含植物河道水动力学研究进展

提出了基于河道管理、河流修复与水资源可持续发展的含植物明渠水动力学研究理念,强调了含植物明渠水动力学研究的重要意义.从含植物水流的时均阻力特性、紊流机理的物理模型试验研究及数值模拟计算研究等几方面,深入介绍了国内外关于含植物明渠水动力学研究进展.指出:必须进一步解决对柔性植物枝叶形状及柔韧度的相似模拟;建立柔性植物的刚度、水流特性及阻力特性之间的定量规律;进一步研究含植物水流各向异性的紊流特性;发展更为精细的大涡数值模型来研究水深较大的复杂的各向异性紊流等有待于深入探讨的问题.     

河流管理中含植物水流问题研究进展

河流管理涵盖灌溉、防洪、河流生态、环境等众多内容,其目的在于保护和恢复河流生态系统的整体生态功能。植物是具有生态功能河流的重要特征,为动物提供了栖息地,是维持河流健康发展的重要因素。由于植物的存在改变了水流运动特性和泥沙及污染物输移规律,含植物水流问题引起了河流管理领域的广泛关注,并且成为河流动力学新的重要的研究课题。回顾了当前国内外河流管理中含植物水流问题研究的主要成果,归纳为水流阻力、紊流结构、泥沙运动和被动标量扩散输移四个方面的研究内容,详细介绍了重要的研究方法、结论和量测手段,讨论了含植物水流问题当前研究存在的不足,并指出今后的研究趋势。     

淹没植物明渠床面冲淤及其对水流运动的影响

植物的存在改变了河流水动力特性,造成独特的床面冲淤态势。利用实验室水槽模拟含淹没植物的河道,对床面形态和紊流统计特性参数进行测量,研究不同类型紊流作用下的床面冲淤特征以及床面起伏对流动的影响。结果表明:床面剪切紊流条件下,床面形态为马蹄坑-沙沟/沙脊与沙波复合分布,床面变形加剧了流速沿水深不均匀分布并促进水流动量交换;在自由剪切混合层紊流条件下,床面形态为植物根部马蹄形冲坑及其后方沙沟、沙脊交错分布,床面变形对流动的影响并不显著;“类二重紊流”条件下,床面形态同样表现为马蹄坑-沙沟/沙脊-沙波复合,床面变形促进植物层内部的水流动量交换、抑制紊动清扫,抑制植物层外部的动量交换、促进紊动喷射。     

山区下切河流地貌演变机理及其与河床结构的关系

为研究河床结构在下切性河流地貌演变过程中所起到的作用与影响机制,对中国典型下切性河流区域的地貌特征与河床结构发育进行了调查与统计分析.结果表明,当河流剧烈下切使得河谷边坡超过临界坡度后,易于失稳而发生大规模的崩塌滑坡现象,河流演变从而进入下切拓宽阶段.大量边坡物质进入河道,促进了河床结构的发育,能够维持较高的河道纵坡降...     

基于过程的分流平原高弯河道砂体储层内部建筑结构分析--以大庆油田萨北地区为例

河道砂体内部结构已成为影响剩余油分布的决定因素。本研究旨在弄清三角洲平原高弯曲河道砂体内部结构,指导开发调整。解剖分为复合河道、单一河道、基本结构要素及要素内部结构等四个层次。基于三角洲平原上高弯河流的形成过程,依据河泛沉积分布及河道沉积体内部沉积特征识别单一河道。依据砂体厚度分布及砂体测井响应所体现的砂体所处的河道位置识别最终废弃河道,依据测井响应特征识别中间废弃河道,通过中间废弃河道及最终废弃河道位置关系,分析河道摆动特征,追踪河道迁移演化。按照河道演化过程识别点坝及其平面展布。在点坝内部通过岩芯、对子井分析确定侧积体的垂向厚度、倾向、倾角,进而获取侧积体平面发育频率,建立点坝内部的结构模型。研究基于河流演化过程,将河流过程与沉积结果统一起来,从过程角度解释了砂体形成,使解剖结果更合理更准确,可很好地指导剩余油预测分析。     

