾岩砾间缝，在隐爆角砾岩附近震碎带形成网状型缝；由于岩浆上拱力，在岩体顶部冷凝壳内形成垂直向裂缝；岩体的冷凝收缩还形成了大量张性微裂缝。油气通过连通烃源岩与岩体的构造裂缝由下方烃源岩进入岩体上部裂隙系统，形成了工业型油气藏。     

辽河坳陷粗面岩地球物理响应特征及预测技术研究

辽河坳陷欧利坨子地区发育大规模、巨厚层状粗面岩,并赋存了大量油气资源。但由于粗面岩岩石物理性质特殊,分布规律性较差,目前尚未形成一套具有针对性的预测技术,制约着粗面岩油藏的进一步勘探和开发。为此,在对粗面岩进行岩石物理分析以及正演模拟的基础上,提出了综合应用地震技术预测粗面岩分布的方法。研究成果表明:(1)研究区粗面岩表现为低时差、高密度、高自然伽马的测井响应特征以及低频、强振幅的地震响应特征;(2)联合多参数岩性反演和纵波阻抗反演可以实现粗面岩分布的预测;(3)平均反射强度和平均波峰振幅对于粗面岩引起的反射异常较为敏感,有利于准确刻画粗面岩分布范围;(4)根据粗面岩分布区的低频特征,21Hz的振幅调谐体频率切片可以有效识别粗面岩体。     

北山地区斑岩铜矿含矿岩体的某些地质特征及判别标志

以北山地区两个斑岩铜矿床的含矿岩体为例，系统研究了火山岩－斑岩体系的岩石学及地球化学特征和产出构造环境。发现斑岩铜矿区皆发育有钾质、钾钠质、钠质三种类型的中酸性岩类岩石组合，矿区岩石与外围及区域岩石相比，在稀土配分和微量元素特征上有很大差别。     

辽河盆地欧利坨子斑岩型油气藏的确定及其意

近年来 ,油藏地质学家对产在火成岩中的油气藏已渐趋重视。但是 ,目前所报道的研究实例主要是产在玄武岩和辉绿岩中的油气藏[1,2 ] ,而产在粗面质斑岩体中的油气藏则未见报道。此外 ,以往所讨论的火成岩储集空间主要是气孔、溶孔、冷缩节理、淬碎角砾岩和构造裂缝等[3～ 5 ] ,而对侵入岩浆结晶过程中由隐爆作用造成的角砾岩和网状裂隙系统的重要储油意义则尚未充分认识。辽河盆地欧利坨子油田日产原油 2 0 0多吨 ,并有相当数量天然气。油气储集岩主要为中偏碱性的火成岩。自从该油田发现以来 ,研究人员均认为 ,这种火成岩是喷出相的粗面熔岩…     

安徽铜陵矿集区斑岩型铜钼金矿床地质特征及成矿背景

铜陵矿集区以发育大型和为数众多的矽卡岩型矿床而闻名于世,而近年来作为该区找矿的重要成果和突破则是斑岩型矿床和矿化的陆续发现。本文以铜陵矿集区3个代表性斑岩型矿床为研究对象,在详细的野外地质调查和室内显微观察研究的基础上,开展了较为系统的矿床地质和地球化学研究,阐述了斑岩型矿床的地质特征,确定了含矿侵入岩体的地质和地球化学特征,分析了矿床蚀变特征和流体包裹体特征,探讨了成岩成矿的大地构造背景,并与世界典型斑岩型矿床进行了对比。研究表明,铜陵矿集区斑岩型铜钼金矿床通常发育于含矿岩体的围岩或盖层为砂岩、砂页岩或硅质岩的条件下,含矿岩体为富碱低镁高钾准铝质钙碱性系列中浅成侵入岩体,具有与埃达克岩一致的地球化学特征;与世界典型斑岩型矿床含矿岩体对比,岩体侵位较深,有些矿区多期多相特征不明显;含矿岩体发育钾硅酸盐化、黄铁绢英岩化、青磐岩化等热液蚀变且有一定的分带性,但各矿床蚀变特征略有不同;矿床矿石矿物中富气相、富液相和含子晶多相包裹体共生,流体包裹体均一温度和盐度演化特征显示具有岩浆作用控制的高温热液型矿床特征。结合区域构造演化,作者确定铜陵矿集区斑岩型矿床属大陆环境斑岩型矿床,成矿作用发生于陆内造山作用由挤压向拉张转化的动力学背景之下,斑岩型矿床与矽卡岩型矿床及热液脉状矿床共同构成受统一的岩浆热液系统控制的矿床系列。     

