滇东南老君山锡-钨-锌-铟多金属矿集区含矿矽卡岩成因研究

滇东南老君山矿集区广泛分布的矽卡岩是本区锡-钨-锌-铟多金属矿床的主要赋存围岩。长期以来,该区含矿矽卡岩的成因争议较大,由此也制约了对该区锡钨多金属成矿规律的认识。本文以区内代表性的都龙和南秧田矿区含矿矽卡岩为研究对象,在对其地质特征详细研究的基础上,运用电子探针和ICP-MS分别测定了上述两个矿区含矿矽卡岩的矿物成分、微量和稀土元素组成,探讨了它们和多金属矿床的成岩成矿机制的关系。结果表明,区内同时存在与地层产状一致的"层状"含矿矽卡岩和明显切割层理的穿层含矿矽卡岩。都龙矿区含矿矽卡岩富Fe、贫Al,主要矿物端元成分为钙铁榴石(And_(52-69)Gro_(28-45)Spe_(1-4))、钙铁辉石(Di_(11-41)Hd_(51-73)Jo_(0-28))和铁阳起石等,从干矽卡岩到退化蚀变阶段,形成环境由酸性的弱还原环境向偏碱性的相对氧化环境变化。南秧田矿区含矿矽卡岩富Mg、Al,贫Fe,主要矿物端元成分为钙铝榴石(Gro_(82-89)Alm_(7-13)And_(2-5))、透辉石(Di_(55-81)Hd_(18-42)Jo_(0-5))和透闪石(阳起石)等,形成于相对还原的环境。都龙和南秧田矿区含矿矽卡岩与花岗岩都显示出相似的、LREE相对富集的右倾型稀土配分模式,多具有中等-弱Eu负异常,与典型的热液交代成因矽卡岩特征相似。综合分析认为,该区含矿矽卡岩主要形成于燕山晚期花岗岩浆热液与围岩的交代作用,"层状"矽卡岩可能是热液沿层间构造、岩相突变带等有利位置进行交代的结果。     

含碳质地层对矽卡岩钨矿的影响——以鄂东付家山钨矿床为例

付家山矽卡岩钨矿床位于长江中下游成矿带鄂东矿集区,矿体产于晚中生代花岗闪长斑岩体与下二叠统含碳质地层的接触带。付家山矿区西侧地层为茅口组灰岩,东侧地层为栖霞组灰岩,茅口组灰岩中有机碳含量(0.72%)低于栖霞组灰岩(0.95%)。为了探明不同地层对矽卡岩钨矿床的矿物成分的影响,文章针对付家山矽卡岩钨矿的地层、矽卡岩矿物和白钨矿进行详细地野外地质观察和编录,并利用电子探针(EMPA)开展矿物成分分析。东、西侧地层中矽卡岩阶段的石榴子石和辉石有明显差异,与茅口组接触交代形成的石榴子石变化范围较小(And_(31～90)Gro_(1～53)Spr_(5～20)),辉石端员成分变化范围变化较大(Di_(0～100)Hd_(0～97));而与栖霞组接触交代形成的石榴子石变化范围较大,主要为And_(66～95)Gro_(0～27)Spr_(3～7),部分为And_(19～33)Gro_(60～76)Spr_(3～7)。辉石端员成分为Di_(44～64)Hd_(29～49(。西侧矿段石英-硫化物阶段和方解石阶段中白钨矿的MoO_3相较于东侧矿段含量要高,产于茅口组矿体的石英-硫化物和方解石阶段白钨矿w(MoO_3)为0～1.82%,产于栖霞组矿体的石英-硫化物和方解石阶段白钨矿w(MoO_3)为0.08%～0.86%。上述矿物组合暗示付家山西侧矿段相较于东侧矿段形成环境更为氧化,表明含碳量不同的地层对矽卡岩钨矿的形成有明显的影响。     

