辽宁本溪地区关门山岩体地球化学特征及构造环境

对辽宁本溪地区关门山岩体正长花岗岩主量元素特征的研究表明,其属于高钾钙碱性系列.球粒陨石标准化稀土元素分配模式显示LREE相对富集,HREE相对亏损,具有中等亏损的负Eu异常,模式图总体呈“海鸥式”分布.微量元素蛛网图显示富集大离子亲石元素（LILE）Rb、Th、K,贫高场强元素（HFSE）Ta、P、Ti.正长花岗岩微量元素组成表明本区的花岗岩岩浆形成压力小于1.0 GPa,源区物质存在于30~40 km的地壳深处,属于减薄型地壳.正长花岗岩的形成时代为早白垩世,当时辽东陆块处于陆内伸展环境.     

西天山塔尔得套地区乌郎组地球化学特征和构造环境

新疆尼勒克县塔尔得套地区二叠纪火山岩产于伊犁微板块中,为陆相火山岩,主要岩性为玄武岩和流纹岩,具双峰式火山岩系组合特征。基性火山岩属高钾钙碱系列,轻微富集LREE,HREE分馏较明显((Gd/Yb)N=1.52~2.68),富集大离子亲石元素(LILE),亏损高场强元素(HFSE)。流纹岩的Eu负异常明显(δEu=0.33),在微量元素蛛网图上,流纹岩除了具LILE富集和HFSE亏损特征外,Sr,P,Ti等元素的强烈亏损。稀土元素和微量元素特征表明火山岩形成于大陆拉张环境,处于裂谷演化的早期阶段。     

安徽庐枞盆地黄屯闪长玢岩地球化学特征及其地质意义

黄屯闪长玢岩侵位于安徽庐枞盆地北部边缘,与盆地内铅锌金多金属矿关系密切。岩石地球化学分析结果显示,闪长玢岩ALK=7.49%~12.37%,K_2O/Na_2O=0.2~1.0,σ=3.9~8.4,A/CNK=1.2~1.8,具有富碱富钠,高钾过铝质特征;稀土元素∑REE=128.22×10~(-6)~300.24×10~(-6),LREE/HREE=5.2~14.0,δEu=0.7~1.1,表现为LREE富集,HREE亏损,弱的Eu负异常特征;微量元素富集LILE(K、Rb、Pb),亏损HFSE(Th、Ta、Nb、Ti);Sr-Nd同位素组成为(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)i=0.70688~0.70772,(~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd)i=0.511856~0.511997。地球化学研究结果表明黄屯闪长玢岩岩浆来源于EMI型富集地幔,在岩浆演化过程中存在较弱的结晶分异作用,同时还受到了一定的地壳物质混染,形成于庐枞盆地由挤压向拉张转化的构造背景之下。     

德兴含铜埃达克质斑岩的地球化学特征、成因及地质意义

德兴斑岩铜矿位于扬子地块江南隆起带东缘,含矿斑岩类型为花岗闪长斑岩。岩石主矿物组合为斜长石(中长石、更长石)+石英+钾长石+角闪石+黑云母,常见副矿物为磁铁矿、磷灰石、榍石、钛铁矿和锆石。斑岩主量元素具有高硅(SiO2=63.59%)、高铝(Al2O3=15.54%)、低镁(MgO=2.2%)的特征,岩石富钾贫钠(K2O=3.06%;Na2O=3.67%),高K2O/Na2O(0.89)比;ALK=6.66%,A/CNK=1.086,σ=2.18,A.R=2.07,显示岩石为弱过铝质高钾钙碱性系列;稀土元素特征表现为轻稀土富集(121.81×10-6),重稀土亏损(8.8×10-6),具有较大的LREE/HREE比值(13.93);微量元素表现为富集大离子亲石元素LILE(Rb、Ba、La、Sr)和亏损高场强元素HFSE(Nb、Ta、Y),具低Y(11.21×10-6)和Yb(1.23×10-6)含量特征,有较高Sr/Y(57.29)、La/Yb(28.93)比值,具较高的87Sr/86Sr比值(0.7040),弱的负Eu异常(δEu=0.91),以及负εNd值等特征,表明德兴花岗闪长斑岩为"C"型高钾钙碱性埃达克岩,埃达克岩浆来源于活动陆缘加厚下地壳的部分熔融。     

云南大理笔架山铜矿区斑岩成因与动力学背景:年代学和地球化学制约

大理笔架山铜矿区位于金沙江-红河富碱斑岩成矿带中部,与斑岩有关的铜(金)矿找矿取得了新突破。本文在详实的成矿斑岩岩相学观察基础上,开展了系统的岩石地球化学和年代学研究。与成矿相关的石英二长斑岩具有富碱(K2O+Na2O均值为9.97%)、富钾(K2O/Na2O均值为2.34)和准铝质(A/CNK均值为0.89)特征,属准铝质钾玄岩系列;微量元素具LILE(Rb、Ba、U、Th和Sr)富集和HFSE(Ta、Nb和Ti)亏损特征,与大陆地壳特征相似;稀土元素具LREE富集和Eu(均值0.73)弱负异常特征,与壳幔混合型花岗岩相近。岩石地球化学特征表明,石英二长斑岩源区具典型壳-幔混合特征,其中以部分熔融的古老地壳物质为主。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄(35.6±0.19 Ma)与金沙江-红河富碱斑岩带岩浆活动高峰期(45~30 Ma)一致。研究结果进一步佐证了本区富碱斑岩是在印-欧板块后碰撞伸展背景下,由加厚下地壳和上地幔部分熔融形成的,与金沙江-红河断裂的走滑构造事件相关。     