辽河油田东部凹陷中段走滑断层与油气的关系

走滑构造不仅加速含油气盆地油气的运移和富集,而且在促使油气圈闭的形成过程中也促使形成圈闭中的优良储集层.在具备生、储、盖地质条件时,花状构造样式的含油气性优于其他构造样式,不仅控制着油气藏的分布,而且走滑断层的应力释放区往往是油气富集区.扭应力作用使生油层中的分散油气被“强拧“驱赶、运移至花状构造背斜核部,在负花状构造的上升盘中形成高产油气流.辽河坳陷内的黄沙坨和欧利坨子地区便是郯庐断裂在辽河坳陷东部凹陷中段的应力释放区,对该区走滑断层的识别和解释,不仅对东部凹陷中段油气藏的形成、分布及富集有了新的认识,而且可为寻找同类油气藏提供依据.     

辽河油田东部凹陷中段走滑断层与油气的关系

走滑构造不仅加速含油气盆地油气的运移和富集,而且在促使油气圈闭的形成过程中也促使形成圈闭中的优良储集层.在具备生、储、盖地质条件时,花状构造样式的含油气性优于其他构造样式,不仅控制着油气藏的分布,而且走滑断层的应力释放区往往是油气富集区.扭应力作用使生油层中的分散油气被"强拧"驱赶、运移至花状构造背斜核部,在负花状构造的上升盘中形成高产油气流.辽河坳陷内的黄沙坨和欧利坨子地区便是郯庐断裂在辽河坳陷东部凹陷中段的应力释放区,对该区走滑断层的识别和解释,不仅对东部凹陷中段油气藏的形成、分布及富集有了新的认识,而且可为寻找同类油气藏提供依据.     

我国大陆东部斑岩型铜矿床成矿岩体的岩石化学特征及其成矿物质来源探讨

我国东部发育的含矿斑岩体,按其岩石化学特征大致可与环太平洋斑岩铜矿带其它地区的同类岩体相对比,至于可用作判别斑岩体成矿与否的Feiss指数对我国岩体的不适用性,则是由于我国某些斑岩体成矿物质的多来源所致.     

伊朗大理矿区中新世成矿及无矿斑岩地球化学对比及其对成矿的启示

伊朗乌尔米耶-达克塔尔弧岩浆带(Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic arc,UDMA)是特提斯域最重要的斑岩铜矿省,发育大量中新世大型超-大型斑岩铜矿床;同时,该带也发育大量同时代无矿岩体,但控制岩体成矿潜力的关键因素尚不清楚.为此,选择该带中段、成矿及无矿岩体同时发育的大理矿区,针对成矿及无矿岩体开展了系统的锆石岩相学、年代学、微量元素地球化学及Hf同位素地球化学对比.结果显示,无矿闪长岩(锆石U-Pb年龄:17.4±0.3 Ma)比成矿石英闪长斑岩(锆石U-Pb年龄:15.6±0.1 Ma)形成略早,但近乎同期;闪长岩εHf(t)值变化介于+2^+4,石英闪长斑岩εHf(t)值变化介于+2^+5,两者具有类似的Hf同位素组成;闪长岩中锆石常含老的继承核(172~920 Ma),石英闪长斑岩则不发育继承锆石;闪长岩及石英闪长斑岩中的中新世锆石具有类似的稀土配分模式,且Eu负异常不明显,而闪长岩中的锆石继承核则显示出明显的Eu负异常,配分模式与中新世锆石不同.基于上述结果,我们提出大理矿区的两套中新世岩体具有相同的岩浆源区,但经历了不同的地壳演化过程,成矿的石英闪长斑岩浆形成后,与古老地壳没有明显交互,而无矿的闪长岩浆,在上升过程中与地壳物质、特别是古老还原性物质发生了交互,交互过程中岩浆氧逸度降低,是该套岩浆不成矿的主要原因.进而我们提出UDMA带中段斑岩成矿与否不仅与前人所认为的受岩浆源区控制,也与岩浆演化过程密不可分.     

