徐淮地区上元古界臼齿构造碳酸盐岩事件

臼齿构造是一种发育在中—上元古界中的特殊类型的沉积构造，具有特定的时限。在对徐淮地区上元古界臼齿构造碳酸盐岩旋回层序、岩石学特征和臼齿构造形成环境研究的基础上，探讨了臼齿构造碳酸盐岩的成因。采用旋回层序、海平面变化及臼齿构造碳酸盐岩事件的综合分析方法，划分了徐淮地区上元古界臼齿构造发育的地层层序。臼齿构造主要出现在泥晶灰岩中，而在粗颗粒灰岩中则很少出现，臼齿构造与基质碳酸盐岩在组分和结构上有明显不同，臼齿构造是由纯净的微亮晶方解石组成，而基质则是由含粘土和细粉砂的泥晶碳酸盐岩组成，二者呈突变接触关系。对臼齿构造在层序中相序分布关系的详细研究表明，臼齿构造具有重要的环境意义，从台地内缓坡下部、中缓坡到外缓坡上部均有分布，但在不同环境中臼齿构造的类型不同。     

天津蓟县中元古界高于庄组中臼齿状构造的层序地层位置及其成因的初步研究

天津蓟县剖面的中元古界高于庄组为一套厚度约为1 600m的碳酸盐岩地层，包括四个段：第一段以潮坪相叠层石白云岩为主；第二段主要为含锰白云岩；第三段发育较多的纹理化石灰岩和泥晶灰岩；第四段则以叠层石岩礁（叠层石生物丘和生物层）的发育为特点。根据岩相到岩相序列可在该套碳酸盐岩地层中识别出L-M型、潮下型、环潮坪型米级旋回层序。根据米级旋回层序的有序垂直叠加形式所反映出的沉积相序列可以把高于庄组划分为13个三级层序（SQ₁至SQ₁₃），并进一步归为4个二级层序。在以灰岩为主的高于庄组第三段中，其中的第三个三级层序（SQ₁₁）中部的灰岩层中发育臼齿状构造。这种臼齿状构造以特别的形态、富含有机质、易硅化等特点可能表明了前寒武纪碳酸盐岩沉积作用的一些基本特征：第一、在浅水环境中发育叠层石而在较深水环境（中缓坡）中发育臼齿状构造，臼齿状构造就象叠层石一样是一种极为特别的与生物沉积作用相关的沉积构造；第二、在发育叠层石的潮坪环境中有利于发生白云石化作用，发育臼齿状构造的地层则以灰岩为主，这从一个侧面反映了前寒武纪白云岩似乎又不是原生白云岩。实际上，这些特征本身即代表了一些前寒武纪沉积学问题，随着研究的深入对这些问题将会得出更加接近自然事实的答案。     

大连金石滩兴民村组臼齿碳酸盐岩及其沉积环境研究

Molar-tooth构造(简称臼齿构造或MT)是前寒武纪碳酸盐岩中产出特殊的沉积构造,发育于特定的沉积环境。臼齿碳酸盐岩及其沉积环境的研究有助于其成因解释。大连金石滩新元古代兴民村组臼齿碳酸盐岩的研究表明,兴民村组的MT形成于开阔陆表海浅潮下带—潮间带动荡环境,海平面升降频繁;沉积序列主要为泥晶灰岩与含泥灰岩、砂屑灰岩与泥晶灰岩、纹层状泥晶灰岩与泥晶灰岩和砂屑灰岩与纹层状泥晶灰岩的韵律。MT形成于过饱和CaCO3的微高盐度和高古温度环境,少有陆源物质影响。     