从端点走向连续:河流沉积模式研究进展述评

从河道类型的划分、河床演变与河型转换、河道沉积与河流砂体的建筑结构要素、河漫滩沉积、季节性河流与分支河流体系、河流沉积相模式、河流沉积学研究技术与方法等方面对国内外河流沉积模式的研究进展进行了综述,认为近十年来河流沉积学的理论和方法都发生了重要的变化。地貌学家、沉积学家和工程师认识到河道形态是连续可变的,而不是只有4~40多个端点类型。河床的演变受河床比降、流量变幅、河岸沉积物粒度构成、气候、植被以及构造沉降速率等多方面的影响。垂向剖面分析法难以对古河流类型做出正确的判断,运用建筑结构要素分析法重建河道内大型底形的地貌形态是河型判别和河流相模式重建的正确方法。河漫滩是河流沉积事件记录最为齐全的部位,对河漫滩、天然堤和泛滥平原沉积层序的研究能够揭示更多古河流沉积过程以及古环境、古气候和古生物方面的信息。对季节性河流、受季风强烈影响地区的河流、以及不同气候带河流所发育的独特沉积构造和建筑结构要素的研究不断增加。分支河流体系的概念得到越来越多的应用,但也得到不少质疑。我国学者应当注重对现代河流地貌形态和沉积过程的观察,把河床演变学的定量方法与沉积学的观点、理论和资料相结合,利用露头、三维地震资料和探地雷达技术建立河流砂体内部建筑结构信息数据库,加强对古河流河漫滩和泛滥平原的沉积过程、特征及其控制因素的研究,加强对不同构造和气候条件下河流沉积的差异性研究,不断发展河流沉积学研究技术,加强河流沉积学实验室建设和研究队伍建设,加强国际交流与合作,使我国河流沉积学为国家经济社会发展提供更加有力和有效的支撑,为推动国际河流沉积学发展做出中国人自己的贡献。     

资兴三都矿区唐垅组的河口湾沉积

三都矿区出炭垅组和杨梅垅组含丰富的煤炭,而唐垅组不含煤,这是因为前者为陆相河流环境,后者为河口湾环境。河口湾沉积在垂直相序中处于下部陆相河流向上部海相的过渡带中;岩性为成分成熟度和结构成熟度均高的石英净砂岩;下部含植物化石,中部含大量垂直和倾斜的虫管,上部含较多的海相化石。粒度分布、微量元素及砂体形态特征下部为河流沉积,中上部为河口湾沉积。这一海侵的时期为早侏罗世,海侵方向为由西南向东北。      

含挺水植物和沉水植物水流紊动特性

在一定的水动力条件下,不同水生植物对水流结构改变的程度及对底泥再悬浮的影响由于其形态结构的差异有所不同.在玻璃水槽中铺设太湖底泥并种植天然沉水植物(水蕨)和挺水植物(菖蒲),通过水槽实验,用三维声学多普勒流速仪ADV对植物段紊流特性进行测量研究,分析含水生植物明渠水流的水力特性及底泥再悬浮规律.结果表明:含沉水植物和挺水植物明渠水流的垂向流速分布各自遵循不同的规律;其紊动强度和雷诺应力具有明显的各向异性特性;在沉水植物冠层交界处及挺水植物的茎杆和枝叶分叉处,紊流强度及雷诺应力均出现最大值;在一定条件下沉水植物和挺水植物均能抑制底泥再悬浮,但当雷诺数达到一定数值时,水生植物的存在反而加剧了底泥的再悬浮,与挺水植物相比,沉水植物对底泥再悬浮的抑制效果要更好.     