西藏列廷冈铁多金属矿床矽卡岩矿物学特征及其地质意义

西藏列廷冈铁多金属矿床位于冈底斯北缘弧背断隆带内,是近年来勘查评价的规模可达中型的接触交代矽卡岩型矿床。矿区矽卡岩主要呈层状、似层状,矽卡岩型铁多金属矿体赋存于下-中三叠统查曲浦组(T_(1-2)c)矽卡岩和大理岩中,矿体呈透镜状、囊状、似层状产出,矽卡岩矿物较发育。为进一步查明矿床矽卡岩矿物种属及矽卡岩类型,剖析矽卡岩形成环境及其与矿化类型之间的关系,基于对矽卡岩矿物系统的显微镜下观测,利用电子探针对矿床主要矽卡岩矿物化学成分进行了系统分析。矽卡岩矿物主要为石榴子石、透辉石、角闪石、绿帘石、绿泥石等,矿床矽卡岩具典型钙矽卡岩特征。根据矿物共生组合及交代关系推断成矿流体经历了5个阶段,分别为早期矽卡岩阶段、退化蚀变阶段、早期热液阶段、石英硫化物阶段和碳酸盐阶段。特征矿物的电子探针分析结果表明,石榴子石主要为钙铁榴石-钙铝榴石系列(And_(18.37~99.89)Gro_(0.24~79.05)Ura+Pyr+Spe_(0.98~6.63)),且发育环带结构;辉石主要为透辉石-钙铁辉石系列(Di_(53.56~99.91)Hd_(1.61~44.55)Jo_(0.08~5.11));角闪石主要为阳起石,次为铁、镁角闪石,均属钙质角闪石系列;绿泥石主要为富铁的铁镁绿泥石;绿帘石贫Fe、Mg。在矿床成矿演化过程中,其成矿环境是发生改变的,早期矽卡岩阶段到最晚期碳酸盐阶段,成矿环境至少经历了从高温、偏碱性的氧化环境到相对低温、偏酸性的还原环境的转变。     

湘西大溶溪钨矿床矽卡岩矿物的矿物学、地球化学特征及其形成机制

大溶溪钨矿床为湘西地区一层控型白钨矿矿床,白钨矿主要分布于矽卡岩和石英网脉中。在详细野外地质调查和室内镜下观察的基础上,利用EPMA和高精度LA-ICP-MS测试技术,对该矿主要矽卡岩矿物的矿物学和地球化学特征进行了研究,并初步揭示了其形成机制。研究表明,大溶溪矿区含钨矽卡岩为还原型类矽卡岩,矽卡岩矿物主要为辉石和石榴子石;辉石为透辉石—钙铁辉石—锰钙辉石系列;石榴子石以钙铝榴石为主,但锰铝榴石+铁铝榴石含量也较高。该区辉石REE具有总量较低、轻重稀土元素分馏不明显、正Ce和正Eu异常的特征;而石榴子石REE具有较高的稀土总量,呈现明显的重稀土元素富集、轻稀土元素亏损、负Ce异常、强烈正Eu异常的特点。辉石Ce和Eu异常可能与其形成时的水/岩反应及氧化还原条件有关。REE进入石榴子石的方式以REE~(3+)等价置换Al~(3+)的形式为主,正Eu异常主要为Eu~(2+)等价置换钙铝榴石Ca~(2+)所致,而负Ce异常则反映出热液沉淀正Ce异常辉石之后热液体系中贫Ce元素。该区含钨矽卡岩主要为热液与含锰灰岩在平衡机制下发生扩散交代作用所形成;而含钨石英网脉内发育的辉石、石榴子石等钙硅酸盐矿物,则是热液沿裂隙、孔隙对富钙变质砂岩进行交代的产物。矽卡岩形成过程中,相对贫Mn的辉石和石榴子石主要受交代流体作用控制,形成于一种相对高温、中等水/岩比的条件下;而相对富Mn的辉石和石榴子石,则可能是形成于靠近围岩一侧的相对低温、低水/岩比的环境中,部分锰质来自被交代的围岩。     

福建马坑铁（钼）矿床矽卡岩矿物学特征及分带研究

马坑大型铁(钼)矿赋存于莒舟-大洋花岗岩体外接触带黄龙组(C2h)灰岩和林地组(C1l)碎屑岩层间构造破碎带中,铁矿与矽卡岩密切共生,但矿床成因尚存在争议。本文就马坑铁矿矽卡岩进行了矿物学特征研究。电子探针分析结果表明:该矿矽卡岩矿物组合主要为辉石、石榴子石和钙蔷薇辉石,退化蚀变岩矿物组合为角闪石、绿帘石、绿泥石、石英等。单斜辉石以透辉石和钙铁辉石为主,仅存在少量锰钙辉石;似辉石为钙蔷薇辉石和蔷薇辉石;石榴子石端元成分以钙铁榴石为主,钙铝榴石少量;角闪石属于钙角闪石,矿物学特征表明它们形成于相对较氧化的条件下。马坑铁矿的矽卡岩是由热流体沿灰岩与碎屑岩之间层间构造破碎带交代形成的,铁矿石大部分产于矽卡岩内,磁铁矿多稍晚于矽卡岩,不仅广泛交代矽卡岩,而且还直接交代灰岩、砂岩等围岩,呈交代结构;主矿体下盘常出现厚层石英岩,碎屑岩也出现了明显的交代,矽卡岩分带现象普遍,与典型矽卡岩矿床特征一致。结合矿床地质特征,马坑铁矿矿床类型应为层控矽卡岩型矿床。     