吉林南部通化二道江剖面新元古界万隆组臼齿构造及其沉积特征

吉林南部通化二道江剖面新元古界万隆组广泛发育缓坡碳酸盐岩沉积,其中发育的一种特殊的碳酸盐岩——臼齿碳酸盐岩,近年来引起了中国乃至世界各国地质学家的重视。通过对野外露头的详细观察和描述、室内薄片观察、扫描电镜、能谱分析等测试手段,揭示了二道江剖面万隆组的地层、岩石、臼齿构造(MT)及沉积岩相和沉积环境特征。臼齿构造是特指那些发育在前寒武纪细粒碳酸盐岩中有清晰边界、粒度在0·01mm左右的由等轴或多边形的微亮晶方解石组成的集合体,其形态可分为条带状构造、瘤状构造及棱角碎块状构造。臼齿构造的形成严格受沉积岩相和沉积环境的控制。万隆组由下而上可分为3段第1段下部为发育臼齿构造的纹层状泥晶灰岩、砂屑灰岩及风暴砾屑灰岩,为中—深缓坡沉积环境的产物;上部由浅缓坡相的泥灰岩、钙质页岩、砂屑灰岩与叠层石灰岩组成;第2段为厚层泥晶灰岩和粉屑泥晶灰岩、瘤状灰岩组成的深缓坡相沉积;第3段本剖面未出露。万隆组形成于缓坡沉积环境,其中浅缓坡相可分为4种岩相组合,中缓坡相可分为11种岩相组合,深缓坡相有6种岩相组合。     

前寒武纪“臼齿状构造谜”的一些认识：来自天津蓟县剖面高于庄组的信息

臼齿状构造是一种主要分布在前寒武纪非叠层石碳酸盐岩中的、特殊的“谜”一样的沉积构造,以发育一系列奇形怪状、大大小小的裂缝和裂隙为特征,这些裂缝和裂隙由等粒和均匀的微亮晶方解石充填。臼齿状构造时代分布的特殊性（新太古代至新元古代）以及分布的全球性,使其在显生宙还未发现类似的对等物。对臼齿状构造成因的不同认识使其成为“臼齿状构造谜”。天津蓟县剖面中元古界高于庄组（1600 Ma 至 1400 Ma）第3段隐晶质泥晶灰岩序列中的臼齿状构造,以其特别的沉积特征为了解“臼齿状构造谜”提供了一些有用的信息。这些特征包括：(1)臼齿状构造特别的形态学特征,(2)由微亮晶所充填的臼齿状裂缝具有明显的边界（以富集残余有机质和黄铁矿为特点）,(3)臼齿状构造的宿主岩石是不发育叠层石和纹理化构造的隐晶质泥晶灰岩,(4)与臼齿状构造常常共生的极为特别的宏观藻类化石等。因此,臼齿状构造可以解释为一种发育在席底生境中、由一系列复杂的作用过程所形成的、与微生物相关的原生沉积构造。作为前寒武纪最普遍的沉积现象,臼齿状构造为更好地理解复杂多变的前寒武纪碳酸盐岩提供了许多有意义的信息。     

皖北新元古代臼齿碳酸盐岩石学特征及沉积环境探讨

臼齿构造是一种发育在元古代碳酸盐岩中的特殊类型的沉积构造。通过对皖北新元古代臼齿碳酸盐岩旋回层序和岩石学特征研究，探讨了臼齿构造形成的环境。以旋回层序和海平面变化为基础，将皖北新元古界地层划分为上、下两个旋回层序组，臼齿构造在各旋回层序中广泛发育，主要分布在泥晶灰岩、泥灰岩、粉屑灰岩中，在粗颗粒的碳酸盐岩中很少出现。研究发现，臼齿构造具有两个标志性特点：其一是臼齿构造在结构上与基质有明显区别，它是由均一的、等轴的、多边形的微亮晶方解石组成，个体为3～10μm；其二是臼齿构造比基质具有先固结，快速石化作用的特点，臼齿构造的^87Sr／^86Sr比值明显低于基质。臼齿碳酸盐岩的岩石学特征指示其形成并发育在稳定克拉通缓坡沉积体系中，是潮下浅水环境的标志。根据臼齿构造类型在各级旋回层序微相单元中的分布关系，将臼齿构造划分为垂直、斜交、杂乱、平行层面四种主要类型和六种组合类型，这种划分方案具有环境指示意义，不同的臼齿构造类型反映了不同的沉积环境，建立了臼齿构造碳酸盐岩微相环境模式。     