地震沉积学在河流-浅水三角洲沉积相研究中的应用: 以渤海海域蓬莱A构造区馆陶组为例

庙西南凸起蓬莱A构造区馆陶组有良好油气发现,但储层厚度多小于5 m,难以被精确识别刻画。以薄层砂体为研究对象,综合地震、测井、钻井岩心、古生物等基础资料,明确研究区馆陶组沉积时期受北东向物源供给沉积,发育河流-浅水三角洲相。基于90°相位化处理确定砂体地震响应特征;分频解释处理判断相对等时地震同相轴,构建馆陶组高频层序地层格架(三级层序SQ1-3),优选60Hz地震数据体进行地层切片划分;地层切片高精度沉积学解释揭示研究区馆陶组SQ1层序至SQ3层序依次发育河流-席状化浅水三角洲-朵叶状浅水三角洲-水下河道型浅水三角洲。其中SQ1层序中河道砂体以及SQ2-3层序中浅水三角洲前缘砂体皆为有利储层。此次研究丰富发展了渤海海域河流-浅水三角洲相中地震沉积学在砂体预测中的研究成果。     

河道复杂采砂坑附近流场的数值模拟

数值模拟研究紊流问题的关键是充分考虑雷诺应力的差异,应用各向异性三维代数应力紊流数学模型(ASM)模拟研究了天然河道的次生流问题。以方形管道为算例与试验的比较表明,所应用的ASM模型精度较高;将ASM与非结构网格有机结合模拟分析河道复杂采砂坑,计算成果与前人结果类比,令人满意。ASM模型为研究河床稳定与变形提供了有力工具。分析表明,采砂坑使原稳定的水流形态发生变化,沿主流方向形成纵向涡旋导致采砂坑上游缘口冲刷,坑内的横向次生流则造成横向侵蚀;紊动特性研究表明采砂坑严重影响河床稳定。     

Quantifying velocity and turbulence structure in depositing sustained turbidity currents across breaks in slope

Two-dimensional experiments investigating sediment transport and turbulence structure in sustained turbidity currents that cross breaks in slope are presented as analogue illustrations for natural flows. The results suggest that in natural flows, turbulence generation at slope breaks may account for increased sand transport into basins and that the formation of a hydraulic jump may not be necessary to explain features such as the occurrence of submarine plunge pools and the deposition of coarser-grained beds in the bottomsets of Gilbert-type fan deltas. Experimental flows were generated on 0°, 3°, 6° and 9° slopes of equal length which terminated abruptly on a horizontal bed. Two-component velocities were measured on the slope, at the slope break and downstream of the slope break. Flows were depositional and non-uniform, visibly slowing and thickening with distance downstream. One-dimensional continuous wavelet transforms of velocity time series were used to produce time-period variance maps. Peaks in variance were tested against a background red-noise spectrum at the 95% level; a significant period banding occurs in the cross-wavelet transform at the slope break, attributed to increased formation of coherent flow structures (Kelvin–Helmholtz billows). Variance becomes distributed at progressively longer periods and the shape of the bed-normal-velocity spectral energy distribution changes with distance downstream. This is attributed to a shift towards larger turbulent structures caused by wake stretching. Mean velocity, Reynolds shear stress and turbulent kinetic energy profiles illustrate the mean distribution of turbulence through the currents. A turbulent kinetic energy transfer balance shows that flow non-uniformity arises through the transfer of mean streamwise slowing to mean bed-normal motion through the action of Reynolds normal stresses. Net turbulence production through the action of normal stresses is achieved on steeper slopes as turbulence dissipation due to mean bed-normal motion is limited. At the slope break, an imbalance between the production and dissipation of turbulence occurs because of the contrasting nature of the wall and free-shear boundaries at the bottom and top of the flows, respectively. A rapid reduction in mean streamwise velocity predominately affects the base of the flows and steeper proximal slope flows have to slow more at the break in slope. The increased turbulent kinetic energy, limited bed-normal motion and strong mixing imposed by steep proximal slopes means rapid slowing enhances turbulence production at the break in slope by focusing energy into coherent flow structures at a characteristic period. Thus, mean streamwise slowing is transferred into turbulence production at the slope break that causes increased transport of sediment and a decrease in deposit mass downstream of the slope break. The internal effects of flow non-uniformity therefore can be separated from the external influence of the slope break.     

