液态二氧化碳洗井新工艺浅介

为了取得真实的水文地质资料,正确地反映含水层的渗透性,必须对含水层孔段的井壁及其裂隙进行清洗,以排除堵塞物,疏通含水通道.这就是水文水井钻探成井工艺     

中国东北地氟病防病改水示范:以肇源县为例

本文介绍了中国东北地氟病分布规律,以肇源县示范区为例,结合病区水文地质条件,明确了地氟病致病含水层,提出了防病改水供水目的层及钻探成井工艺,为中国东北地区地氟病防病改水提供了示范经验。     

井壁测压试验及其意义

一,井壁测压试验的设想和方法从六十年代以来,在水文地质计算实践中开始探讨滤水管有效长度、即含水层有效厚度问题。抽水有效带的存在反映为一个地下水动力学方面的问题,而任何水动力学现象均表现为时空动水压力(势)发生的变化。所以我们产生了沿着抽水井的井壁在不同深度测量水动压力值的想法。井壁测压试验的方法是在成井过程中把多根测压管下入滤水管和井壁之间的预定深度,然后填以砾料,构成人工含水层。要注     

水文地质钻探冲洗液成果简介

地矿部水文地质技术方法研究队钻探科经几年努力,研究出几项水文地质钻探冲洗液成果,均已通过部级鉴定验收。 一、水井-1号土 水井-1号土是以膨润土、白垩土为主料及有关化学处理剂经科学配方优选而成。适用于第三系、第四系水文地质勘探供水井钻井用冲洗液。经中国地质工程公司、河南水文地质一队等单位试用证明该钻井液在保护含水层、简化洗井工序、缩短洗井时间、提高成井质量、降低钻探总成本等方面均取得了显著效果。     

第四纪泥灰岩含水岩系成井工艺的改进

在驻马店市第四纪覆盖层施工中,使用铸铁(滤)管作保护套管,对泥灰岩含水层使用清水作冲洗液,并采用局部裸体孔(或下钢筋骨架管)成井新工艺,基本上消除了旧式成井工艺带来的上、中部孔壁坍塌,下部含水层堵塞,单井涌水量成倍减少的缺陷。在施工中取得较为明显的经济效益。     

新型成井过滤器在地下水开采中的应用

研制的一种新型成井过滤器技术,它适合于地下水开采特别是深井开采及粉细砂地层开采,具有良好的滤水挡砂作用和功能。减小钻井口径、滤料对位准确,避免了常规成井时人工填砾易形成的砾料架桥、蓬塞、厚薄不均等所导致水井涌砂等成井质量问题。为粉细砂地层成井、深井成井提供了一种新型的成井材料和成井技术方法。     

广西岩溶峰林区地下水赋存特征及钻探成井模式

通过梳理广西岩溶峰林区近年来抗旱找水成井的钻孔资料,分析水文地质条件与成井的关系,结果表明:构造、岩性和岩溶发育层位是控制钻孔是否成井的主要因素。断层破碎带、向（背）斜以及含水层和相对隔水层的接触带等蓄水构造为有利的成井位置;石炭系地层（C1、C2）和上泥盆系地层（D3）为主要的成井地层,占成井总数的55.24%,平均单井出水量为261 m3·d-1,平均开采深度为37.67 m。通过对区内的岩溶水赋存特征及规律分析总结,归纳成6种钻探成井模式:压扭性断裂旁侧富水模式、相对隔水岩层阻水模式、挡水墙阻水模式、圈团褶皱蓄水构造模式、向/背斜轴部富水模式、自垩系红层盘地找水模式,并提出了几种常见的地形地貌特征找水标识。      

滤网塞式钢筋混凝土过滤器

过滤器(也称滤水管),通常被认为是管井的心脏。因此,过滤器的质量直接关糸着成井质量的高低。一种由高密度聚乙烯滤网塞和穿孔钢筋混凝土管组装成的新型过滤器研制成功。其开孔率为19%,轴向压强为14MPa,配以不同规格滤网塞,可以广泛应用于各种类型水文地质条件的含水层。本文着重介绍了该过滤器的规格性能、经济技术指标和使用情况。     

坑道内水平孔施工

暗管的应用与制作江西地矿局９０２队何文生在岩心钻探和水文水井施工中，有时采取下暗管（或称“飞管”）的措施解决孔内某种问题。特别是在供水井成井中，为降低水井造价，采用暗管隔离含水层较普遍。我队１９９２年共成井１１眼，其中有１０眼下入暗管，占成井总数的９...     