徐州—淮南地区新元古代臼齿碳酸盐岩成因探讨

臼齿碳酸盐岩是一种发育在中—新元古代，由微亮晶方解石组成的复杂褶皱构造，其成因一百多年来一直是个谜。通过对徐州-淮南地区新元古代臼齿碳酸盐岩特征、形成环境、分布时限研究，探讨了臼齿碳酸盐岩成因。该区臼齿碳酸盐岩发育在台地缓坡沉积体系中，可作为潮下浅水环境的标志，其形态在微层序中的分布反映沉积环境，具有重要的环境意义。建立了臼齿碳酸盐岩微相环境模式。快速石化作用形成均匀、等粒微亮晶方解石，是臼齿碳酸盐岩显著特征。现代类似于发育臼齿碳酸盐岩潮下环境没有这样的快速石化条件，它要求更高的超过饱和CaCO3沉淀。臼齿碳酸盐岩在本区分布时限介于850～720Ma间，在Sturtian冰期之前消失，与全球其他地区臼齿碳酸盐岩消失的时限一致，Sturtian冰期改变了海洋化学性质，是臼齿碳酸盐岩消失的根本原因。Sturtian冰期对海洋化学性质的影响，可能是揭开臼齿碳酸盐岩成因机理的一个重要新途径。     

叠层石衰减事件及臼齿构造碳酸盐岩作用幕——了解前寒武纪碳酸盐岩世界的重要线索

叠层石和臼齿构造是前寒武纪较为引人注目的两种沉积现象.叠层石作为微生物碳酸盐岩的典型代表,在前寒武纪由于对叠层石的形成缺乏直接的微生物证据而成为一个"前寒武纪谜";臼齿构造复杂的宏观形态和奇特的微亮晶方解石填充物以及对其成因机制的持续争论而成为又一个"前寒武纪谜".最新研究表明,叠层石形态种数量在元古宙达到繁盛的顶峰之后开始衰减,而仅产出于前寒武纪地层记录中的臼齿构造似乎总是以较高的丰度呈幕式发育于叠层石的衰减事件之后,在空间上臼齿构造多产出于比叠层石更深的水体环境.叠层石的衰减和臼齿构造的幕式发育历史可能主要与环境因素发生重大变化有关,而后生动物的竞争不是直接原因.     

燕山地区中元古代高于庄组非叠层石碳酸盐岩序列的沉积特征及其重要意义

在燕山地区中元古代高于庄组一套厚度千余米的碳酸盐沉积序列中,第三段组成一个特别的非叠层石碳酸盐岩序列。两个剖面(天津蓟县剖面和北京延庆千沟剖面）的详尽观察与研究结果表明：高于庄组第三段的非叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列以灰岩序列为特征,厚度为300 m至600 m不等,在蓟县剖面发育有存在成因争论的臼齿状构造,在延庆千沟剖面发育奇形怪状的席底构造。该非叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列表明,在前寒武纪除了3次叠层石衰减事件(分别发生在2 000 Ma、1 000 Ma和675 Ma）外,在1 450 Ma左右还可能发生过一次叠层石衰减事件。再者,高于庄组第三段构成的非叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列,可以大致与北美地区的Belt超群中的Helena组非叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列相对比,从而表明了1 450 Ma左右的叠层石衰减事件因具有全球性而有重要意义。在漫长的前寒武纪,臼齿状构造常常集中发育在叠层石衰减事件之后,因此,尽管这两种沉积构造的成因还不完全清楚却成为了解前寒武纪世界的重要线索。1 450 Ma左右的叠层石衰减事件,正好处于叠层石发育的黄金时段(2 800 Ma至1 000 Ma）,对该次事件的识别,有助于正确认识漫长而复杂多变的前寒武纪碳酸盐世界。     

华北苏皖辽新元古代Molar tooth构造碳酸盐岩的沉积岩相与环境约束

国内外元古宙碳酸盐岩中常见复杂肠状形态的molar tooth构造(MTS)。其宏观、微观边界清晰,内部充填均一等粒结构的方解石(白云石)微亮晶。宿主岩相以含泥质或粉砂质的细砂屑、粉泥屑灰岩为主,经常与风暴岩共生。MTS碳酸盐岩发育在缓坡型台地。沉积层序中常见潮汐流、风暴流侵蚀一充填和浪成交错层理与递变层理。MTS碳酸盐岩发育严格受沉积环境和岩相约束,形成于(内缓坡深部一中缓坡浅部)潮下带和环潮坪,风暴浪基面是其发育的最大深度。垂向序列由高频潮下带和环潮坪微层序加积而成,     