东天山阿奇山铅锌矿形成时代的确定:来自石榴子石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄的制约

为确定新疆东天山阿奇山铅锌矿床的形成时间,采用LA-ICP-MS原位U-Pb同位素分析方法对矿体附近的石榴子石进行年代学研究。阿奇山铅锌矿区分布有大量层状石榴子石矽卡岩,与矿体产状一致,经岩相学观察,石榴子石主要为灰绿色(AQ4801)、褐色(AQ4803)。其中灰绿色石榴子石样品无明显蚀变特征。褐色石榴子石碎裂结构发育,裂隙充填金属硫化物。电子探针成分分析结果表明石榴子石为钙铁榴石-钙铝榴石系列(AQ4801 And_(97)Gro_2～And_(50)Gro_(48);AQ4803 And_(96)Gro_2～And_(28)Gro_(70))。LA-ICP-MS原位U-Pb同位素分析测试结果显示AQ4801与AQ4803具有较高的U含量,分别为1.0×10~(-6)～32.2×10~(-6)、5.4×10~(-6)～61.2×10~(-6),~(206)Pb/~(238)U加权平均年龄为(314.6±3.9)Ma (MSWD=1.15),(323±15) Ma (MSWD=0.6),表明阿奇山铅锌矿床形成于早石炭世末—晚石炭世初(323～314.6 Ma)。     

江西朱溪铜钨多金属矿床矽卡岩矿物学特征及其地质意义

朱溪铜钨多金属矿床位于赣东北深大断裂北西侧。矿体主要产于燕山期侵入岩与碳酸盐岩接触带的矽卡岩或矽卡岩化大理岩中,代表性矽卡岩矿物有石榴子石、透辉石、透闪石、硅灰石、蛇纹石、金云母、符山石、绿泥石等。根据矿物共生组合及交代关系推断流体经历了5个阶段,分别为矽卡岩阶段、退化蚀变阶段、石英硫化物阶段、石英碳酸盐阶段和表生氧化阶段。特征矿物的电子探针分析结果表明,石榴子石主要为钙铝榴石—钙铁榴石;辉石以透辉石—钙铁辉石系列为主;角闪石属钙角闪石系列;绿泥石主要是密绿泥石和斜绿泥石。推测岩浆侵入后,在矽卡岩阶段为中酸性弱氧化条件,在退化蚀变阶段氧逸度和pH值升高,氧化物析出,随着氧逸度的又一次降低,金属硫化物沉淀。最后,通过其矿物成分特征推测该矿床金属矿化的种类。     

西藏冈底斯南缘努日铜钨钼矿床地质特征与矽卡岩矿物学研究

西藏山南地区努日铜钨钼矿床位于冈底斯火山-岩浆弧构造带东段南缘,是新近探明的一个大型矽卡岩型铜钨钼矿床。矿区内出露有白垩系比马组和旦师庭组及大量晚白垩世和古近纪的侵入岩。矿区内的矽卡岩呈层状、似层状产在白垩系比马组地层中,矽卡岩矿物主要为石榴子石、辉石、硅灰石、角闪石、绿帘石、符山石等;金属矿物主要有黄铜矿、黄铁矿、辉钼矿、白钨矿、斑铜矿、黝铜矿等。电子探针分析结果表明,矽卡岩矿物中石榴子石主要以钙铁榴石和钙铝榴石为主,辉石主要为透辉石,角闪石属于镁角闪石-阳起石,帘石主要为绿帘石。矽卡岩类型在水平和垂向上具有较好的分带性,依次由石榴子石矽卡岩过渡到透辉石矽卡岩,再过渡到透辉石硅灰石矽卡岩,这种分带特征表现了流体交代作用的变化。矿化类型和矿化组合也具有一定的分带性,浅部以矽卡岩型钨矿化为主;随着深度的增加,逐渐过渡为脉状的铜矿体或铜钼矿体,在局部较深的钻孔中还有少量的斑岩型矿化,主要以铜矿化为主,伴有较弱的钼矿化。石榴子石组分在垂向和水平方向上均具有规律性的变化,由钙铁榴石占主体逐渐过渡为钙铝榴石占主体。成分剖面显示石榴子石的组分和化学成分随着环带的变化而变化,说明石榴子石是由一种脉动式流体形成的,可能是由流体化学成分的自身再平衡和生长过程中流体流量的改变而引起生长速率的改变共同实现的。通过含铁律比值(Kp)的计算,得出努日矿床形成于弱酸性、较强氧化状态。结合矽卡岩矿物分布和成分变化特征,推测努日矿区的矽卡岩可能是由深部侵入体分异出的热液沿着层间的破碎带或断裂,经过较远距离的运移,与地层中的碳酸盐岩发生交代作用而形成。渗透交代作用可能是形成矿区矽卡岩的主要原因,流体的温度和氧逸度变化对于形成不同的矽卡岩矿物具有重要作用。努日矿床的矽卡岩为浅部矽卡岩,可能存在统一的斑岩型-矽卡岩型成矿系统,深部具有较大的找矿潜力。     