水文地质深孔抽水试验工艺技术探索

以河南省禹州市张得区煤详查钻探项目ZK2208钻孔为例,通过采用合理的成井结构、套管异径双重止水、焦磷酸钠+CO2洗井、钻机+千斤顶提拔长观孔内套管等各种工艺措施,有效解决了顺利下入套管、一次性有效止水、有效洗井、顺利提拔套管等各种施工技术难题,顺利完成了1300多米水文地质深孔的施工,达到了地质设计与有关规范的要求。     

CSAMT 法在辽西康杖子区深部探矿中的应用

可控源音频大地电磁法(CSAMT)具有探测深度大、横向分辨率高、抗干扰能力强的特点,在深部找矿勘探中有着重要的指导意义。肖家营子铜钼矿床是辽西地区一个大型矽卡岩型金属矿床,大部分矿体是隐伏矿体,矿区外围的康杖子区与本区有相似的成矿地质环境,成矿地质条件优越.矿体与围岩电性差异明显,通过应用CSAMT,矿体具有低电阻特点,根据成果推断解释,对深部有利成矿部位进行了钻探验证,取得了理想的探矿效果,在矿区外围取得第二深度空间找矿重大突破。     

地下水环境中的硫代砷研究进展

硫代砷是富硫化物地下水中砷的重要形态,对环境和人类健康有潜在威胁。目前硫代砷研究程度尚低,本次主要针对国内外地下水（地热水）中硫代砷的存在形态,水文—生物—环境地球化学过程,样品保存,定量检测方法等方面进行研究。结论如下:pH, 氧化还原电位,硫化物含量和微生物作用等是影响地下水中硫代砷稳定存在和形态分布的重要因素。含铁矿物能与水中的硫代砷形成配位键对其进行吸附,吸附性普遍弱于（亚）砷酸盐,因此,地下水中硫代砷可能表现出更强的迁移性。用于硫代砷检测的自然水样在采集中可采取过滤,速冻,厌氧和低温短期保存的操作流程,以减缓该形态的转化甚至消失。色谱联用ICP-MS系统可用于自然水样中硫代砷的分离定量检测,紫外—可见分光光度法和X射线吸收光谱法在不同场景下也可对硫代砷进行定量和表征分析。地热水和浅层地下水中均可能存在硫代砷,由于水样中硫代砷的不稳定性,室内检测和分析难以准确反映现场过程,因此,野外样品保存技术和现场检测方法的更新可能在未来有更大研究空间,值得进一步探索。     

2010年的美国铀矿业

2010年,美国铀矿总共施工7 209个钻孔,总进尺1 493 520 m;生产铀1 628.55 t;铀矿业总支出费用为2.773亿美元,其中铀矿地勘费支出为3 450万美元,占铀矿业总费用的12.44%。铀矿地勘钻探费用为4 460万美元,占铀矿业总费用的16.08%。     

Trends in landslide occurrence in Nepal

Nepal is a mountainous, less developed kingdom that straddles the boundary between the Indian and Himalayan tectonic plates. In Nepal, landslides represent a major constraint on development, causing high levels of economic loss and substantial numbers of fatalities each year. There is a general consensus that the impacts of landslides in countries such as Nepal are increasing with time, but until now there has been little or no quantitative data to support this view, or to explain the causes of the increases. In this paper, a database of landslide fatalities in Nepal has been compiled and analysed for the period 1978–2005. The database suggests that there is a high level of variability in the occurrence of landslides from year to year, but that the overall trend is upward. Analyses of the trends in the data suggest that there is a cyclicity in the occurrence of landslide fatalities that strongly mirrors the cyclicity observed in the SW (summer) monsoon in South Asia. Perhaps surprisingly the relationship is inverse, but this is explained through an inverse relationship between monsoon strength and the amount of precipitation in the Hill District areas of Nepal. It is also clear that in recent years the number of fatalities has increased dramatically over and above the effects of the monsoon cycle. Three explanations are explored for this: land-use change, the effects of the ongoing civil war in Nepal, and road building. It is concluded that a major component of the generally upward trend in landslide impact probably results from the rural road-building programme, and its attendant changes to physical and natural systems.     

Geography in general education in Nigeria

This paper traces the development of geographic education in Nigeria and examines the views of geographers, other academics, students and the public at large about the importance of geography. Geography's value is immense despite the non-professional nature of the discipline. Nevertheless, there is a need to define geography's status and ensure career prospects for students. The Nigerian Geographical Association (from classroom teaachers to top geographers) must promote geography, improve its status in schools and universities, and continuously restructure its content and methods to address pertinent social needs.     

花岗岩地区地下水水文地质特征分析

通过对泰安市岱岳区花岗岩地区地下水的形成条件、地下水类型、分布状况、水文地质特征以及地下水补给、径流、排泄条件的分析,指出了花岗岩地区供水方向。     

Recent advances in aquaculture in Japan

Conclusions During the last ten years, aquaculture, especially mariculture has undergone remarkable expansion to counter-balance the gap between the supply and demand of fishery products in Japan. Its expansion has also been supported by the traditional preference of the Japanese people for seafood. Mariculture is now being forced to change its structure due to adverse economic circumstances such as the rise in the cost of energy, feeds and other materials for culture, low market prices, deterioration of environmental conditions, and many other factors. Before these constraints can be resolved, advanced scientific knowledge and technologies must be integrated to develop new types of aquaculture. Expansion of maricultural activities to more open-sea and off shore areas would be one route to follow. Technologies for the development of formulated diets not only for young but also for adults and larvae, establishment of feeding standards, prevention of epizootic diseases must support the establishment of modern aquaculture.The culture-based fisheries, or marine ranching, is becoming a subject for further development in Japan. Much research work has been conducted with a great degree of governmental support. Establishment of a net work of seedstock production farms has made it possible to carry out releasing experiments on a large scale. A newly integrated restoration system could be developed on the basis of these experiments, even though the profits resulting from the artificial restoration of stocks is not thouroughly verified at present. The commencement of a national scheme for culture-based fisheries would be a manifestation of the enthusiasm of the Japanese fish industry.     

世界环境问题和中国减灾工作研究进展

环境和灾害是威胁人类生存的两大挑战性问题。由人类活动导致的自然环境破坏和恶化是一个长期累积的过程,类似于人体所患的慢性疾病,对其认识和解决不仅依靠多种条件,也需要很长时间的持久努力。自然灾害的发生一般是短时间内的突然事件,类似人体的急性疾病。为最大限度地减轻自然灾害给人类社会造成的损失,需要实施事先预防、灾前预警、灾时应急和灾后重建的系统工程,其中地球科学家的责任之一是找出有效的宣传演练,使社会各界充分认识灾害的危险性,做好必要的防灾准备。最近20 a来中国的减灾实践经验还说明,为进一步提高减灾的效益,要用科学观念指导各领域的减灾工作,在国家一级层次上要实行多部门协调、多学科合作的综合管理,并注重对灾害发生的规律性研究。例如对群发性灾害链过程及其潜在影响的估计,这对制定区域性可持续发展规划具有重要意义。     

徐州市张集水源地裂隙岩溶水群孔抽水试验研究

基于徐州市张集水源地详勘阶段任务要求以及张集水源地具体的水文地质条件,提出了张集水源地裂隙岩溶水群孔干扰抽水试验的技术要求和工作方法。试验结果表明,根据该技术要求和工作方法所进行的抽水试验既满足了为水源地地下水资源评价而进行的数值计算要求,又适合农村电网及水井实际,并且节约了经费。结论对裂隙岩溶水大型水源地地下水资源评价与科学管理具有重要的参考价值。