苏皖辽地区新元古代微亮晶构造碳酸盐岩的沉积岩相与环境约束

国内外元古代碳酸盐岩中常见席状、透镜状、脉状和块状等形态的微亮晶碳酸盐岩。微亮晶体宏观、微观边界清晰,内部充填均一等粒结构的方解石微亮晶。宿主岩相以含泥质或粉砂质的细砂屑、粉泥屑灰岩为主,经常与风暴岩共生。微亮晶构造碳酸盐岩发育在缓坡型台地,沉积层序中常见潮汐流、风暴流侵蚀-充填和浪成交错层理与递变层理。微亮晶构造碳酸盐岩发育严格受沉积环境和岩相约束,形成于 (内缓坡深部-中缓坡浅部 )潮下带和环潮坪,风暴浪基面是其发育的最大深度。垂向序列由高频潮下带和环潮坪微层序加积而成,单个微层序顶部通常为环潮坪为纹层状含铁质有机质泥屑碳酸盐岩披盖层,是一个向上沉积动力减弱、沉积物变细和水体变浅的沉积旋回。     

臼齿构造主要成因模式及时空分布意义

在综述臼齿碳酸盐岩成因研究历程和国内外最新研究成果的基础上,总结评述了6种主要的臼齿构造成因模式,其核心问题是在元古代正常潮下浅海环境中构建成岩作用早期臼齿构造裂缝形成及等粒微亮晶方解石快速沉淀充填的物理、化学及微生物条件。其中,气泡扩张裂缝模式、微生物-地球化学模式和同沉积地震脱水模式等具有一定的代表性。臼齿构造多产出于正常浅海潮下环境,并且呈幕式特点产出于前寒武纪地层记录中,其时空发育特点似乎表明与叠层石发育的不相容性。臼齿碳酸盐岩在中新元古代集中发育的事实可能反映了有利的物理、化学和生物条件在地质历史上的唯一结合。理清臼齿构造成因问题是认识前寒武纪复杂的碳酸盐岩世界的重要线索。     

A study on the environmental conditions of the microsparite （Molar-tooth） carbonates

Along with the progress in research on the Precambrian, Molar-tooth carbonates (simplified as MT, or microsparite carbonates or MT structure) which were formed in the Middle-Late Proterozoic have become a hot subject recently. The Proterozoic Molar-tooth (MT) carbonate rocks refer to those Meso- to Neoproterozoic (1600-650 Ma) carbonates with MT structure, i.e., a series of peculiar, ptygmatically folded and spar-filled cracks in fine-grained carbonates of Precambrian age, located in the environment of mid- to inner ramp and shallow platform. MTS, like a bridge connecting the inorganic world with the organic one, are closely related to the evolution of paleo-oceans, atmosphere and biosphere. Their development and/or recession are/is related to the origin of life and the abruption of sedimentary geochemistry events of marine carbonates. By using modern instruments and testing methods adequately, the contents of oxides in sandstones were measured and the REE distribution pattern curves were established; an accurate value of isotopic ratio of 87Sr/86Sr was obtained, that is, the age of MT formation is about 750-900 Ma; C and O isotopes of some fresh micrite limestone samples were analyzed; the energy spectrum analysis revealed that the MT consists mainly of microspar calcite, while as for its chemical composition, the matrix shows outstanding peaks of Ca, Mg, Al, Si, and K. The geochemical indicators proved that Neoproterozoic MT carbonates in the Jilin-Liaoning region were developed at the margin of a stable continent, in the torrid zone where the paleo-temperature was about 50℃, the seawater had normal salinity when MT was formed during the Wanlong period in southern Jilin and during the Yingchengzi and Xingmincun periods in eastern Liaoning. The sedimentary environment was located in the inner ramp. In summary, it is of great importance to understand the origin of MT, ascertain the paleo-climate and paleo-environment characteristics, constrain the age and the stratigraphic division and comparison of the Proterozoic so as to study the geochemical characteristics of MT carbonates and their formation environment.     

Microspar development during early marine burial diagenesis: a comparison of Pliocene carbonates from the Bahamas with Silurian limestones from Gotland (Sweden)

Comparison of ultrastructures in Pliocene periplatform carbonates from the Bahamas with Silurian limestones from Gotland (Sweden) reveals that despite the differences in primary sediment composition and age, they reflect a similar mechanism of lithification. In both sequences calcite microspar was formed as a primary cement at an early stage of marine burial diagenesis. Neither significant compression nor meteoric influence are necessary for the formation of calcite microspar. A model is proposed for the process of microsparitic cementation of fine-grained aragonite needle muds comprising four stages: (1) unconsolidated, aragonite-dominated carbonate mud; (2) precipitation of microspar that engulfs aragonite needles; (3) dissolution of aragonite, resulting in pitted surfaces of the microspar crystals; and (4) slight recrystallization. Our results contradict the widespread opinion that microspar necessarily is a product of secondary recrystallization of a previously lithified micrite.     

微生物碳酸盐岩分类体系的修订:对灰岩成因结构分类体系的补充

微生物沉积作用在前寒武纪地层中普遍发育,在显生宙的一些地层中也较为发育。在碳酸盐岩地层之中,以叠层石为代表的微生物岩尤为引人注目。经过长期研究,2000年Riding曾经将微生物碳酸盐岩分为叠层石、凝块石、树形石和均一石4大类型。实际上,核形石以其较为广泛的发育和特殊的微组构也应该作为一种典型的微生物碳酸盐岩类型而纳入微生物碳酸盐岩的分类体系之中,而不能简单地作为球状叠层石。而那些纹理石灰岩,较厚的纹理和较深的产出沉积环境与叠层石形成明显的区别,也应该作为一种微生物碳酸盐岩的类型。生物沉积作用所形成的碳酸盐岩,以生物礁岩最为典型,在20世纪70年代曾经被Embry和Kloven归为骨架岩、障积岩、粘结岩三大类型,后来又增加了胶结岩,这是对20世纪50年代Folk、Dunham关于灰岩成因结构分类体系的良好补充。这些生物礁岩石以其高能量形成环境而有时又几乎见不到颗粒而与"颗粒含量越高沉积环境的能量越高"的基本理念不相符,所以Wright在1992年将它们归为生物作用类岩石,从而将灰岩划分为沉积作用、生物作用、成岩作用三大类。根据该分类,Folk和Dunham所描述的分类则属于沉积作用类灰岩,而Embry和Kloven所描述的生物礁岩石则归为生物作用类灰岩。微生物碳酸盐岩,总体上构成生物作用类碳酸盐岩中的粘结岩类,以其明显的微生物作用特点而具有自己的分类体系;它不但作为生物礁岩石的主要类型,而且也常常以生物礁、生物层和生物丘三种形式发育在地层之中。因此,上述概念和认识的进步,在强调微生物沉积作用的重要性的同时,有必要将微生物碳酸盐岩重新分为6大类:叠层石、凝块石、核形石、树形石、纹理石和均一石。     

Calcareous crust (caliche) profiles and early subaerial exposure of Carboniferous carbonates, northeastern Kentucky

Sequences of laminated limestones found within thin Carboniferous carbonate strata of northeastern Kentucky were studied to determine their origin and palaeo-environmental significance. These laminated zones are strikingly similar to Holocene and Pleistocene surficial calcareous crusts (caliche) profiles that occur in various parts of the world. Carboniferous laminated carbonates are associated with shallow marine carbonate units, palaeokarst, and overlying palaeosol zones. A typical laminated profile ranges in thickness from 1 to 2 m and contains brecciated, light olive-grey to brown micrite that lacks distinctive bedding. Structures and textures common in most profiles include: (1) calcareous and silicious laminae (laminae form diffuse, alternating light and dark bands that generally parallel bedding but often fill fractures and vugs within the rocks); (2) particles (allochems, and micrite and microspar fragments) coated by brown microcrystalline calcite; (3) brecciated texture; (4) circular to elliptical fossil moulds (occur in sinuous patterns and fill fractures within the rocks); (5) large and small scale fracture patterns. Subaerial weathering and vadose diagenesis of carbonate mud banks or islands is suggested as a mechanism for the formation of these Carboniferous calcareous crust profiles. These ‘crusts’ formed by a combination of solution (karsting), brecciation, and soil development that transformed an exposed marine biomicrite (‘host’ rock) into a porous subsoil rubble. Laminated ‘crusts’ and coated particles developed as the result of dissolution and reprecipitation of CaCO₃ and SiO₃ from the soil and carbonate bedrock. Carboniferous laminated carbonates in northeastern Kentucky are often referred to as ‘algal limestones’ because of their superficial similarity to some modern and ancient algal structures. This study, however, reveals numerous characteristics that can only be explained by diagenesis in a subaerial environment.     

臼齿碳酸盐岩: 解密前寒武纪海洋化学性质的钥匙*

臼齿构造(Molar tooth structure,MTS)是指主要由微米级微亮晶方解石充填的、具有肠状褶皱等特殊形态和结构的前寒武纪沉积构造。具有臼齿构造的这类前寒武纪碳酸盐岩称为臼齿碳酸盐岩(Molar tooth carbonate,MTC)。MTS具有全球分布、时代限定、形态多样、由微米级微亮晶方解石组成及早期成岩等基本特征,该认识早已得到学界广泛认同。在系统归纳MTC的地理分布、发育时限、宏观形态和微观组构的基础上,再次总结性地剖析了物理作用、生物作用和生物-地球化学作用3类主要成因假说的基本论点及其局限性。长期以来,作为一种大量出现于中—新元古代、具全球性分布的特殊碳酸盐岩类或沉积构造,研究关注的焦点和热点是MTS形成与消失的机制。尽管MTS成因还有争议,但其所具有的早期成岩特征,使越来越多的研究者将其作为前寒武纪海洋地球化学环境重建的重要研究对象。MTC的兴衰与前寒武纪海洋化学性质演化和前寒武纪一系列全球性事件密不可分。在此基础上提出MTC进一步研究的方向:一是探索MTC事件与相关全球性事件(如叠层石、冰川事件等)相互响应、促进或消长的关系,MTS的兴衰如何协同Columbia和Rodinia超大陆的聚散过程; 二是从MTS微亮晶方解石微观组构出发,采用行之有效的地球化学方法,将MTC的形成、演化、更替与前寒武纪海洋性质以及大气圈、生物圈的演化相结合,进一步完善MTC成因理论,为前寒武纪诸多重大科学问题的研究提供参考。     

Environmental and tectonic influences on the formation and distribution of carbonate nodules above the Springfield coal seam, southern Illinois Basin

Carbonate nodules have been encountered for many years in the southern Illinois Basin, in parts of southern Illinois, southern Indiana, and southwestern Kentucky. The nodules occur as oblate spheroids of calcium carbonate that are isolated in the shale immediate roof of coal mines. They are common in the Springfield coal seam, known as the No. 5 seam in Illinois, and as the No. 9 seam in western Kentucky. Several different mechanisms have been proposed for the formation of various semi-spherical objects in coal measure rocks. The distribution and association with rooted horizons suggest that carbonate nodules in black fossiliferous shale observed in the roof of a studied mine in the Springfield seam represent pedogenic carbonate paleosols, which formed in a caliche-favoring environment subsequent to Springfield mire deposition. This interpretation is supported by ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr isotope ratios of 0.710893 ± 13 to 0.711035 ± 12, which indicate a freshwater rather than seawater source.Petrographic examination of rock textures and mineral grains indicates that nodules collected from two Illinois Basin coal mines are composed of subangular grains of fine-grained, crystalline microspar. Although the carbonate is not ferroan, iron hydroxide stains interstices between microspar grains. The rounded, commonly pinched boundaries of nodules truncate commonly imbricated microspar grains. In contrast, concentric growth patterns are not observed except as defined by secondary, subhedral to euhedral pyrite crystals that form a diffuse, concentric replacement zone around the nodule's outer rind. Polished slickensides, with well-developed radial slickenlines, are developed at highly compacted margins in black shale or mudstone that commonly encases the carbonate nodules.Of the 450 carbonate nodules documented at a study mine in the southern Illinois Basin, the long axes of 36% are preferentially aligned parallel to regional structures such as anticline axes and drag folds that are interpreted to have formed in response to compression during the Late Pennsylvanian-Permian Alleghanian orogeny. Mapping also suggests that clusters of carbonate nodules are spatially associated with the trends of low-angle drag folds in the immediate roof of the Springfield seam at the study mine. The preferential elongation and distribution with respect to tectonic structures suggest that regional compression influenced the shape and distribution of carbonate nodules, and that nodule lithification may have been approximately contemporaneous with regional deformation.