南秦岭柞水-山阳矿集区小河口矽卡岩型铜矿床矿物化学及其成矿意义

秦岭造山带燕山期斑岩-矽卡岩型铜矿床因过去发现的数量有限,限制了对区内铜矿床成矿机制的深入研究。小河口铜矿床是南秦岭柞水-山阳矿集区内的典型矽卡岩型铜矿床,矿体产于燕山期花岗闪长玢岩与泥盆系桐峪寺组地层接触处的矽卡岩带内。成矿作用划分为4个阶段:Ⅰ干矽卡岩阶段、Ⅱ湿矽卡岩-氧化物阶段、Ⅲ石英-硫化物阶段和Ⅳ碳酸盐-石英阶段。本文在对该矿床矽卡岩矿物(石榴子石和辉石)和金属矿物(磁铁矿和硫化物)详细的岩(矿)相学观察基础上,针对这些矿物进行系统的电子探针成分分析,来示踪矽卡岩的成因和形成环境,讨论成矿元素的沉淀富集过程。研究表明,小河口铜矿床为典型的接触交代成因钙质矽卡岩型矿床。干矽卡岩矿化阶段从早到晚依次形成钙铝榴石(Adr_(24-31)Gr_(68-74))、钙铝榴石组分-钙铁榴石组分交替系列(Adr_(26-68)Gr_(31-72))和透辉石(Di_(73-91)Hd_(8-24))-纯钙铁榴石(Adr_(68-100)Gr_(0-30))。伴随着岩浆结晶分异,初始岩浆-热液流体与灰岩发生接触交代作用首先形成无环带钙铝榴石(Grt-a)矽卡岩,此时成岩环境为低氧逸度、酸性还原环境,不利于矽卡岩铁、铜矿化的形成;成矿流体不断从岩浆中出溶并发生多次沸腾,引起残留热液的氧化还原状态发生周期性变化,成矿热液由酸性逐渐向弱碱性演化,进而导致Fe~(3+)和Al~(3+)活度的变化,在振荡的物理化学环境中形成了钙铝榴石-钙铁榴石组分交替生长的宽环带石榴子石(Grt-c)矽卡岩;随着岩浆演化和流体作用的扩大,成矿体系处于较稳定的碱性和高氧逸度环境,Fe和Al的过饱和程度此消彼长,形成了透辉石-密集振荡环带钙铁榴石(Grt-b和Grt-d)矽卡岩。成矿流体演化进入湿矽卡岩-氧化物阶段后,富含挥发分的热液活动起主导作用,沸腾作用将H~+和CO_2分离进入气相,导致流体体系碱性和氧逸度程度进一步升高,进而形成磁铁矿和镜铁矿大量沉淀富集。石英-硫化物阶段,随着温度和氧逸度骤减导致黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿和黄铜矿等硫化物发生沉淀,并以石英-硫化物脉的形式充填于构造裂隙或矽卡岩内。     

西藏墨竹工卡地区甲玛铜多金属矿床矽卡岩矿物学特征及其地质意义

为研究西藏甲玛铜多金属矿床中矽卡岩的矿物学特征,进一步确定矿床成因类型,利用电子探针测试和镜下鉴定手段对矽卡岩矿物中的石榴子石、辉石、硅灰石等矿物成分进行了分析。测试结果表明,矽卡岩中石榴子石以钙铁榴石-钙铝榴石为主,辉石以透辉石为主,甲玛矿床矽卡岩属于交代矽卡岩中典型的钙矽卡岩。结合前人对矿区矽卡岩、围岩和花岗岩类的岩石地球化学、矿床成矿年代学等的研究,进一步证实甲玛铜多金属矿床系矿区花岗岩类岩浆交代大理岩形成的典型矽卡岩型矿床。     