辽河坳陷热河台一欧利坨子地区火山岩成藏条件

热河台－欧利坨子地区位于辽河坳陷东部凹陷的中段,为坳陷内始新世岩浆活动中心,在对火山岩发育年代,岩石类型及火山口位置等研究的基础上,选取沙三段Ⅱ组粗面岩为研究对象,将储集空间划分为五种类型,应用“宏观”统计和常规测试两种方法对孔隙度进行了定量计算,并建立了火山岩岩性和储集层评价的测井响应标准;     

Comparisons among the Oortsog,Dulaan, and Nomgon mafic-ultramafic intrusions in central Mongolia and Ni-Cu deposits in NW China: implications for economic Ni-Cu-PGE ore exploration in central Mongolia

Although there are many mafic-ultramafic intrusions in the western and central regions of Mongolia, Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), no economic-grade Ni-Cu deposits have yet been discovered. To understand the economic Ni-Cu deposit potential of the intrusions in central Mongolia, the parental magma affinity and sulfide saturation of the Oortsog, Dulaan, and Nomgon Ni-Cu mineralized mafic-ultramafic intrusions are studied. These three intrusions are predominantly gabbroic in composition, while the Oortsog and Dulaan intrusions also contain small proportions of peridotites. The parental magmas of the Oortsog and Dulaan intrusions are tholeiitic, as indicated by their Cr-spinel and clinopyroxene compositions, whereas the parental magma of the Nomgon intrusions is likely calc-alkaline. The compositions of Cr-spinel and clinopyroxene, combined with the presence of significant Nb-Ta depletions, indicate that these rocks were most likely derived from modified mantle sources. Both the Oortsog and Nomgon intrusions form two clusters in terms of their olivine composition, suggesting that multiple magma surges were involved during their emplacement. The relatively low Fo values and Ni contents in olivine from the three intrusions compared to those from Ni-Cu deposits in NW China, as well as those in the Voisey’s Bay deposit in Canada, indicate that the three intrusions were crystallized from relatively evolved magmas. The Cu/Zr ratios of rocks of the Oortsog, Dulaan, and Nomgon intrusions are higher than 1, suggesting that these rocks contain cumulus sulfide. This, coupled with the presence of rounded sulfide inclusions in olivine of the Oortsog and Dulaan intrusions, suggests that sulfide saturation occurred before or during olivine crystallization. The distribution patterns of platinum group elements (PGEs) of the Dulaan and Oortsog intrusions record slight Rh, Pt, and Pd (PPGE) enrichment relative to Os, Ir, and Rh (IPGE). Furthermore, the Ni/Cu ratios of sulfide-bearing rocks from the Oortsog intrusion vary from 1.8 to 3.8, which are consistent with those of the Ni-Cu sulfide deposits in NW China. In contrast, the Ni/Cu ratios of sulfide-bearing rocks from the Nomgon intrusion are extremely low (0.03 to 0.07). This, together with the significant enrichment in PPGE relative to IPGE, suggests that these sulfides of the Nomgon intrusion were segregated from a magma that was extremely enriched in Cu and PPGE but depleted in Ni and IPGE. The characteristics of the chalcophile elements in these intrusions are attributed to the fact that the derivation of the Nomgon magma was significantly different from that of the Dulaan and Oortsog parental magmas. Overall, although the parental magmas of the intrusions in central Mongolia are more evolved than those in NW China, they are comparable in terms of the sizes of their intrusions, constituent minerals, and mineral chemistry. These similarities suggest that the intrusions in central Mongolia have economic Ni-Cu sulfide potential. Furthermore, intrusions similar to the Nomgon intrusion may feature PGE mineralization potential.     

