西昆仑“玛尔坎苏式”富锰矿主控因素及成矿模式

锰矿是我国战略性紧缺矿种，寻找锰矿尤其是富锰矿是我国地质工作者的迫切任务。在西昆仑造山带的西北段玛尔坎苏地区石炭纪沉积岩系中探明的大型碳酸锰成矿带，是我国近年最重要的富锰矿找矿新发现。然而，目前对该富锰矿带的成矿主要控制因素、形成机制及展布规律等地质问题的认识尚不深入，严重制约了该矿带深部及外围进一步找矿预测工作。本文从成矿地质背景入手，以典型锰矿床地质和地球化学特征的剖析为切入点，通过对比研究国内外典型锰矿的成矿特征，总结出西昆仑玛尔坎苏富锰矿带的控制因素主要包括伸展型边缘盆地、丰富多源的锰质来源、海洋氧化—还原界面的变化、有机质深度参与成岩成矿过程等；初步建立了“玛尔坎苏式”富锰矿的成矿模式，并提出了需要进一步研究的科学问题，这对丰富锰矿成矿理论及进一步找矿预测具有重要意义。     

新疆木吉乡琼巴额什沟一带锰矿的发现及其地质意义

正锰是中国大宗紧缺矿产之一。截至2015年底,中国已查明锰矿石资源储量13.8亿t,分布极不均匀,且贫矿多、富矿少,富锰矿查明资源储量不足4 500万t。2008年国家实施新疆"358"项目以来,在西昆仑玛尔坎苏一带取得锰矿找矿重大突破,新发现奥尔托喀纳什大型锰矿床及穆呼、玛尔坎土2个中型锰矿床(冯京等,2016;高永宝等,2017;郝延海等,2017;黄河,2017),新增富锰矿资源量3 000万t,该区也成为中国新的富     

西昆仑玛尔坎苏石炭纪大型锰矿带构造背景与成矿条件

西昆仑北段玛尔坎苏地区探明的大型碳酸锰成矿带,是我国近年最重要的找矿成果之一。该锰矿带构造上属北昆仑晚古生代弧后伸展盆地,其构造动力学背景为古特提斯洋向北俯冲于塔里木地块之下形成的弧盆体系。锰矿体主要发育于晚石炭世喀拉阿特河组含炭泥质灰岩夹薄层灰岩中。矿石中主要金属矿物为菱锰矿（75%~95%）,次为软锰矿、硫锰矿及少量黄铁矿等。含锰岩系岩性和岩相学研究表明,玛尔坎苏锰矿带属典型的海相沉积锰矿床,其矿床成因可能与晚古生代半局限盆地沉积和海底热液活动有关。海底热液活动可能为成矿提供了丰富的物质来源。含锰岩系元素和同位素地球化学特征表明,玛尔坎苏锰矿沉淀时的水体环境为常氧条件,而矿层下盘（部分）岩系的岩性及地球化学特征反映其沉积时的水体环境为低氧—贫氧条件。玛尔坎苏锰矿带锰矿石具有负的δ¹³C值（-23.3‰~-10.0‰）,推测有机质导致的还原作用是该锰矿由原生氧化锰在成岩期转化为菱锰矿和形成富锰矿的重要机制。     

新疆阿克陶穆呼锰矿地质特征

穆呼锰矿位于玛尔坎苏锰成矿带东段,东与玛尔坎苏锰矿相邻。区内构造发育,多见火山岩和侵入岩,矿床主要由8条矿带组成,含矿层位稳定,具层控型特点,矿体数量众多,厚度大。矿床赋矿地层为上石炭统喀拉阿特河组,含矿岩性为浅灰黑色(含碳质、含黄铁矿、泥质)灰岩互层或夹层,矿石矿物以菱锰矿为主,属于低铁中磷型,主要为粒状结构,品位富;成锰期处于安静、还原的浅海-滨浅海水体环境;锰质来源以深源物质为主,与火山活动、热水活动关系密切,为典型的海相沉积型锰矿床。     