Petrogenesis of the Platinova skarn in the Belmont domain (Composite Arc Belt, SE Ontario, Canada)

Summary The Platinova skarn is hosted by greenschist facies calcitic marble, contiguous to the hypersolvus Deloro pluton, in the Belmont domain, southeastern Ontario, Canada. The skarn is approximately 4 million tones grading 35% wollastonite. The contact between the pluton and the skarn is not exposed. The skarn is divided into wollastonite-rich and poor units. Garnet and pyroxene from the wollastonite-rich unit exhibit the composition Grs_67–89Adr_11–36Alm_0–3Sps_<2, and Di_50–90Hd_10–48Jo_0–2, and from the wollastonite-poor unit Grs_17–98Adr_0–82Alm_0–2Sps_<1.5 and Di_39–95Hd_3–59Jo_0.3–4, respectively. The skarn development is ascribed to the incursion of magmatogene, silica-rich, CO₂-poor (<0.15) fluids at temperatures of approximately 580 °C, and at pressures of 200 MPa. The genetic model proposed for skarn development, based on field and mineralogical evidence indicates addition of many components relative to essentially pure calcitic marble precursor, including Si, Al, Fe, Mg, Mn, B, Na, and loss of CO₂. Podiform fabrics of the wollastonite unit are interpreted as products of metasomatism rather than as relict sedimentary laminations or metamorphic structures. Present address: Department of Geology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece     

西藏浦桑果铅锌多金属矿床矽卡岩矿物学特征及其地质意义

西藏浦桑果铅锌多金属矿床位于南冈底斯成矿带火山岩浆弧内,矿区矽卡岩型铅锌矿体主要呈似层状和透镜状近东西向赋存于白垩系塔克那组第4岩性段矽卡岩化大理岩中,矽卡岩矿物较发育。为进一步查明矽卡岩矿物种属及矽卡岩类型,剖析矽卡岩的形成环境及其与成矿的关系,在对矽卡岩矿物系统的显微镜下鉴定基础上,利用电子探针对矿区内主要矽卡岩矿物化学成分进行了系统分析。结果表明,石榴子石主要为非连续的钙铁榴石钙铝榴石类质同像系列(And47.39~98.17Gro0.59~50.22Ura+Pyr+Spe0~3.53),且早期主要形成钙铁榴石,部分钙铁榴石含锰质较高;单斜辉石主要为钙铁辉石-锰钙辉石-透辉石类质同像系列(Hd37.91~74.16Jo0.91~61.66Di0.43~46.07);似辉石主要为硅灰石,端员组分为Wo99.09~99.26En0.50~0.56Fs0.13~0.24;角闪石主要为镁角闪石,具钙质角闪石属性;绿帘石贫铁、镁而富铝、钙;绿泥石属于密绿泥石类。矿床矽卡岩矿物组合特征表明,浦桑果矿床矽卡岩兼具钙质矽卡岩和锰质矽卡岩的特征。早期矽卡岩形成于高温、偏碱性、强氧化的开放体系中,成矿流体具有较高氧逸度。锰质矽卡岩矿物特征及独立银矿物的存在综合表明矿区具有银矿找矿潜力,为下步找矿工作提供了思路和方向。     

Isotopic (C–O–S) geochemistry and Re–Os geochronology of the Haobugao Zn–Fe deposit in Inner Mongolia,NE China