过渡型流体转换对洪水型重力流沉积研究的启示及地质意义

洪水型重力流是重力流沉积学的研究热点,以往研究认为洪水型重力流具有紊流支撑的流体性质,对于其流体性质转化及其沉积记录的识别不够深入。近年研究揭示重力流沉积过程中可形成多种过渡型流体,具有特殊流体转换机制和沉积特征。通过调研国内外最新文献,系统介绍了过渡型流体基本特征、沉积机制方面的研究进展,并讨论了其对洪水型重力流沉积研究的启示及地质意义。研究结果表明：在少量黏土矿物影响下,沉积物重力流流体的性质即可由紊流向层流转化,形成特殊的过渡型流体。转化过程主要取决于黏土矿物含量和类型控制的流体内聚力和流速控制的紊流应力二者之间的相互作用。过渡型流体可以产生大型流水沙纹(large current ripple)、砂质纹层—泥质纹层间互形成的低幅度沙波(low amplitude bed wave)等独特的底床类型。尽管实验研究揭示了过渡型流体可能形成的沉积底床特征,针对洪水型重力流沉积记录中过渡型流体的解释仍十分缺乏,尤其是过渡型流体转换机制及其沉积响应仍亟待深入探索。过渡型流体的沉积底形是研究洪水型重力流沉积动力机制的重要载体,可为深入理解洪水型重力流沉积过程提供新视角,同时可能具有更广泛的...     

过渡型流体转换对洪水型重力流沉积研究的启示及地质意义

洪水型重力流是重力流沉积学的研究热点,以往研究认为洪水型重力流具有紊流支撑的流体性质,对于其流体性质转化及其沉积记录的识别不够深入。近年研究揭示重力流沉积过程中可形成多种过渡型流体,具有特殊流体转换机制和沉积特征。通过调研国内外最新文献,系统介绍了过渡型流体基本特征、沉积机制方面的研究进展,并讨论了其对洪水型重力流沉积研究的启示及地质意义。研究结果表明：在少量黏土矿物影响下,沉积物重力流流体的性质即可由紊流向层流转化,形成特殊的过渡型流体。转化过程主要取决于黏土矿物含量和类型控制的流体内聚力和流速控制的紊流应力二者之间的相互作用。过渡型流体可以产生大型流水沙纹（large current ripple）、砂质纹层—泥质纹层间互形成的低幅度沙波（low amplitude bed wave）等独特的底床类型。尽管实验研究揭示了过渡型流体可能形成的沉积底床特征,针对洪水型重力流沉积记录中过渡型流体的解释仍十分缺乏,尤其是过渡型流体转换机制及其沉积响应仍亟待深入探索。过渡型流体的沉积底形是研究洪水型重力流沉积动力机制的重要载体,可为深入理解洪水型重力流沉积过程提供新视角,同时可能具有更广泛的沉积学研究价值。     

明渠恒定紊流的总流控制方程与能量损失特性

为进一步深化对明渠总流控制方程的认识,探究总流能量损失的构成与分布特点,通过理论分析,在黏性流体力学理论的框架下构建了描述明渠恒定紊流总体特性的总流积分模型与总流微分模型的控制方程,其模型参数能直接通过流动统计特征量在过流断面上的分布来获取,由此实现明渠流的流场特性描述与总流描述的统一,并得到了总流能量损失的显示表达式。同时指出,总流能量损失由黏性耗散与维持紊动两部分构成,在矩形明渠恒定均匀流紊流的分类能量损失构成中,壁面上以黏性耗散部分为主,维持紊动部分的能量损失密度随着离开壁面距离的增加而快速增加,且随着雷诺数的增大,其增加速度也越快。     