新疆西昆仑玛尔坎苏-穆呼锰矿带地质特征与定量预测

近年来,在西昆仑-昆盖山-库尔浪Fe-Cu-Mn多金属矿带发现2处大型锰矿床,表明该区锰矿成矿地质条件优越,找矿潜力巨大。通过系统收集资料,对西昆仑玛尔坎苏-穆呼锰矿带地质特征进行了归纳和总结,采用矿床模型综合地质信息预测方法,对该地区锰矿资源潜力进行了预测。以穆呼锰矿为典型矿床,结合区域地球化学、地球物理异常,总结区域锰矿控矿要素,建立预测模型,圈定找矿靶区4处,预测锰矿资源量7 939.08×104t,为区域锰矿地质勘查提供方向。     

西昆仑北缘主乌鲁克锰矿床地质特征及成因探讨

主乌鲁克锰矿床位于西昆仑北缘晚古生代陆缘裂谷恰尔隆弧盆系的北部,含锰层位为下石炭统他龙群细碎屑岩夹碳酸盐岩,锰矿层为黑色泥质碳质页岩夹铁锰质泥晶灰岩。锰矿体严格受地层的控制,呈NWW向展布,延伸较为稳定,规模较大,共见有13条锰矿体,其中有3个矿体较大构成主矿体;锰矿石以原生菱锰矿为主体,氧化矿石不多。该矿床与近年发现的玛尔坎苏地区锰矿床既有相似之处,又有明显不同,矿床类型为在深海-半深海陆缘裂谷环境中形成的与黑色碳质页岩有关的沉积型锰矿床,锰矿的成矿时代为早石炭世。由于下石炭统他龙群是西昆仑地区新发现的含锰层位,具有较大的找矿潜力,应加强矿床外围及深部的找矿工作。     

新疆阿克陶玛尔坎苏锰成矿带地质特征及成矿条件分析

玛尔坎苏锰成矿带沿玛尔坎苏河上游分布,东西延伸超过40 km。该成矿带以石炭系细碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩沉积建造为主,属典型的海相沉积型锰矿。锰矿带含矿层位稳定,矿体厚度大(最厚30.61 m),品位富(平均品位24%～35%,最高68.5%),矿石矿物以菱锰矿为主,属于低铁中磷类型。综合分析认为玛尔坎苏锰成矿带形成于滨浅海环境,成锰期处于一种安静、还原的水体环境。锰质来源以深源物质为主,与火山活动、热水活动关系密切。     

关于扬子准地台西缘富锰矿的几个问题

鹤庆锰矿是目前我国独一无二的中型富锰矿.本文以此为例,探讨了富锰矿的成矿条件及找矿前景.指出,同生构造在这类矿床形成过程中的重要作用,以及在滇西沿扬子准地台西缘寻找富锰矿的可能性.     

广东锰矿成因类型及主要地质特征

广东省锰矿资源比较丰富,成矿地质条件与毗邻的富锰矿产地湖南、广西相似,而且有一定的找矿远景和生产潜力、广东的锰矿主要分布在粤东、粤北、粤西地区和海南崖县等地。据不完全统计,全省共有锰矿床和矿点30余处(见图),目前工作程度均不甚高。     

西藏羌塘中部独泉沟地区发现青藏高原首例富锰矿

独泉沟锰矿是青藏高原发现的首例富锰矿,成矿元素分析结果表明,矿石中Mn平均品位为41.95%,达到了Ⅰ级富锰矿石的品位标准。该锰矿体主要呈层状、似层状产出于上二叠统—下三叠统天泉山组复理石碎屑岩内;矿体地表部分为残坡积,残坡积范围宽20~30m,长约50m。根据产状及结构构造的差异,将研究区锰矿体分为层状锰矿体和脉状锰矿体,二者的矿石矿物皆是硬锰矿,脉石矿物以石英为主。初步研究认为,独泉沟锰矿是海相热水沉积型锰矿。作为青藏高原地区发现的首例富锰矿,独泉沟锰矿的发现填补了区内锰矿找矿工作的空白,对其成因的研究能为今后的找矿工作提供重要的线索和依据,在区域找矿方面具有一定的指示意义。     