Structural,lithological, and geochemical constraints on the dynamic magma plumbing system of the Jinchuan Ni–Cu sulfide deposit,NW China

Eastern and western portions of the Jinchuan ultramafic intrusion have previously been interpreted as dismembered segments of a single elongate intrusion by late faults. However, the different stratigraphic sequences of the two portions indicate that they are originally two separate intrusions, referred to as Eastern and Western intrusions in this study. The Eastern intrusion is characterized by a concentric distribution of rock types with a core of sulfide dunite enveloped by lherzolite, whereas the Western intrusion is composed of the Upper and Lower units, interpreted as magmatic mega cycles with regular variations in lithology and chemistry. In the Western intrusion, the Upper unit consists of fine-grained dunite, lherzolite, and pyroxenite from its base to its top. The MgO contents decrease upward from the dunites (42–45 wt.%) to the lherzolites (36–41 wt.%), while Al₂O₃ and incompatible elements increase upward. In contrast, the Lower unit consists of coarse-grained dunites and lherzolites containing 37–40 and 28–35 wt.% MgO, respectively. Sharp contacts between the Upper and Lower units and fine-grained dunite xenoliths at the top of the Lower unit indicate that the Lower unit intruded along the base of the Upper unit. Disseminated and net-textured sulfides primarily occur in the Lower unit and comprise the no. 24 ore body. Very low S contents (<100 ppm) of the wall rocks at Jinchuan indicate that they were not the source of S causing sulfide immiscibility. Sulfide segregation more likely occurred in deep-seated magma chambers, and sulfides were deposited in the Western intrusion when sulfide-bearing magmas passed through the intrusion. In contrast, the Eastern intrusion was formed by injections of sulfide-free and sulfide-bearing olivine-crystal mushes, respectively, from another deep-seated staging magma chamber. The Eastern and Western intrusions and the deep-seated magma chambers comprise a complicated magma plumbing system at Jinchuan. Normal faults played a significant role in the formation of the magma plumbing system and provided pathways for the magmas.     

Geological Features and Formation Processes of the Makeng Fe Deposit,China

Recent studies have revealed that the Makeng Fe deposit is a skarn type deposit. However, the skarns in Makeng, occurring primarily between limestone and sandstone, are not typically associated with limestone and plutons. Different periods of intrusions, e.7. Hercynian mafic intrusions and Yanshanian (i.e. early Cretaceous) Dayang–Juzhou granitic intrusion, occurred in the Makeng deposit district. In this study, the formation processes of the skarns and Fe mineralization are constrained by detailed fieldwork, petrology, geochronology, and geochemistry. Skarns and Fe mineralization intersecting the Hercynian mafic intrusions are observed in consecutive specimens from the 106# tunnel. They suggest that the skarn formation and Fe mineralization occurred after the Hercynian mafic intrusions and are related to the later Yanshanian Dayang–Juzhou granitic intrusion. The geochronological characteristics of weakly skarn‐altered diabases, the decreasing nature of Fe contents in altered diabase, and the major element compositions of pyroxenes and garnets also support that Hercynian mafic intrusions are strongly reformed by Yanshanian granitic magmas and the Fe migrated from mafic intrusion was responsible for formation of iron ore.     

新疆喀拉通克铜镍矿镁铁质岩体形成时代、成矿特征与深部找矿前景

喀拉通克镁铁质岩体群位于准噶尔地块东北缘,由13个小岩体组成。在以往的研究中,这些岩体多被视为同期形成。笔者新获得的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄显示,镁铁质岩体群发育晚石炭世和早二叠世2个时期的岩体,其中Y3岩体闪长岩、苏长岩以及G21岩体淡色辉长岩的年龄分别为290 Ma、283 Ma和281 Ma,与Y1和Y9含矿岩体的年龄在误差范围内一致;Y5岩体辉长岩和闪长岩的年龄均为320 Ma,明显早于其他岩体。结合区域构造演化资料分析,晚石炭世Y5岩体是俯冲环境下岩浆作用的产物,这与以往研究较多的早二叠世后碰撞伸展环境下形成的岩体不同。在该矿区,具有工业价值的硫化物矿体主要赋存在Y1~Y3以及Y9岩体中,其中Y1和Y9岩体中富硫化物的矿体主要分布在岩体中部,而Y2和Y3岩体中矿体主要分布在底部的苏长岩中,在Y1-Y2以及Y2-Y3岩体结合部位均可见块状矿体。矿体空间分布及其与通道对应关系显示镁铁质含矿岩体可能形成于不同的岩浆通道系统或通道的不同部位。矿物学变化显示Y3、Y9和G21演化程度相对高于Y1和Y2岩体;同时,前者硫化物矿石多为中等稀疏浸染状和星点状,后者多为稠密浸染状和块状矿石,且前者浸染状矿石的Ni/Cu比值(0.15~2.00)总体小于后者(0.14~4.48)。上述特征表明含矿岩体的岩浆相对演化程度与矿化富集程度有一定的关系。综合分析地质、物探资料以及成矿特征,笔者认为Y1-Y3岩体深部仍具有寻找成矿岩体的潜力。G21岩体的演化程度较高,但具有与Y2、Y3岩体相似的重力异常和源区性质,推测该地段深部可能存在体积更大的岩体。     