The Haobugao Zn–Fe deposit is a typical skarn deposit located in the southern part of the Great Xing’an Range that hosts polymetallic mineralization over a large region. The main ore minerals at the deposit include sphalerite, magnetite, galena, chalcopyrite and pyrite, and the main gangue minerals include andradite, grossular garnet, hedenbergite, diopside, ilvaite, calcite and quartz. There are broadly two mineralizing periods represented by the relatively older skarn and younger quartz–sulfide veins. In detail, there are five metallogenic stages consisting of an early skarn, late skarn, oxide, early quartz–sulfide, and late quartz–sulfide–calcite stages. Electron microprobe analyses show that the garnet at the deposit varies in composition from And_97.95Gro_0.41Pyr_1.64 to And_30.69Gro_66.69Pyr_2.63, and pyroxene is compositionally in the diopside–hedenbergite range (i.e. Di_90.63Hd_8.00Jo_1.37–Hd_88.98Di_4.53Jo_6.49). Petrographic observations and electron microprobe analyses indicate that the sphalerite has three generations ([Zn_0.93Fe_0.08]S–[Zn_0.75Fe_0.24]S). The Zn associated with the first generation sphalerite replaced Cu and Fe of early xenomorphic granular chalcopyrite (i.e. [Cu_1.01Fe_1.03]S₂–[Cu_0.99Fe_0.99]S₂), and part of the first generation sphalerite is coeval with late chalcopyrite (i.e. [Cu_0.96Fe_0.99Zn_0.03]S₂–[Cu_1.00Fe_1.03Zn_0.01]S₂). Magnetite has a noticeable negative Ce anomaly (δCe = ∼0.17 to 0.54), which might be a result of the oxidized ore-fluid. Thirty δ³⁴S_V-PDB analyses of sulfides from the ore range from −2.3 to −0.1‰ in value, which are indicative of a magmatic source. The δ¹³C‰ and δ¹⁸O‰ values for calcite from the ore formed at quartz–sulfide–calcite stage vary from −9.9 to −5.5‰ and from −4.2 to 1.1‰, respectively, contrasting with δ¹³C‰ (2.9–4.8‰) and δ¹⁸O‰ (9.8–13.9‰) values for calcite from marble. It is suggested that the ore-forming fluid associated with late stage of mineralization was predominantly magmatic in origin with some input of local meteoric water.Molybdenite from the Haobugao deposit defines an isochron age of 142 ± 1 Ma, which is interpreted as the mineralization age being synchronous, within error, with the zircon U–Pb ages of 140 ± 1, 141 ± 2, and 141 ± 1 Ma for granite at the deposit. These data and characteristics of lithology and mineralization further show that the Zn–Fe mineralization is temporally and spatially related to the emplacement of granite in an extensional tectonic setting during the Mesozoic.     

Geochemical Characteristics,Origin, and Evolution of Ore‐Forming Fluids of the Khut Copper Skarn Deposit,West of Yazd in Central Iran

The Khut copper skarn deposit is located at about 50 km northwest of Taft City in Yazd province in the middle part of the Urumieh‐Dokhtar magmatic arc. Intrusion of granitoid of Oligocene–Miocene age into carbonate rocks of the Triassic Nayband Formation led to the formation of marble and a calcic skarn. The marble contains high grade Cu mineralization that occurs mainly as open space filling and replacement. Cu‐rich sulfide samples from the mineralized marble are also anomalous in Au, Zn, and Pb. In contrast, the calcic skarn is only weakly anomalous in Cu and W. The calcic skarn is divided into garnet skarn and garnet–pyroxene skarn zones. Paragenetic relationships and microthermometric data from fluid inclusions in garnet and calcite indicate that the compositional evolution of skarn minerals occurred in three main stages as follows. (i) The early prograde stage, which is characterized by Mg‐rich hedenbergite (Hd_53.7Di_42.3–Hd_86.1Di_9.5) with Al‐bearing andradite (69.8–99.5 mol% andradite). The temperature in the early prograde skarn varies from 400 to 500°C at 500 bar. (ii) The late prograde stage is manifested by almost pure andradite (96.2–98.4 mol% andradite). Based on the fluid inclusion data from garnet, fluid temperature and salinity in this stage is estimated to vary from 267 to 361°C and from 10.1 to 21.1 wt% NaCl equivalent, respectively. Pyrrhotite precipitation started during this stage. (iii) The retrograde stage occurs in an exoskarn, which consists of an assemblage of ferro‐actinolite, quartz, calcite, epidote, chlorite, sphalerite, pyrite, and chalcopyrite that partially replaces earlier mineral assemblages under hydrostatic conditions during fracturing of the early skarn. Fluids in calcite yielded lower temperatures (T < 260°C) and fluid salinity declined to ～8 wt% NaCl equivalent. The last stage mineralization in the deposit is supergene weathering/alteration represented by the formation of iron hydroxide, Cu‐carbonate, clay minerals, and calcite. Sulfur isotope data of chalcopyrite (δ³⁴S of +1.4 to +5.2‰) show an igneous sulfur source. Mineralogy and mineral compositions of the prograde assemblage of the Khut skarn are consistent with deposition under intermediately oxidized and slightly lower fS₂ conditions at shallow crustal levels compared with those of other typical Fe‐bearing Cu–Au skarn systems.     