Leaching process and kinetics of manganese in low-grade manganese ore

Manganese was extracted from leaching low-grade manganese ore in sulfuric acid medium. The effects of granule diameter, leaching time, liquid/solid ratio (V/W) and the concentration of sulfuric acid were investigated through orthogonal and single factor experiments. The experimental results showed that the optimal leaching conditions are, size of 0.054mm, 120 minutes of reaction time, 3(V/W) of liquid/solid ratio and 30% of the concentration of sulfuric acid (g/g). Under those conditions, the leaching efficiency is 96.73%. The kinetics of the leaching process is in accordance with the characteristics of fractal reaction.     

Composition of manganese nodules and manganese carbonates from Loch Fyne,Scotland

Manganese nodules and manganese carbonate concretions occur in the upper 10–15 cm of the Recent sediments of Loch Fyne, Argyllshire in water depths of 180–200 m. The nodules are spherical, a few mm to 3 cm in diameter, and consist of a black, Mn-rich core and a thin, red, Fe-rich rim. The carbonate occurs as irregular concretions, 0.5–8 cm in size, and as a cement in irregular nodule and shell fragment aggregates. It partially replaces some nodule material and clastic silicate inclusions, but does not affect aragonitic and calcitic shell fragments.The nodules are approximately 75% pure oxides and contain 30% Mn and 4% Fe. In the cores, the principal mineral phase is todorokite, with a Mn/Fe ratio of 17. The rim consists of X-ray amorphous Fe and Mn oxides with a Mn/Fe ratio of 0.66. The cores are enriched, relative to Al, in K, Ba, Co, Mo, Ni and Sr while the rims contain more P, Ti, As, Pb, Y and Zn.The manganese carbonate has the composition (Mn_47.7 Ca_45.1 Mg_7.2) CO₃. Apart from Cu, all minor elements are excluded from significant substitution in the carbonate lattice.Manganese nodules and carbonates form diagenetically within the Recent sediments of Loch Fyne. This accounts for the high Mn/Fe ratios in the oxide phases and the abundance of manganese carbonate concretions. Mn concentrations in the interstitial waters of sediment cores are high (ca. 10 ppm) as also, by inference, are the dissolved carbonate concentrations.     

Contributions to the mineralogy of authigenic manganese phases from marine manganese deposits

The formation of authigenic manganese minerals and ores in the pelagic regions of the ocean is related to oxidation of Mn²⁺ extracted from basalts and other rocks with heated seawater. For littoral parts of the ocean and lakes mobilization of Mn²⁺ and Fe²⁺ is admitted finding its way to the bottom sediments (along with the organic substances) from land in the form of Mn⁴⁺. The main manganese mineral of oceanic and continental basins is vernadite. Its deposition is considered a result of the activity of microorganisms.     

锰矿产品硫酸锰制备锰钾矿型八面体分子筛的实验研究

利用锰矿山现有初级产品MnSO4.H2O低成本制备锰钾矿型八面体分子筛。在液相环境中MnSO4和KOH反应生成Mn(OH)2沉淀后,在溶解氧和OH-的参与下,生成K型水钠锰矿,在高温下发生结构的调整转化为锰钾矿。通过实验获得的最佳条件为:在500mL反应体系中用0.2M的MnSO4.H2O与1M的KOH在室温环境中、通空气流量为30L/min、振荡搅拌转速为100r/min的条件下反应3h,离心洗涤至pH=12,样品干燥后在600℃下煅烧1h。为大规模开展锰矿山产品的深加工提供了重要的实验依据。     

