渤海湾盆地东营凹陷南斜坡断裂趋势带形成机制与控藏作用

断裂趋势带是指盆地基底断裂继承性活动或盖层受到剪切作用影响而产生在盖层中的弱变形构造带,是主断裂面形成前的变形程度较弱的构造带。研究发现,东营凹陷南斜坡王家岗和八面河断裂趋势带是由一系列雁列式排列小断层带组成的,具有上宽下窄,下部收敛于主走滑断裂的特点。由于浅层没有主断层显现,故也称这种构造带为隐性断裂带,其形成机制和变形程度不同,发育的圈闭数量、圈闭性质等特征不同,富集油气的能力也有差异。构造物理模拟实验表明,王家岗和八面河断裂趋势带都形成于基底断裂走滑—伸展双重作用,前者走滑—伸展运动方向夹角为40°~50°,后者夹角为20°左右。前者处于断裂带发育的幼年期,变形程度较弱,趋势带宽度小,断裂密度小;后者处于断裂带发育的青年期,变形程度强,趋势带宽度大,断裂密度大,形成与断裂相关的圈闭数量多,油气聚集能力高于前者。根据断裂趋势带演化阶段、发育特征和源藏匹配关系,认为断裂趋势带变形强度是控制油气富集程度的关键因素。王家岗断裂趋势带成藏模式为“幼年期弱变形—单洼供烃成藏模式”,八面河断裂趋势带成藏模式为“青年期强变形—双洼供烃成藏模式”     

东营凹陷基底断裂走滑活动对油气成藏的影响

弱变形构造带是沉积盆地盖层中客观存在的构造现象,并且与油气聚集关系密切,一般可以通过不同地质单元(次级断层、油藏、圈闭、相带、凹陷、岩体、潜山等)的有规律排列等现象进行识别.为了初步揭示盖层变形带变形强度与油气聚集规模这一问题,首先在渤海湾盆地初步识别出40条盖层变形带,然后应用变盖层厚度和变剪切强度的构造物理模拟实验方法研究基底断裂走滑活动对盆地沉积盖层产生断层的过程.应用SPSS软件,对基底走向滑动量、横向滑动量、实验盖层厚度、雁列缝长度等参数进行了多元二次函数拟合.根据东营凹陷八面河、王家岗地区古近系各时期地层厚度、构造图R剪切长度、实验估算的张扭角度,计算出了各个时期的基底断裂走滑量;在模拟实验各阶段充注染色石油,结合凹陷实例建立了基底断裂走滑早期R剪切单一通道运移-孤立聚集、早中期R剪切主通道运移-雁列串珠状聚集(王家岗)、P剪切主通道运移-断续带状聚集、全通道运移-连续带状聚等成藏模式(八面河);最后指出盖层变形带上的R剪切增压变形段,R、P剪切交汇段是油气勘探有利目标区.     

金湖凹陷隐性断裂带形成机制及分布

金湖凹陷基底存在北东、北西向两组断裂。北西向基底断裂活动较弱,对盖层变形影响较小,在盖层中多以隐性断裂带显现;北东向基底断裂活动强烈,对凹陷盖层变形影响较大,不仅形成了凹陷东部边界杨村断裂在内的多条显性断裂,而且形成了多条隐性断裂带。凹陷中部的北东向石港显性断裂带将凹陷分割成西部斜坡带和东部凹陷带。东部凹陷带受基底北西向断裂隐性活动的影响呈现南北分段特征。凹陷盖层中还发育了大量近东西走向的三、四级正断层,它们大致平行成带分布,形成了宝应平行雁列式断裂构造带、唐港雁列式断裂构造带、卞闵杨平行雁列式断裂构造带、西斜坡平行入字型断裂构造带、汊涧泥沛平行雁列式断裂构造带等一系列油气富集区带。上述构造带中的油气藏分布明显受到北东和北西向基底断裂活动影响,呈现北东、北西或近南北向成带、成串分布特征。应用区域地质、重磁等资料开展隐性断裂带预测,识别出10条北东向、5条北西向、6条南北向隐性断裂带。沉积盖层中形成的这些隐性断裂带控制了储集砂体分布、改善了储层物性、使隐性圈闭成带成串分布,是油气聚集成藏的有利区带。     

辽中凹陷南洼LD16油田走滑伴生构造特征及控藏作用

对辽中凹陷南洼LD16油田走滑伴生构造特征及其控藏作用进行了分析。依据走滑断层和伴生断层的关系及其所在构造变形区所处的应力状态将研究区的构造类型划分为走滑主控断裂带挤压构造、走滑主控叠覆带伸展构造和走滑主控断裂带伸展构造3个次级构造单元。相比而言,走滑主控断裂带挤压构造发育挤压型的背斜圈闭,且遭受破坏作用小,成藏条件最为优越;走滑主控叠覆伸展构造发育多级拉张型断块圈闭,其伴生断层对油气的分配作用更为明显,具多层系油藏形成的特征,这两种构造类型均有利于油气的运聚,而走滑主控断裂带伸展构造聚油条件最差。     