滇西红牛矽卡岩型铜矿床石榴子石特征

红牛矽卡岩型铜矿床是义敦岛弧南段格咱火山-岩浆弧新探明的铜矿床之一,目前探明铜金属资源量已达大型规模。与由侵入岩和大理岩直接接触形成的典型矽卡岩矿床不同,红牛铜矿床是隐伏岩体远程矽卡岩化的产物,其矽卡岩矿体与地层产状基本一致,通常相间排列,且距离岩体较远,大理岩中可见粗粒石榴子石和硅灰石,矽卡岩中常见大理岩捕掳体。根据矽卡岩矿物组合可将该矿床矽卡岩类型划分为石榴子石矽卡岩、石榴子石透辉石(或透辉石石榴子石)矽卡岩、透辉石矽卡岩、符山石-石榴子石矽卡岩、硅灰石-石榴子石矽卡岩、绿帘石-石榴子石矽卡岩、阳起石-绿帘石矽卡岩、硅灰石矽卡岩和绿帘石矽卡岩,其中以石榴子石矽卡岩、透辉石矽卡岩和硅灰石矽卡岩为主。石榴子石是最重要的矽卡岩矿物,分布广泛、颜色变化大,且石榴子石矽卡岩中黄铜矿、黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿化最好。本文通过对0ZK10、3ZK11和7ZK16钻孔岩芯的地质编录,查明石榴子石在红牛铜矿床的空间分布和矿化特征,采集该矿区新鲜的石榴子石矽卡岩、矽卡岩化大理岩和角岩磨制成光薄片,开展详细的显微镜下鉴定工作,观察石榴子石的颜色、粒度、结构、光性等岩相学特征,并通过电子探针分析其化学成分。红牛铜矿床石榴子石集中产出于矽卡岩中,少量产出于矽卡岩化大理岩和角岩中,具有明显的两期。早期石榴子石分布广泛,多呈褐色-红褐色,非均质性,异常干涉色,粒径一般在0.2~4mm之间,半自形-自形中细粒结构,韵律环带发育。SiO2含量变化范围为35.18%~37.69%、CaO为33.34%~36.35%、Al2O3为3.64%~13.69%、FeO为11.90%~24.18%、MgO为0.00%~0.08%,FeO和Al2O3含量变化呈负相关,SiO2和CaO含量变化整体呈正相关。石榴子石端员组分总体以钙铁榴石(36.88%~82.36%)为主,其次为钙铝榴石(16.59%~60.75%),还有少量的镁铝榴石、铁铝榴石和锰铝榴石,属于钙铁榴石-钙铝榴石系列(And37-82Gro17-61Spe+Pyr+Alm0.33-3.71)。晚期石榴子石呈浅褐色-浅红色,多发育于矽卡岩化角岩和大理岩中,少量发育于矽卡岩中,半自形-他形粒状结构,均质性,全消光,常具有溶蚀结构。SiO2含量变化范围为35.06%~36.27%、CaO为33.07%~33.77%、Al2O3为0.04%~1.05%、FeO为27.38%~28.18%、MgO为0.00%~0.04%,属于钙铁榴石(94.42%~98.46%)。早期石榴子石韵律环带发育,其主量元素含量变化显示出一定的规律性,由核部向边缘,SiO2和CaO基本保持不变,FeO含量增加,Al2O3含量减少,钙铁榴石含量增加,钙铝榴石含量减少,反映在石榴子石形成早期,成岩环境为低氧逸度、酸性还原环境;形成过程中氧逸度增加,成矿溶液由酸性向弱碱性演化。黄铜矿、磁黄铁矿、辉钼矿等金属硫化物多呈他形充填于石榴子石颗粒之间,或在石榴子石的裂隙中形成细脉,或沿石榴子石生长环带面交代,表明石榴子石形成于矽卡岩早期、早于铜矿化,并为金属硫化物的沉淀富集提供了空间。     

Skarn development from limestone adjacent to the Glenrock Granodiorite,Marulan Batholith,New South Wales,Australia

Skarns are developed over two temperature‐time intervals in calcite limestone adjacent to the southern extension of the Glenrock Granodiorite, a pluton of the Marulan Batholith, Southern Highlands, New South Wales. The initial volumetrically‐dominant prograde phase of skarn formation produced a suite comprising bimetasomatic skarn, including pyroxene endoskarn, potassic endoskarn and wollastonite‐bearing exoskarn, together with mineralogically‐zoned vein skarn, massive garnet‐pyroxene skarn and calcite‐vesuvianite skarn. Retrograde replacement is manifested by the development of hydrous silicate minerals, carbonate and cross‐cutting sulphide veinlets.