明渠恒定紊流的总流控制方程与能量损失特性

为进一步深化对明渠总流控制方程的认识,探究总流能量损失的构成与分布特点,通过理论分析,在黏性流体力学理论的框架下构建了描述明渠恒定紊流总体特性的总流积分模型与总流微分模型的控制方程,其模型参数能直接通过流动统计特征量在过流断面上的分布来获取,由此实现明渠流的流场特性描述与总流描述的统一,并得到了总流能量损失的显示表达式。同时指出,总流能量损失由黏性耗散与维持紊动两部分构成,在矩形明渠恒定均匀流紊流的分类能量损失构成中,壁面上以黏性耗散部分为主,维持紊动部分的能量损失密度随着离开壁面距离的增加而快速增加,且随着雷诺数的增大,其增加速度也越快。     

Depositional processes,bedform development and hybrid bed formation in rapidly decelerated cohesive (mud–sand) sediment flows

Flows with high suspended sediment concentrations are common in many sedimentary environments, and their flow properties may show a transitional behaviour between fully turbulent and quasi‐laminar plug flows. The characteristics of these transitional flows are known to be a function of both clay concentration and type, as well as the applied fluid stress, but so far the interaction of these transitional flows with a loose sediment bed has received little attention. Information on this type of interaction is essential for the recognition and prediction of sedimentary structures formed by cohesive transitional flows in, for example, fluvial, estuarine and deep‐marine deposits. This paper investigates the behaviour of rapidly decelerated to steady flows that contain a mixture of sand, silt and clay, and explores the effect of different clay (kaolin) concentrations on the dynamics of flow over a mobile bed, and the bedforms and stratification produced. Experiments were conducted in a recirculating slurry flume capable of transporting high clay concentrations. Ultrasonic Doppler velocity profiling was used to measure the flow velocity within these concentrated suspension flows. The development of current ripples under decelerated flows of differing kaolin concentration was documented and evolution of their height, wavelength and migration rate quantified. This work confirms past work over smooth, fixed beds which showed that, as clay concentration rises, a distinct sequence of flow types is generated: turbulent flow, turbulence‐enhanced transitional flow, lower transitional plug flow, upper transitional plug flow and a quasi‐laminar plug flow. Each of these flow types produces an initial flat bed upon rapid flow deceleration, followed by reworking of these deposits through the development of current ripples during the subsequent steady flow in turbulent flow, turbulence‐enhanced transitional flow and lower transitional plug flow. The initial flat beds are structureless, but have diagnostic textural properties, caused by differential settling of sand, silt and cohesive mud, which forms characteristic bipartite beds that initially consist of sand overlain by silt or clay. As clay concentration in the formative flow increases, ripples first increase in mean height and wavelength under turbulence‐enhanced transitional flow and lower transitional plug‐flow regimes, which is attributed to the additional turbulence generated under these flows that subsequently causes greater lee side erosion. As clay concentration increases further from a lower transitional plug flow, ripples cease to exist under the upper transitional plug flow and quasi‐laminar plug flow conditions investigated herein. This disappearance of ripples appears due to both turbulence suppression at higher clay concentrations, as well as the increasing shear strength of the bed sediment that becomes more difficult to erode as clay concentration increases. The stratification within the ripples formed after rapid deceleration of the transitional flows reflects the availability of sediment from the bipartite bed. The exact nature of the ripple cross‐stratification in these flows is a direct function of the duration of the formative flow and the texture of the initial flat bed, and ripples do not form in cohesive flows with a Reynolds number smaller than ca 12 000. Examples are given of how the unique properties of the current ripples and plane beds, developing below decelerated transitional flows, could aid in the interpretation of depositional processes in modern and ancient sediments. This interpretation includes a new model for hybrid beds that explains their formation in terms of a combination of vertical grain‐size segregation and longitudinal flow transformation.     