Evidence of multiple intrusion,possible resetting of U-Pb ages,and new crystallization of zircons in the post-tectonic intrusions (‘Rapakivi granites’) and gneisses from South Greenland

U-Pb data for zircons from post-tectonic monzonite, syenite and norite, and country rock gneiss and migmatite from the Kap Farvel-Prins Christian Sund area of South Greenland indicate two distinct intrusive episodes at ～1740 m.y. and ～1755 m.y. The norites have the same age as the older granitic rocks. Similar intrusions further north along the southeast coast have the same age (～1755 m.y.) and geochemical character as those of the Kap Farvel-Prins Christian Sund area. Our U-Pb ages are about 100 m.y. older than previously determined K-Ar ages.The youngest peak of regional Ketilidian metamorphism in this area is placed at about 1800 m.y. based on a linear array of seven magnetic and size fractions from a syntectonic granitic part of a migmatite. This age is distinctly different from the post-tectonic intrusions and, along with other data, precludes the possibility of in situ formation of the intrusions by remelting of the country rocks.In one hypersthene migmatite sample collected near a post-tectonic intrusion, clear overgrowths and separate clear grains with low uranium concentrations were identified. The clear grains of zircon have the same age as the intrusion, indicative of new zircon growth during the granulite facies recrystallization of the gneiss. In contrast, rounded red zircons from an early subconcordant granitic sheet have clear uranium-rich overgrowths which probably formed during regional metamorphism. If the deep-red zircons observed in one of the post-tectonic intrusions were derived from the surrounding metamorphic rocks, they have had their U-Pb systems reset to the time of intrusion.In accord with observations (Krogh, 1971) on non-magnetic zircon fractions from volcanics, the Greenland zircons contain very low amounts of common lead ranging from <0.01 ppm in the least magnetic fractions in the post-tectonic intrusions, to 6.5 ppm in the most magnetic fractions of the gneisses. These two rock groups can be differentiated on the basis of their common lead content.     

Geochronology and Significance of Granites Associated with Gold Deposits in the Jidong Area, China

The Jidong area is located on the north margin of the North China craton. It is a nucleus composed of the oldest rocks in China. Precambrian metamorphic rocks with various Phanerozoic granitoids invaded are widespread. Gold deposits here have close spatial relations to granitoids. Some deposits occur within them and others in the outer zone of the contact belt of the intrusion, extending thousands of metres. There have been controversial views in regard to the relations of the deposits to the intrusions although traditional techniques have been used to date the intrusions. In order to solve such a problem, the SHRIMP technique was adopted to date the U-Pb ages of zircon collected from the Yuerya intrusion which hosts the large-sized Yuerya Au deposit and Qingshankou intrusion 2 km away from the Jinchangyu (larger-sized) Au deposit. Analysis shows that the ages of 175±1 Ma and 174±3 Ma for Yuerya intrusion and the age of 199±2 Ma for Qingshankou granite indicate the Early Yanshanian stage of the Meso-     

The Northern Giudicarie and the Meran-Mauls fault (Alps,Northern Italy) in the light of new paleomagnetic and geochronological data from boudinaged Eo-/Oligocene tonalites

This study concentrates on small intrusions along two important faults of the Giudicarie fault system, the Northern Giudicarie and the Meran-Mauls fault, summarised under the term tonalitic lamellae. Magnetic fabric analyses in combination with structural field data indicate dextral strike slip deformation along the NE–SW striking northern part of the Giudicarie fault system, the Meran-Mauls fault, overprinted by younger thrusting. The regional stressfield was oriented approximately NNW–SSE during Tertiary times. The distinctive change in deformation along the Meran-Mauls fault from dextral strike slip to top-SE thrusting may be caused by a rotation or bending of the fault after the intrusion of the tonalites and the formation of their horizontal magnetic foliation. Based on the assumption of a preliminary straight Periadriatic lineament bent by the NNW-wards advancement of the Southalpine indenter, the tonalitic lamellae may be interpreted as lenses sheared off from the Adamello batholith during indentation. New U/Pb data on zircon show that some of the lamellae are of Oligocene (Rupelian), others of Late Eocene (Priabonian) age. An amphibole-gabbro lens occurring on the Meran-Mauls fault provides a Middle Eocene (Bartonian) age. Among the major Periadriatic plutons, only the southern units of the Adamello batholith also intruded in the Eocene that suggests a strong correlation between the tonalitic lamellae and the Adamello batholith. The analyses of the remanent magnetisation and the Curie point determinations argue for magnetite as the main carrier of a viscous magnetisation blocked at relatively low temperatures. This indicates slow cooling of the investigated intrusions along the Giudicarie fault system down to approximately 300°C, which is in contrast to the fast cooling determined for the Adamello intrusion units currently at the surface. The new zircon fission track data also show later cooling of the tonalites along the Giudicarie fault system when compared with the Adamello batholith in the south and the Mauls lamellae in the north, indicating that this area contains magmatic bodies exhumed from a deeper structural level than in the Adamello and the Mauls region. This may be due to important top-SE thrusting and transpressive faulting in the footwall of the Northern Giudicarie fault and the Meran-Mauls fault.     

Composite synvolcanic intrusions associated with Precambrian VMS-related hydrothermal systems

Large subvolcanic intrusions are recognized within most Precambrian VMS camps. Of these, 80% are quartz diorite–tonalite–trondhjemite composite intrusions. The VMS camps spatially associated with composite intrusions account for >90% of the aggregate sulfide tonnage of all the Precambrian, intrusion-related VMS camps. These low-alumina, low-K, and high-Na composite intrusions contain early phases of quartz diorite and tonalite, followed by more voluminous trondhjemite. They have a high proportion of high silica (>74% SiO ₂) trondhjemite which is compositionally similar to the VMS-hosting rhyolites within the volcanic host-rock successions. The quartz-diorite and possibly tonalite phases follow tholeiitic fractionation trends whereas the trondhjemites fall within the composition field for primitive crustal melts. These transitional M-I-type primitive intrusive suites are associated with extensional regimes within oceanic-arc environments. Subvolcanic composite intrusions related to the Archean Sturgeon Lake and Noranda, and Paleoproterozoic Snow Lake VMS camps range in volume from 300 to 1,000 km ³. Three have a sill morphology with strike lengths between 15 and 22 km and an average thickness between 1,500 and 2,000 m. The fourth has a gross stock-like shape. The VMS deposits are principally restricted to the volcanic strata above the strike length of the intrusions, as are areally extensive, thin exhalite units. The composite intrusions contain numerous internal phases which are commonly clustered within certain parts of the composite intrusion. These clusters underlie eruptive centers surrounded by areas of hydrothermal alteration and which contain most of the VMS deposits. Early quartz-diorite and tonalite phases appear to have intruded in rapid succession. Evidence includes gradational contacts, magma mixing and disequilibrium textures. They appear to have been emplaced as sill-dike swarms. These early phases are present as pendants and xenoliths within later trondhjemite phases. The trondhjemite phases contain numerous internal contacts indicating emplacement as composite sills. Common structural features of the composite intrusions include early xenolith phases, abundant small comagmatic dikes, fractures and veins and, in places, columnar jointing. Internal phases may differ greatly in texture from fine- to coarse-grained, aphyric and granophyric through seriate to porphyritic. Mineralogical and isotopic evidence indicates that early phases of each composite intrusion are affected by pervasive to fracture-controlled high-temperature (350–450 °C) alteration reflecting seawater-rock interaction. Trondhjemite phases contain hydrothermal-magmatic alteration assemblages within miarolitic cavities, hydrothermal breccias and veins. This hydrothermal-magmatic alteration may, in part, be inherited from previously altered wall rocks. Two of the four intrusions are host to Cu-Mo-rich intrusive breccias and porphyry-type mineralization which formed as much as 14 Ma after the main subvolcanic magmatic activity. The recognition of these Precambrian, subvolcanic composite intrusions is important for greenfields VMS exploration, as they define the location of thermal corridors within extensional oceanic-arc regimes which have the greatest potential for significant VMS mineralization. The VMS mineralization may occur for 2,000 m above the intrusions. In some cases, VMS mineralization has been truncated or enveloped by late trondhjemite phases of the composite intrusions. Evidence that much of the trondhjemitic magmatism postdates the principal VMS activity is a critical factor when developing heat and fluid flow models for these subseafloor magmatic-hydrothermal systems.     

东天山图拉尔根铜镍钴硫化物矿床岩相、岩石地球化学特征及其形成的构造背景

新疆图拉尔根铜镍钴矿产于康古儿塔格—黄山韧性剪切带的北东段,是由硫化物深部熔离成矿为主兼就地熔离、热液叠加成矿多重作用形成的半隐伏矿床。1号岩体以全岩矿化为特征,可分为4个岩相:角闪橄榄岩、辉石橄榄岩、角闪辉石岩、辉长岩。岩性具有单期岩浆多次脉动上涌成矿特征。岩体m/f值为3.1～4.8,属于铁质超镁铁岩类,且具有低钛、低碱、低Al2O3特征,与黄山—镜儿泉镁铁质-超镁铁质杂岩带岩石化学特征相似。由稀土元素配分曲线和微量元素、过渡族元素蛛网图可知1号和2号岩体具有同源性,并具有互补性,预示2号岩体深部成矿潜力很大,虽然其地表辉长岩矿化微弱。根据横穿1号和2号岩体的大地电磁测深剖面图可以看出两个岩体在深部具有同一个岩浆通道,也验证了两岩体属于同一岩浆来源。较低的La/Sm(<2)和Th/Ta值(4.6)表明成矿岩浆为地幔来源,岩体就位时很少受到地壳的混染。     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987111000429

The three most crucial factors for the formation of large and super-large magmatic sulfide deposits are: (1) a large volume of mantle-derived mafic-ultramafic magmas that participated in the formation of the deposits; (2) fractional crystallization and crustal contamination, particularly the input of sulfur from crustal rocks, resulting in sulfide immiscibility and segregation; and (3) the timing of sulfide concentration in the intrusion. The super-large magmatic Ni-Cu sulfide deposits around the world have been found in small mafic-ultramafic intrusions, except for the Sudbury deposit. Studies in the past decade indicated that the intrusions hosting large and super-large magmatic sulfide deposits occur in magma conduits, such as those in China, including Jinchuan (Gansu), Yangliuping (Sichuan), Kalatongke (Xinjiang), and Hongqiling (Jilin). Magma conduits as open magma systems provide a perfect environment for extensive concentration of immiscible sulfide melts, which have been found to occur along deep regional faults. The origin of many mantle-derived magmas is closely associated with mantle plumes, intracontinental rifts, or post-collisional extension. Although it has been confirmed that sulfide immiscibility results from crustal contamination, grades of sulfide ores are also related to the nature of the parental magmas, the ratio between silicate magma and immiscible sulfide melt, the reaction between the sulfide melts and newly injected silicate magmas, and fractionation of the sulfide melt. The field relationships of the ore-bearing intrusion and the sulfide ore body are controlled by the geological features of the wall rocks. In this paper, we attempt to demonstrate the general characteristics, formation mechanism,tectonic settings, and indicators of magmatic sulfide deposits occurring in magmatic conduits which would provide guidelines for further exploration.