A genetic model is proposed to account for the development of bimetasomatic skarn in the deposit. Exoskarn geochemistry indicates addition of many components relative to an essentially pure limestone precursor, including Si, Al, Fe, Zr, Zn, S, Mn and Cu, negligible transfer of K, Na and Rb and loss of CO₂. Strontium and Ca loss from the parent limestone is indicated by mass balance calculations at constant volume.

Garnet and pyroxene compositions in the massive garnet‐pyroxene skarn range from Gr₃₀ to Gr₆₆ and Hd₆₁ to Hd₈₇, respectively. Compositions from Gr₆₇ to Gr₉₅ are typical of the vein skarn garnets. Chemical zonation patterns in garnet, pyroxene and vesuvianite are generally characterized by rim Fe depletion relative to cores of grains.

Prograde skarn probably formed at T = 500–580°C; P < 220 MPa. The massive garnet‐pyroxene skarn evolved under conditions of log fO₂ = ‐18.9 to ‐22.9 (assuming a constant fCO₂ of 20 MPa) within the fS₂ stability field of pyrrhotite. Retrograde skarn formed at T < 400°C, possibly under conditions of X_H2O < 0.01.

Vesuvianite plus wollastonite assemblages, present in exoskarn, probably attest to very water‐rich conditions. The marble wall rocks, isolated from the source of skarn‐forming fluids, probably evolved under conditions of minimum X_co2 >0.2. Low temperature CO₂ ‐rich fluid inclusions and prehnite (stable at X_co2 <0.01), present in the marble and skarn, respectively, suggest that substantial differences in X_co2: X_H2O were maintained during cooling.

Observed mineralogical and chemical zonation within the skarn reflects the complex interaction of T, P, fO₂, Xco₂ and other chemical variables such as a_SiO2 and a_Al2O3 throughout the skarn system. No single variable can account adequately for the mineralogical diversity observed in the skarn deposit.     

云南中甸红牛-红山矽卡岩型铜矿床矿物学特征与成矿作用

红牛-红山矿床位于西南三江成矿带的中甸岛弧,是形成于晚燕山期的矽卡岩型铜矿床。矿区与成矿作用密切相关的石英二长斑岩中角闪石和黑云母斑晶的出现以及较高的含F量(分别为1.49%和2.62%),表明其岩浆为富H2O富挥发分熔体;石英斑晶具有港湾状、浑圆状的溶蚀表面和钾长石细晶外壳,并且显示了典型的骸晶状结构指示了其岩浆经历了快速上升侵位过程和岩浆热液的自交代作用;钻孔中岩浆热液角砾岩和大量石英细脉的出现暗示了岩浆在快速上侵过程中发生了隐爆作用,形成并出溶了含有大量F、Cl等组分的高盐度超临界流体。矽卡岩阶段石榴子石和透辉石具有明显的三个期次:早期细粒的钙铝榴石(And22-57)和角岩中的透辉石(Hd7-27)形成于少量高温气液岩浆流体与围岩的扩散交代作用;中期粗粒的钙铁榴石(And75-98)和次透辉石-钙铁辉石(Hd10-99)形成于大量高温、低氧逸度的岩浆流体与围岩的渗滤交代作用;晚期的钙铝榴石脉(And14-60)和钙铁辉石脉(Hd31-58)形成于低温、高氧逸度的早期交代残留溶液。矽卡岩矿物的生成,使碳酸盐围岩丢失CO2,矿物体积减少,孔隙度和渗透性增加,为成矿提供了条件。退化变质阶段的透闪石、阳起石、绿帘石、绿泥石等交代早期矽卡岩矿物,消耗了成矿流体中大量的CO2和H2O,生成含水矿物以及石英、方解石,使围岩裂隙愈合,孔隙流体压力增加,导致成矿流体沸腾,形成大量黄铜矿、磁黄铁矿、黄铁矿、辉钼矿化。石英-硫化物阶段,由于成矿流体超压→流体沸腾,裂隙生成→减压排泄,裂隙愈合→流体超压的循环,在此过程中围岩经历了多次破裂和裂隙的愈合,直至整个成矿体系完全开放,并与大气水发生混合,使成矿流体中剩余金属最终沉淀。