The vertical turbulence structure of experimental turbidity currents encountering basal obstructions: implications for vertical suspended sediment distribution in non‐equilibrium currents

Large roughness features, caused by erosion of the sea floor, are commonly observed on the modern sea floor and beneath turbidite sandstone beds in outcrop. This paper aims to investigate the effect of such roughness elements on the turbulent velocity field and its consequences for the sediment carrying capacity of the flows. Experimental turbidity currents were run through a rectangular channel, with a single roughness element fixed to the bottom in some runs. The effect of this roughness element on the turbulent velocity field was determined by measuring vertical profiles of the vertical velocity component in the region downstream of the basal obstruction with the Ultrasonic Doppler Velocity Profiling technique. The experiments were set up to answer two research questions. (i) How does a single roughness element alter the distribution of vertical turbulence intensity? (ii) How does the altered profile evolve in the downstream direction? The results for runs over a plane substrate are similar to data presented previously and show a lower turbulence maximum near the channel floor, a turbulence minimum associated with the velocity maximum, and a turbulence maximum associated with the upper flow interface. In the runs in which the flows were perturbed by the single roughness element, the intensity of the lower turbulence maximum was increased between 41% to 81%. This excess turbulence dissipated upwards in the flow while it travelled further downstream, but was still observable at the most distal measurement location (at a distance ca 39 times the roughness height downstream of the element). All results point towards a similarity between the near bed turbulence structure of turbidity currents and free surface shear flows that has been proposed by previous authors, and this proposition is supported further by the apparent success of a shear velocity estimation method that is based on this similarity. Theory of turbulent dispersal of suspended sediment is used to discuss how the observed turbulent effects of a single large roughness element may impact on the suspended sediment distribution in real world turbidity currents. It is concluded that this impact may consist of a non‐equilibrium net‐upwards transport of suspended sediment, counteracting density stratification. Thus, erosive substrate topography created by frontal parts of natural turbidity flows may super‐elevate sediment concentrations in upper regions above equilibrium values in following flow stages, delay depletion of the flow via sedimentation and increase their run‐out distance.     

Flow structure of turbidity currents

A two‐dimensional numerical model is used to describe the flow structure of turbidity currents in a vertical plane. To test the accuracy of the model, it is applied to historical flows in Bute Inlet and the Grand Banks flow. The two‐dimensional spatial and temporal distributions of velocity and sediment concentration and non‐dimensionalized vertical profiles of velocity, turbulent kinetic energy and sediment concentration are discussed for several simple computational currents. The flows show a clear interaction between velocity, turbulence and sediment distribution. The results of the numerical tests show that flows with fine‐grained sediment have low vertical and high horizontal gradients of velocity and sediment concentration, show little increase in flow thickness and decelerate slowly. Steadiness and uniformity in these flows are comparable for velocity and concentration. In contrast, flows with coarse‐grained sediment have high vertical and low horizontal velocity gradients and high horizontal concentration gradients. These flows grow considerably in thickness and decelerate rapidly. Steadiness and uniformity in flows with coarse‐grained sediment are different for velocity and concentration. The results show the influence of spatial and temporal flow structure on flow duration and sediment transport.     

Fluvial and submarine morphodynamics of laminar and near‐laminar flows: a synthesis

The interaction of flow with an erodible bed in alluvial rivers and deep‐sea channels gives rise to a wide range of self‐formed morphologies, including channels, ripples, dunes, antidunes, alternate bars, multiple‐row bars, meandering and braiding. As the flow is invariably turbulent in field manifestations of these morphologies, there has been a tendency to assume that turbulence is necessary for them to form. While turbulence undoubtedly has an important influence when it is present, it is not necessary for any of these features. Indeed, all of these features can be formed by the morphodynamic interaction of purely laminar or nearly laminar flow with an erodible bed. This paper provides a survey and synthesis of a wide range of laminar or near‐laminar flow analogues of morphologies observed in the field. Laminar‐flow analogues of turbulent‐flow morphologies cannot and should not be expected to satisfy dynamic similarity in terms of all relevant dimensionless parameters. What is of more significance is the convergence of the underlying physics. It is illustrated in this paper that many existing theoretical frameworks for the explanation of turbulent‐flow morphodynamics require only relatively minor modification in order to adapt them to laminar flows.