沉积盆地断裂趋势带形成演化及其控藏作用

断裂趋势带是指盆地沉积盖层内的弱变形构造带,属于断裂带形成演化早期或中期阶段的产物.沉积盆地断裂趋势带隐蔽性较强,识别标志不明显,往往被忽视,因而在断裂趋势带上未发现油气藏的区域应该是未来油气勘探值得重视的领域.根据断裂趋势带的规模可将其划分为:(1) 圈闭级断裂趋势带,特征是多个雁列式断块、弧形断块或者复合型断块圈闭呈线状排列组成;(2) 洼陷级断裂趋势带,表现为雁列式展布的多条断裂或褶皱,其间由小断层断续相连;(3) 凹陷级断裂趋势带,表现为洼陷、凸起、沉积相带或圈闭等构造单元呈线状断续相间排列;(4) 坳陷级断裂趋势带,属于区域性隐性断裂,一般表现为沿固定方向基底埋深突变、沉积盖层厚度突变、沉积相带突变等特征;(5) 盆地级断裂趋势带,表现为成排成带的低幅度构造定向延伸组合成的大规模鼻状褶皱带或大型低幅度隆起.另外,结合构造物理模拟实验建立了基底断裂走滑型断裂趋势带的5阶段演化模式分析认为,断裂趋势带油气聚集模式可以概括为6种:雁列状断块聚集模式、带状断块聚集模式、雁列状褶皱聚集模式、平行状复合圈闭聚集模式、网格状复合圈闭聚集模式、环状复合圈闭聚集模式.      

塔里木盆地走滑带碳酸盐岩断裂相特征及其与油气关系

通过露头与井下资料的综合分析,塔里木盆地奥陶系碳酸盐岩走滑断裂带断裂相具有多样性,根据内部构造发育程度可以分为断层核发育、断层核欠发育两类。露头走滑带断层核部以裂缝带、透镜体、滑动面等断裂相发育为特征,断裂边缘的破碎带发育裂缝带、变形带。裂缝带主要分布在断层核附近50m的破碎带内,裂缝多开启,渗流性好。断裂核部透镜体发育,在破碎带也有分布,破碎角砾组合的透镜体多致密。滑动面具有平直截切型、渐变条带型等两种类型,多为开启的半充填活动面。变形带多为方解石与碎裂岩充填,破碎带局部部位裂缝与溶蚀作用较发育。利用地震剖面、构造图、相干图等资料可以判识塔里木盆地内部奥陶系碳酸盐岩走滑断裂相的特征及其发育程度,沿走滑断裂带走向上断裂相具有分段性与差异性,根据渗流性可以定性区分高渗透相、致密相区。沿断裂带高渗透相区是碳酸盐岩缝洞体储层发育的有利部位。断裂相的横向变化造成油气分布的区段性,形成高渗透相输导模式、致密相遮挡模式等两类成藏模式。走滑断裂带碳酸盐岩断裂相的特征及其控藏作用对油气勘探开发储层建模具有重要意义。     

Characteristics of the Strik-Slip Fault Facies in Ordovician Carbonate in the Tarim Basin, and Its Relations to Hydrocarbon

通过露头与井下资料的综合分析,塔里木盆地奥陶系碳酸盐岩走滑断裂带断裂相具有多样性,根据内部构造发育程度可以分为断层核发育、断层核欠发育两类.露头走滑带断层核部以裂缝带、透镜体、滑动面等断裂相发育为特征,断裂边缘的破碎带发育裂缝带、变形带.裂缝带主要分布在断层核附近50 m的破碎带内,裂缝多开启,渗流性好.断裂核部透镜体发育,在破碎带也有分布,破碎角砾组合的透镜体多致密.滑动面具有平直截切型、渐变条带型等两种类型,多为开启的半充填活动面.变形带多为方解石与碎裂岩充填,破碎带局部部位裂缝与溶蚀作用较发育.利用地震剖面、构造图、相干图等资料可以判识塔里木盆地内部奥陶系碳酸盐岩走滑断裂相的特征及其发育程度,沿走滑断裂带走向上断裂相具有分段性与差异性,根据渗流性可以定性区分高渗透相、致密相区.沿断裂带高渗透相区是碳酸盐岩缝洞体储层发育的有利部位.断裂相的横向变化造成油气分布的区段性,形成高渗透相输导模式、致密相遮挡模式等两类成藏模式.走滑断裂带碳酸盐岩断裂相的特征及其控藏作用对油气勘探开发储层建模具有重要意义.     