与火山活动有关的热水沉积锰矿——以贵州二叠纪锰矿为例

贵州产于中二叠统茅口组第二段的锰矿、铁锰矿、含锰菱铁矿,均分布在茅口晚期黔中台沟内。东部遵义一带为碳酸盐锰矿床,西部宣威—水城一带主要为锰帽型次生氧化锰矿床。笔者目的在于探讨黔中台沟锰矿成矿条件,以期扩大找矿远景。研究表明,区内各类锰矿石和矿胚层岩石都是在热水中生成的,证据是：①有大量热水沉积的标志性矿物;②常量、微量元素及稀土元素均具有热水沉积的特征;③流体包裹体均一温度达90～275℃等。锰矿的形成可能与峨眉地幔柱演化的中晚期阶段密切相关。茅口期玄武岩的喷出活动,有利于黔中台沟内硅灰泥锰质组合的形成。东部遵义一带的锰矿,被严格限制在热水喷发形成的硅质角砾岩分布区内,结合其他特征等,说明该区锰矿形成可能与强烈的热水活动有关。     

Deposition of deep-sea manganese nodules

Manganese at equilibrium in seawater occurs dominantly as Mn²⁺ and inorganic complexes at a concentration ratio of about 1:0.72; solubility decreases exponentially with increasing pH or Eh. However, the nodule oxides birnessite and todorokite are at least four orders of magnitude undersaturated relative to the Mn concentrations of seawater, and are metastable relative to hausmannite and manganite. This apparent lack of equilibrium is explicable by the mechanism of precipitation.Surfaces assist Mn precipitation by catalyzing equilibration between dissolved and reactive O₂ and simultaneously also by adsorbing ionic Mn species. The effective Eh at the surface becomes 200–400 mV above that of seawater; the oxidation rate of Mn increases about 10⁸ ×, and the activation energies for Mn oxidation decrease ~ 11.5 kcal/mole. Consequently, marine Mn nodules and crusts form by adsorption and catalytic oxidation of Mn²⁺ and ferrous ions at nucleating surfaces such as sea-floor silicates, oxyhydroxides, carbonates, phosphates and biogenic debris. The resulting ferromanganese surfaces autocatalyze further growth. In addition, Mn-fixing bacteria may also significantly accelerate accretion rates on these surfaces.Mn which accumulates in submarine sediments may be diagenetically recycled in response to steep solubility gradients causing upward migration from more acidic and reducing horizons toward the sea floor. In contrast, the concentrations of the predominant ferric complexes, Fe(OH)₃⁰ and Fe(OH)₄^?, are relatively less sensitive to the Eh's and pH's found in this environment; Fe is therefore not as readily recycled within buried sediments. Consequently, Fe is not so effectively enriched on the sea floor, although it precipitates more readily than Mn because seawater is saturated in amorphous Fe(OH)₃.The metastable, perhaps kinetically-related, Mn oxides of nodules have a characteristic distribution: birnessite predominates in oxidizing environments of low sedimentation rate and todorokite where sedimentation rates and diagenetic Mn mobility are higher. Surface adsorption and cation substitution within the disordered birnessite-todorokite structure account for the high trace element content of Mn nodules.     

Genesis of Chiatura manganese deposit

The author attempts to break the traditional opinion about the origin of Chiatura deposit and suggests that this deposit was formed by hot springs during early Oligocene time following the decline of upper Eocene volcanic activity. He concludes that the manganese deposit of Chiatura is of exhalative-sedimentary type. — E. A. Alexandrov.     

Types of manganese accumulation in present-day basins: their significance in understanding of manganese mineralization

The article discusses characteristics of manganese accumulation in lacustrine deposits of the northern forest zone and in lakes of the Baltic shield, in marginal seas of the Arctic basin, and in pelagic regions of the Indian, Atlantic, and especially the Pacific Ocean. Chemical differentiation of elements is complicated by increasing integration of iron and manganese in sediments during the process of diagenesis.--E. A. Alexandrov.     

Authigenie gypsum in deep-sea manganese nodules

Gypsum crystals of authigenic origin have been found in manganese nodules of the deep-sea sediment surface (4500-5500 m water depth) from the Central Pacific Ocean.