内蒙古火龙沟铅锌矿床成矿岩体年代学、地球化学及其地质意义

内蒙古火龙沟铅锌矿床是近期勘查发现、预期可达中型规模以上的铅锌矿床之一,笔者对该矿区的侵入岩——正长花岗岩进行了LA-MC-ICP-MS锆石U_Pb定年和主量、微量元素分析,锆石U_Pb定年结果为(224.0±2.5)Ma,表明,该岩体侵位于晚三叠世。岩石地球化学研究结果显示火龙沟正长花岗岩体具有明显富Si O2和ALK、贫Mg O和TFe的特点,A/NK-A/CNK图解显示正长花岗岩属于准铝质花岗岩。微量元素蛛网图显示富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Th、U、K,亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti。稀土元素配分模式表现出富集LREE,亏损HREE的右倾型,LREE/HREE=8.04~10.40,具有明显Eu的负异常。花岗岩锆饱和温度计算结果表明该花岗岩岩浆形成温度为820℃,属于高温花岗岩,以上地球化学特征和高温的特点表明该花岗岩为A型花岗岩。结合区域构造演化历史,笔者认为该花岗岩体形成于古亚洲洋闭合后的造山后垮塌岩石圈伸展构造环境。     

黑龙江先锋北山金矿区花岗闪长斑岩和石英闪长玢岩年代学及地质意义

先锋北山金矿区内侵入脉岩为花岗闪长斑岩和石英闪长玢岩。花岗闪长斑岩具有高硅、富碱、富钙和贫镁等特征;轻稀土元素(LREE)相对富集,重稀土元素(HREE)相对亏损,无明显铕异常;富集大离子亲石元素(LILE)Rb、Th、K,亏损高场强元素(HFSE)Nb、Ta、P、Ti等,地球化学特征显示其属于过铝质钙碱性I型花岗岩。矿区石英闪长玢岩具有富碱、富镁和贫磷等特征,轻稀土元素(LREE)相对富集,重稀土元素(HREE)相对亏损,无铕异常;富集大离子亲石元素(LILE)Rb、Th,K等,亏损高场强元素(HFSE)Nb、Ta、P、Ti等。地球化学特征显示其属于准铝质高钾钙碱性岩石。花岗闪长斑岩及石英闪长玢岩的La--ICP--MS U--Pb同位素测年结果分别为128.3±2.6 Ma和113.2±1.7 Ma,为早白垩世。结合完达山地区地质资料,认为先锋北山花岗闪长斑岩和石英闪长玢岩是古太平洋板块构造体制由挤压变为伸展背景下的产物。     

滇西小龙潭矿区富碱斑岩地球化学特征与成因

岩石地球化学分析表明小龙潭斑岩高钾(K_2O/Na_2O=0.85~8.39)、富碱(K_2O+Na_2O=9.05%~12.45%),总体属于钾玄岩系列的岩石。岩石富集Rb、Ba、Th、LREE等大离子亲石元素而亏损Ti、Nb、Ta、HREE等高场强元素,具有较高的ΣLREE/ΣHREE比值和(La/Yb)N比值,具中等程度Eu负异常。从岩石地球化学特征分析,小龙潭富碱斑岩起源于金沙江洋壳俯冲交代作用形成的富集地幔,富碱斑岩可能与Cu、Mu、Ag成矿作用密切相关。     

内蒙古额尔古纳乌尔根矿田富碱斑岩体成因及构造启示:地质年代学和地球化学证据

乌尔根矿田主要由东珺浅成热液型银铅锌矿床和大加布果斯斑岩型钼矿床组成。野外地质调查揭示富碱斑岩岩浆热事件与浅成热液型银铅锌矿床时空关系密切,获得成矿期正长斑岩和成矿前石英二长斑岩锆石U-Pb年龄分别为125Ma和165 Ma。鉴于大加布果斯斑岩型钼矿床成矿时代为147 Ma,而东珺银铅锌矿床成矿作用发生在早白垩世,进而得出两者为相对独立成矿体系。岩石地球化学特征表明,正长斑岩和石英二长斑岩属偏铝质钾玄岩系列,与A型花岗岩特征相似。岩石富集大离子亲石元素(LILE)和轻稀土元素(LREE),亏损高场强元素(HFSE)和重稀土元素(HREE),Eu异常不显著(Eu/Eu^*=0.65～0.83),表明岩浆源自富集型岩石圈地幔的部分熔融,经历了分异结晶并遭受有限的地壳混染;暗示矿田岩浆-成矿作用与洋壳俯冲有关,结合区域地质背景和矿田相关研究认为中侏罗世矿田处于弧后引张环境,而晚侏罗世-早白垩世处于蒙古-鄂霍次克洋闭合之后的伸展环境。     

西藏班公湖怒江结合带中段恐弄拉地区卡来花岗闪长斑岩岩石地球化学特征、锆石U-Pb年代学及其构造背景

卡来花岗闪长斑岩是班怒带演化的重要岩浆活动记录,通过采用LA-MC-ICP-MS技术对其进行锆石U-Pb同位素年龄测定,年龄为175.0±2.7Ma(n=15,MSWD=3.4)。微量元素原始地幔标准化数据显示岩石具富集K、Rb、Th大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf、P高场强元素的特征。ΣREE平均203.67×10-6,LREE平均149.12×10-6,HREE平均21.53×10-6,LREE/HREE平均为6.93,属典型轻稀土富集型,稀土元素球粒陨石标准化显示轻稀土高分馏而重稀土微弱分馏—无分馏。通过各类适用于中酸性岩石的地球化学图解判定,认为该岩体是班公湖—怒江洋盆萎缩过程中于中侏罗世早期(阿林期)向南侧冈底斯地块俯冲环境下的岛弧岩浆产物,物质来源主要为地壳熔融产物,并混入了靠近俯冲带的深海沉积物。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.