中非Doseo盆地油气地质条件及成藏控制因素分析

中非裂谷系Doseo盆地是白垩纪以来叠加了走滑和挤压反转等作用的复杂陆相裂谷盆地,具有优越的油气地质条件,且勘探程度较低,是当前油气勘探热点区域,但油气分布不均,不同构造带油气规模差异大。本文基于钻井和典型油气藏对比分析,系统阐述了盆地油气地质条件,并探讨了不同构造带油气成藏控制因素。研究表明,盆地经历了三个主要的构造-沉积演化阶段,形成“东西分区,南北分带,北陡南缓”的构造格局,构成了“下细上粗”的湖盆-三角洲-河流沉积充填序列。下白垩统强裂陷期两套优质成熟湖相烃源岩、多套储-盖组合以及一系列构造圈闭为油气聚集成藏提供了有利的石油地质条件。已发现油气藏以构造圈闭为主,但油气发现规模与烃源岩潜力严重不符。通过分析,油气成藏主要受储层、盖层和圈闭保存条件三个因素及匹配关系控制,而圈闭保存条件是全区共有最重要控制因素,且不同构造带油气成藏控制因素具有差异性。南部缓坡带成藏控制因素为盖层和圈闭保存条件,东部凸起构造带成藏控制因素为圈闭保存条件,北部陡坡带成藏控制因素为储层和圈闭保存条件。     

东营凹陷新生代构造转型及其控油意义

东营凹陷作为济阳坳陷一次级构造单元,现今的构造格局由四条NWW向断裂-背斜构造带和四条NE向断裂-背斜构造带叠合而成,可以看作是二个大型的分别受陈南铲式断裂带和利津断裂带所控制的伸展断弯褶皱体系,先后经历了NNE-SSW向和NW-SE向区域引张作用的叠加及NE向的右旋走滑作用的改造,具有NW-SE向和NNE向的双向伸展及右旋走滑变形的基本特点,这种构造格局及其演变特征控制了油气的生成、运移、聚集成藏过程和油气藏的分布,构造类圈闭是主要的油气保存单元,两个方向的八条断褶构造带成藏条件较好,是油气藏主要聚集区带。     

鄂尔多斯盆地隐性断裂识别及其控藏作用

所谓隐性断裂带，是指在断裂发育早期，主断面形成之前的裂缝发育带或一系列地质体定向律排列所反映的弱变形断裂趋势带.为了研究鄂尔多斯盆地隐性断裂带的形成机制及其对油气运聚成藏的控制作用，在重、磁、区域地质等分析的基础上，充分应用油气勘探、野外考查等资料，在鄂尔多斯盆地分别识别出了盆地级、坳陷级、凹陷级和圈闭级的隐性断裂带，按走向可分为东西向、北西向和北东向等.研究表明:按照从隐性到显性的顺序，可将隐性断裂带的演化分为盖层密集裂缝发育期、雁列式断裂线性展布期、断裂面断续形成期、断裂面陆续连通期以及断裂面连通且产生断距的显性断裂期5个基本阶段.隐性断裂带调节了盆地的构造格局、分割凹陷、隆起、加速烃源岩的发育程度、控制沉积体系的展布、改善储集层和输导体系，对油气的生成和运聚成藏都有着重要影响，隐性断裂带的发育区，往往是油气聚集靶区.      

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

Petrographic, mineralogy, and geochemistry of coals of Pabedana, Kerman Province, Central Iran

This paper discusses the result of the detailed investigations carried out on the coal characteristics, including coal petrography and its geochemistry of the Pabedana region. A total of 16 samples were collected from four coal seams d2, d4, d5, and d6 of the Pabedana underground mine which is located in the central part of the Central-East Iranian Microcontinent. These samples were reduced to four samples through composite sampling of each seam and were analyzed for their petrographic, mineralogical, and geochemical compositions. Proximate analysis data of the Pabedana coals indicate no major variations in the moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon contents in the coals of different seams. Based on sulfur content, the Pabedana coals may be classified as low-sulfur coals. The low-sulfur contents in the Pabedana coal and relatively low proportion of pyritic sulfur suggest a possible fresh water environment during the deposition of the peat of the Pabedana coal. X-ray diffraction and petrographic analyses indicate the presence of pyrite in coal samples. The Pabedana coals have been classified as a high volatile, bituminous coal in accordance with the vitrinite reflectance values (58.75–74.32 %) and other rank parameters (carbon, calorific value, and volatile matter content). The maceral analysis and reflectance study suggest that the coals in all the four seams are of good quality with low maceral matter association. Mineralogical investigations indicate that the inorganic fraction in the Pabedana coal samples is dominated by carbonates; thus, constituting the major inorganic fraction of the coal samples. Illite, kaolinite, muscovite, quartz, feldspar, apatite, and hematite occur as minor or trace phases. The variation in major elements content is relatively narrow between different coal seams. Elements Sc,, Zr, Ga, Ge, La, As, W, Ce, Sb, Nb, Th, Pb, Se, Tl, Bi, Hg, Re, Li, Zn, Mo, and Ba show varying negative correlation with ash yield. These elements possibly have an organic affinity and may be present as primary biological concentrations either with tissues in living condition and/or through sorption and formation of organometallic compounds.     

Coprecipitation of Ti,Mo, Sn and Sb with fluorides and application to determination of B,Ti, Zr,Nb, Mo,Sn, Sb,Hf and Ta by ICP-MS

We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l^− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO₂.     

Roles of xenomelts,xenoliths, xenocrysts,xenovolatiles, residues,and skarns in the genesis,transport, and localization of magmatic Fe-Ni-Cu-PGE sulfides and chromite

Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations.