副族元素的成矿作用与矿田类型

岩石熔融 岩浆固结过程不仅导致花岗岩的形成,同时造成了副族微量元素的富集,形成不同类型的矿床和矿田。根据成矿元素与氧、硫元素的关系,文中将上述元素形成的矿田分为亲氧元素型、亲硫元素型和氧硫复合型。前者产于花岗岩体内部,成矿与成岩基本同时,矿田的形成主要受控于岩浆分异作用和岩体剥蚀深度;次者产于岩体外部,成岩与成矿具有一定的年龄差,矿田控制因素主要为深部重熔界面隆起区的埋深和相应控矿构造的产状;最后一类矿田的特征是花岗岩体内部产亲氧元素矿床(主要为铀钍),矿床与容矿岩体通常有巨大年龄差,在岩体外围则分布亲硫元素矿床,本类矿田的控制因素主要为区域地壳熔融(重熔)次数及晚期重熔界面隆起区的埋深。     

多次重熔的成矿作用:对甘肃中川岩体成岩成矿过程的再认识

在花岗岩原地重熔成因理论的基础上,对甘肃中川岩体的地质、地球化学和成矿学资料进行重新“编码”,证实中川花岗岩体的形成是该区地壳于早中生代两次原地熔融或重熔的结果。陆壳的多次熔融(重熔)不但造成复式岩体的同心圆状构造和岩体化学成分的规律性变化,同时造成不同元素的成矿作用。富金地层被卷入的中生代早期的地壳熔融事件,使印支-燕山早期的成矿作用主要形成金或金多金属硫化物矿床。根据岩体内部发育的NNE向破裂体系特征及沿断裂发生的热液活动,推断该区深部在晚白垩世-古近纪尚发生过一次重熔事件或尚存在重熔岩浆。晚期的重熔岩浆具有较高的氧逸度f(O2),此为铀元素在热液中大量存在的必要条件,因而本阶段的成矿作用主要导致铀的富集,在岩体内部的断裂中形成脉状的“花岗岩型”铀矿床。     

桃山、诸广复式岩体花岗岩类岩石铀、钍地球化学特征

通过对桃山、诸广复式岩体的深入研究,得出铀、钍元素在本地区花岗岩中具有以下地球化学特征及地球化学行为:1.岩体的铀、钍丰度与岩体外接触带的变质岩铀,钍丰度具同步增长特点;2.铀与硅、钾、钠关系密切,并有随钾增长,及随铀增长二种趋势,而钍则与TiO_2、FeO、MnO关系密切;3.钍在花岗岩中分布型式为正态分布,变异系数较铀小,而铀在花岗岩中分布型式为正态分布及对数正态分布,变异系数略高,显示了铀有某种富集可能;4.铀在花岗岩中地球化学行为,表现有二个富集高峰,既有在结晶早期富集在各类副矿物中的早富集特征,也有随花岗岩形成和演化富集在晚期的晚富集特征。二个富集途径,即随Si、K增高和随Si、Na增高途径。     

湖南产铀花岗岩体的某些特征

湖南产铀花岗岩体主要分布在湘南和湘东南地区,属扬子板块南缘至华夏板块湘东南加里东褶皱区,主要有诸广山、九嶷山、苗儿山等产铀岩体,岩体是由志留、三叠纪、侏罗―白垩纪岩浆侵入体构成的大型复式花岗岩体,花岗岩具有富碱、富钾和铁镁成分较高的特征,原始铀含量高,铀钍分异明显,铀趋向侏罗纪补体富集,在较晚期次侵入体的内外接触带是铀成矿有利空间。     

广西都庞岭、海洋山花岗岩体地球化学特征对比

同处南岭西段的广西都庞岭岩体与海洋山岩体形成时代不同:前者是加里东晚期、印支晚期和燕山早期形成的复式岩体,以燕山早期花岗岩为其主体;后者以加里东晚期花岗岩为主.与两岩体有关的含矿性有明显的差异,区内已发现的钨锡矿矿床(点)主要产于燕山早期花岗岩中.水系沉积物地球化学特征对比分析表明:二者除在微量元素的初始丰度值、元素组合等方面具有一定相似之外.元素含量分布特征明显不一样,都庞岭燕山期花岗岩较海洋山岩体W、Sn、Bi等成矿元素丰度值更高,W、Sn、Bi、Mo富集趋势明显,而海洋山加里东期花岗岩以Ag、Pb、AB、sb等的后期富集为特征.     

桂东北紫花坪岩体富Li淡色花岗岩岩石地球化学特征及其与铀成矿关系

锂、铀作为重要矿产资源,且在花岗岩中的富集部位存在交集,其成因问题长期备受关注。桂东北紫花坪岩体中的淡色花岗岩Li含量(质量分数)高达678.7×10~(-6)(中细粒二云母花岗岩和中细粒白云母花岗岩),具有富集Li元素的特征。通过对其岩石地球化学特征及与铀成矿关系研究表明:淡色花岗岩具有相对较高的Na__2O、Al__2O_3和F含量,以及较低的K__2O、FeO、MgO和CaO含量,属于过铝质花岗岩;以离子电位5.7为界,淡色花岗岩中的微量元素随Li含量的增加,呈现出高离子电位元素含量增加而低离子电位元素降低的趋势,相对富集Rb、Ta和Hf,具有低ΣREE及重稀土富集特征;岩体中元素富集分带从早到晚、自下而上依次为LREE→Y→HREE→U(Ⅳ)→Zr-Hf→Nb-Ta→Li,花岗岩中的晶质铀矿早于稀有金属形成;铀矿石中As、Ni等元素富集,见地开石及钾交代现象,表明铀成矿过程中经历了热流体作用;结合区域成矿资料及上述结论认为,紫花坪岩体中的淡色花岗岩为泥质源区重熔的产物,其形成与岩浆高程度的结晶分异作用有关,相对靠近重熔界面顶部;淡色中细粒二云母花岗岩为区内主要含铀花岗岩,经历了晚期热流体作用,深部存在铀成矿的可能。     

含钍高的岩体可作为找金的标志

在总结花岗岩体中钍(铀)矿化的资料,发现富钍花岗岩及外接触带的金矿化,如双王、东沟坝等金矿床 研究了金和钍的地球化学与矿物学、成矿作用和空间分布特点,提出含钍高的花岗岩体,可作为找金矿的标志。这种富钍花岗岩多为复式岩体,具多期次活动和富铀矿脉的特点:金矿和钍矿呈脉体出现,成矿环境相似,可以相互利用找矿;其含钍砂矿物亦可作为找金矿源的标志     

贵东复式岩体印支期产铀和非产铀花岗岩地球化学特征对比研究

鲁溪黑云母花岗岩体和下庄二云母花岗岩体为粤北贵东复式岩体的重要组成部分.两岩体形成于相同构造背景,空间上紧密共生,时间上近乎同时生成,但鲁溪黑云母花岗岩不成矿,下庄二云母花岗岩赋存着大量铀矿床.对鲁溪黑云母岩体和下庄二云母进行系统的岩石学、矿物学、主量元素和微量元素分析,其结果表明,鲁溪黑云母花岗岩和下庄二云母花岗岩具有相似的地球化学特征,为同一母岩浆先后结晶分异的产物.岩浆不同演化阶段温度、氧逸度等物理化学条件的变化造成两岩体的铀含量和铀的赋存状态差异,致使鲁溪黑云母花岗岩的铀含量低,且铀主要以惰性铀存在,不利于成矿,而下庄二云母花岗岩的铀含量高,铀多以活性铀的形式存在,利于后期热液成矿.因此鲁溪岩体不成矿,而下庄岩体赋存着大量的铀矿床.     

粤北贵东复式岩体的形成与重熔界面的形态演化

根据花岗岩的“原地重熔 壳内对流”理论,对粤北贵东复式岩体的各种地质地球化学资料进行重新编码,证实该复式岩体的形成是该区陆壳中生代多次熔融(重熔)的结果,并在此基础上重建该区不同期次重熔界面形态。研究表明,早侏罗世重熔界面总体自南向北倾斜,因而在同一剥蚀面下,岩体自南向北依次出露中心相、过渡相、边缘相的岩性;晚侏罗世的熔融(重熔)事件基本局限于早期岩体内部,故该期岩体普遍比早期岩体偏酸性,本期岩浆界面自北向南倾斜。早白垩世的熔融(重熔)事件形成了石英正长岩和次英安斑岩两类不同的岩石,两者岩性的较大差异与卷入的源岩有关,本期的重熔界面同样自北向南倾斜,据此进行的隐伏矿床预测已经获得验证。     

三江北段海子山地区铀钍地球化学异常特征及其找矿意义

在海子山地区进行1∶50 000水系沉积物地球化学测量基础上,分析了铀钍的含量,计算了地球化学参数,确定了异常下限,圈定了铀钍异常区,并对异常进行了分析和解释,探讨了异常在该区的找矿意义。研究发现:1海子山地区铀钍异常明显,异常范围大,强度高,浓集中心明显;2铀钍异常的分布与燕山期花岗岩体密切相关,其中I号异常区与西南部的格聂岩体有关,II号异常区与北部的绒衣措岩体有关;3海子山地区花岗岩体中铀较钍更容易从花岗岩体中风化(活化)、迁移出来进入沉积物进一步富集,为研究区在花岗岩中找矿提供了重要的指示意义。     

千里山花岗岩体地质地球化学及与成矿关系

千里山花岗岩由似斑状黑云母花岗岩、等粒黑云母花岗岩和花岗斑岩组成。前两期岩体分别与两期钨多金属矿化有关，后一期与铅锌银成矿密切相联。两套花岗岩虽然均来自地壳，但取于不同源地。该岩体既为富Ｆ、Ｌｉ，Ｒｂ，Ｂｅ，Ｇａ的ＢＥＬＩＦ花岗岩，又是富Ｕ，Ｔｈ的高热花岗岩。     

The behaviour of uranium, thorium and tin during leaching from a coarse-grained porphyritic granite in an arid environment

During the routine analysis of chip samples from water boreholes it was noted that the DeBakken granite south of Kenhardt has high uranium and tin contents. Rock samples collected on surface, however, revealed low concentrations of both these elements indicating that they have been leached from the surface samples. The distribution of thorium in the borehole profiles showed that while both tin and uranium have been removed above the water table, other “immobile” elements and thorium remained unaffected.The geological data showed that the leaching took place since the start of the Tertiary. Initially, the movement of uranium was vertical and accumulated in pedogenic calcrete above the granite. This vertical leaching was controlled by fluctuations in the water table and took place from the Pliocene to Pleistocene. Later, in the Holocene, the pedogenic calcrete was removed and deposited as non-pedogenic calcrete along the rivers. These nodular calcrete deposits, which are abundant in Namaqualand, are mineralized only along those rivers which drain the DeBakken granite, indicating that this granite was the source of the uranium.When the water table reached depths of ten metres or more the vertical migration of uranium ceased and horizontal leaching caused by the movement of ground water became active. Where the water table cuts the surface, such as in the pans, uranium deposition due to evaporation of groundwater is still active.Leaching of uranium from this granite, together with the formation of the secondary deposits is mineralogically controlled, and is ascribed to the fact that uranium is not hosted in zircon. Granites such as the DeBakken granite, in which the uranium is hosted in biotite, monazite and apatite, cannot be recognized by surface sampling and hence a lithogeochemical approach, using sub-surface samples has to be adopted. Calculations showed that approximately 1400 tons of uranium metal has been leached from this granite since the start of the Tertiary and that the maximum reserve of the province as a whole is relatively small.The distribution of tin is erratic, and although it has been leached from the surface samples, it has not been transported for any significant distance. Thus the tin distribution in the profiles does not show the same degree of leaching as does uranium. This is ascribed to the fact that samples from a percussion drill would include both the rock fragments from which tin has been leached and the clay-rich alteration products in which it has been trapped. Tin is generally immobile when present as cassiterite, but when enclosed in biotite, and when the groundwater is enriched in chlorine and fluorine, it leaches readily from the biotite.     

Geochemistry and petrogenesis of a peralkaline granite complex from the Midian Mountains, Saudi Arabia

A zoned intrusion with a biotite granodiorite core and arfvedsonite granite rim represents the source magma for an albitised granite plug near its eastern margin and radioactive siliceous veins along its western margin. A study of selected REE and trace elements of samples from this complex reveals that the albitised granite plug has at least a tenfold enrichment in Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta, Y, Th, U and Sr, and a greatly enhanced heavy/light REE ratio compared with the peralkaline granite. The siliceous veins have even stronger enrichment of these trace elements, but a heavy/light REE ratio and negative eu anomaly similar to the peralkaline granite. It is suggested that the veins were formed from acidic volatile activity and the plug from a combination of highly fractionated magma and co-existing alkaline volatile phase. The granodiorite core intrudes the peralkaline granite and has similar trace element geochemistry. The peralkaline granite is probably derived from the partial melting of the lower crust in the presence of halide-rich volatiles, and the granodiorite from further partial melting under volatile-free conditions.     

The Hydrothermal Na—Ca Alteration at the Marginal Part of the Florina Granite and the Associated Magnetite—Hematite Bands With Thorium and Uranium Mineralization

The Oxia mineralized granite is the product of differentiation in the external parts of the Florina magmatic mass. Acidic hydrothermal solutions either of magmatic or of meteoric origin reacted with the upper tectonically fractured parts of the Florina granite and became enriched in iron, thorium, uranium, zircon and rare-earth elements. The most abundant alteration minerals are sericite and quartz, while the minerals of the mineralization bands include magnetite, hematite, thorite, monazite and zircon. The outer parts of the Oxia granite made it easy the percolation of hydrothermal solutions from the deeper heater to the upper cooler parts of the granite which acted as a hot spot.     

利用航空伽马能谱数据进行铀成矿预测——以皖南夏林一带为例

航空伽马能谱测量可以快速获得研究区内放射性元素含量特征。笔者利用皖南宣城地区的1:5万航空伽马能谱数据,分析了夏林一带的放射性元素分布特征、铀元素迁移富集规律等,结合地质条件,推断研究区内震旦系-寒武系碳质地层是铀源层和含矿层,有碳硅泥岩型铀矿找矿潜力。结合航空伽马能谱数据,认为铀高和铀高钍低是最直接的铀矿找矿线索。另外,推断区内3处侵入岩尤其是北部刘村岩体内有花岗岩型铀矿找矿潜力。     

锡田含W,Sn花岗岩体的地球化学特征及其形成构造背景

以二长花岗岩类为主体的锡田岩体,分布在南岭花岗岩套北部边缘,形成时代为燕山早期。岩石具有高硅、富碱以及W,Sn,Mo,Bi,Cu和U,Th丰度高的特点。与湘南地区的骑田岭、香花岭等含Sn花岗岩体特征有相似之处,具有找W,Sn矿的较好潜力。岩石地球化学综合研究表明,其具有典型的后造山(post-orogenic。)作用形成的“A型花岗岩”类岩石的地球化学特征,从而显示锡田岩体形成时该区处于陆壳开始拉张裂陷的构造背景。     

Occurrence of uranium in metasedimentary enclaves within basement granite, near Peddur and Kottur, Karimnagar District, Andhra Pradesh

Several radioactive anomalies due to uranium and thorium, associated with the mesedimentary enclaves (Archaean) within granite (Archaean to Early-Proterozoic) have been recorded in parts of Karimnagar Granulite Terrain, Karimnagar Dist. At Peddur and Kottur, Uraninite has been identified in the samples of metasediments. The metasediment from these two places have been subjected to granulite facies of metamorphism and host high values of uranium with negligible thorium. In Peddur, samples of metasediments have assayed as high as 1.96% U₃O₈ with negligible thorium, and in Kottur up to 0.059% U₃O₈. Leaching studies on these samples have indicated that most of the U₃O₈ present is leachable. This discovery has opened up the possibility of finding uranium mineralisation in Archaean metasediments and thus provides a thrust for uranium exploration in similar geological environs in India. Further, the basement granite along with the metasedimentary enclaves has the potential to act as a provenance for a possible unconformity type or sandstone type U-deposit in the rocks of overlying Pakhal and Gondwana Supergroup, in Pranhita-Godavari Basin, situated to the east of this area.     

中国花岗岩型铀矿区域地球化学指示元素特征及异常模式

我国铀矿床主要划分为四大类型,包括花岗岩型铀矿床、火山岩型铀矿床、砂岩型铀矿床和碳硅泥岩型铀矿床。花岗岩型铀矿约占我国已探明铀矿总资源储量的三分之一以上,是我国重要的铀矿化类型。地球化学勘探方法对花岗岩型铀矿床勘查具有良好的效果。根据全国铀矿资源潜力评价项目研究成果,在大量研究中国花岗岩型铀矿化水系沉积物地球化学异常特征基础上,总结了一套对花岗岩型铀矿化勘查稳定的、行之有效的指示元素及其组合,确定了花岗岩型铀矿化地球化学异常模式,并以实例说明典型花岗岩型铀矿化异常模式。水柰沉积物地球化学异常是进行铀矿产预测评价的有效手段,对铀矿资源的潜力评价发挥了重要作用。     

下庄铀矿田构造特征及与热液铀矿化的关系

下庄热液铀矿田位于贵东印支-燕山复式花岗岩体的东部,主要有北西西、北北东和北东-北东东向3组断裂。在前人工作的基础上,论文着重对断裂构造进行了野外考察和显微构造分析,初步查明了不同方向断裂自印支期以来的活动历史、性质以及所反映的区域应力场。运用花岗岩的原地重熔原理,提出了下庄铀矿田构造控矿规律。北西西向断裂由晚侏罗世剪切发展成早白垩世追踪张性活动,主要控制辉绿岩浆侵入,晚白垩世时转化为压性,形成北西西向挤压破碎带。北北东向断裂由晚侏罗世剪切发展成早白垩世张剪性活动,控制了粗、细晶石英脉及多种蚀变分布,早白垩世晚期发生了韧性剪切变形,晚白垩世时部分北北东向断裂控制了辉绿岩浆侵入。北东-北东东向构造侏罗纪主要发生褶皱、逆冲,早白垩世主要为左旋压剪活动,晚白垩世转化为拉张,控制了晚白垩世红盆发育。早、晚白垩世之交,主压应力方向由北西 南东转化为北东 南西。贵东岩体经印支、燕山早、中期的多次重熔,为铀的活化迁移及富集成矿准备了良好的前提条件。早、晚白垩世两次铀矿化,与花岗岩层的两次重熔相关。重熔界面上升时,花岗岩层熔化,断裂切割深度小,构成了岩浆热液的通道;重熔界面下降时,花岗岩层固结,断裂深切至重熔层下方,成为基性岩浆上侵的通道。北西西向断裂拉张强度大,是基性岩浆的主要通道,北东-北东东向断裂规模较小,构成容矿构造,而北北东向断裂规模较大,在早、晚白垩世主要作张剪性活动,构成含矿热液主要运移通道,是下庄矿田重要的导矿构造。沿北北东向断裂向上运移的含矿热液遇到北西西向基性岩脉时,铀被还原而富集,含矿热液进入北东-北东东向断裂时,铀被“拥堵”而滞留,两者均是成矿的有利部位。层状花岗岩+“成矿壳层”+断裂构造,是下庄铀矿田下一步“攻深找盲”的思路。