大型滑坡施工期监测系统设计及测试成果分析

八尺门滑坡是福建省内迄今所发生的最大公路滑坡,监测是滑坡动态设计和信息化施工的重要内容。在该滑坡施工治理过程中建立了一个大型的滑坡监测系统,为此详细介绍了监测系统设计、现场监测布设及测试方法,开展了包括地表位移、滑体和抗滑桩深部水平位移、抗滑桩土压力、锚索受力、裂缝及地下水位变化等多项目的监测,基于对典型监测成果的综合分析,给出了滑坡的滑动方向、滑面位置、滑坡位移变化、锚索受力及地下水位变化情况等,为滑坡动态设计提供了直接依据,并确保了现场施工和滑坡上的居民安全,有效节约了工程成本。研究成果为相关的滑坡监测工程提供了重要的借鉴意义。     

基于数据智能可视化分析的滑坡信息化施工研究

采用信息化施工技术进行大型滑坡整治,既安全又经济。笔者探讨了基于大量监测数据处理为核心的信息化施工技术。采用数据可视化技术对大型滑坡巨大数据进行分析处理,确定了滑动面位置、滑动方向和对滑坡进行危险性分区。将支持向量机方法用于预测滑坡变形。将智能和可视化分析结果用于滑坡动态优化设计中,并用一个实际工程实例论述了方法的思路。     

采动诱发滑坡的变形机理及治理设计研究

以山西某大型煤矿工业场地滑坡勘察与治理工程为例,分析了地下采矿对古滑坡稳定性的影响及复活机理:即采动变形降低了滑坡体土层的力学强度; 采动拉裂缝为地表水和雨水的下渗提供了渗透路径,导致滑带土发生软化; 滑坡前缘的采空移动变形对滑坡体起着牵引作用。采用工程地质测绘、钻探、物探及实时GPS监测系统等综合手段确定了滑坡周界、滑动面及滑动主方向与变形速率; 根据滑坡的空间形态、物质结构及变形特征对该滑坡体在空间上分区、剖面上分级,并据此设计了分区治理、分级支挡和留设地下抗滑煤柱等的滑坡治理方案。监测资料表明,经治理后的滑坡处于稳定状态。     

四川西-攀高速公路山神庙隧道进口滑坡综合治理

四川西-攀高速路山神庙1号隧道进口在施工过程中由于连续降雨突发滑坡灾害,滑坡掩埋了左洞口及下方道路,并对右洞造成危害。由于与隧道的干扰、密切相互作用关系,使该滑坡的治理有别于其它一般的滑坡。在整治设计思路上,综合分析得出对其治理原则,即首先采取抢险工程措施使滑坡暂时稳定,不再发展。后期治理不仅要使滑坡彻底稳固,同时要控制变形,避免对隧道的影响。在工序上应先治理滑坡,再对隧道进行整治和恢复。处治方案上,抢险工程以锚索钢管桩为主,同时采取反压护道、截排水等辅助措施,使滑坡得到了控制。再根据地勘资料和计算,设置了锚索抗滑桩,使滑坡得到稳固。最后对仰坡不稳定坡面设置了框架锚索和锚杆并植草,避免对隧道危害。设立了处治各阶段及长期的监测系统,监测处治效果和变形情况。监测结果反映综合处治效果良好。论文介绍了对该滑坡进行动态综合治理的全过程。对设计治理方案按抢险工程、滑坡稳固工程、仰坡治理工程和监测系统进行了系统总结。     

TDR技术在滑坡监测中的应用

对实际滑坡治理工程中的TDR监测成果进行分析,将其与传统的监测手段对比,总结TDR技术在滑坡监测实际应用中的优缺点.通过对比分析,可以得出TDR滑坡监测系统具有检测时间短、监测成本低廉、定位准确、可实现自动化观测、安全性高、量程较大等优点,同时还具有无法检测滑坡滑动方向,测定滑坡具体位移精度不高等缺点.     

甘肃舟曲江顶崖滑坡成因分析与综合治理措施

大型土石混合体滑坡是一类受工程地质条件、降水或地震等多种因素影响的滑坡类型,研究其滑坡成因及治理方法对防灾减灾、保障人民生命财产安全具有重要意义。本文以舟曲县江顶崖滑坡为例,通过历史资料调研和现场地质勘察、数值模拟等手段,对该滑坡的成因和稳定性进行详细分析,并提出相应的综合治理措施。结果表明:该滑坡的地形地貌、松散的岩土体是引发滑坡的内在因素,而连续降雨以及江水对滑坡前缘冲刷是滑坡失稳的外在因素。在对滑坡成因分析的基础上,通过改进抗滑桩护壁结构、率先应用装配式框架支护,结合坡面裂缝整治工程等综合治理措施有效地控制住了该滑坡的变形。该滑坡的综合治理措施可为类似的高大边坡工程以及大型土石混合体滑坡治理提供参考。     

滑坡测斜数据处理的应用研究

当前,我国山区滑坡现象日趋严重,对国民经济、人身安全造成重大损害。治理滑坡过程中滑坡监测尤为重要,而测斜作为一种精确、快捷的监测技术在滑坡监测中应用越来越广泛。通过对门头沟区双大路滑坡区五个钻孔进行的长时间测斜监测,在阐述测斜原理的基础上,全面系统地分析原始数据,计算出每个测点深度处的方向位移、合成位移、合成角度、位移速率,总结出了它们之间的相互对应关系和变化规律,确定了滑坡面的准确深度和滑动方向,为滑坡后期治理提供了科学依据。     

滑坡动态综合治理各阶段的监测信息反馈

滑坡监测是滑坡综合治理中一项必不可少的环节,不同阶段发挥着重要的作用。借助监测,能了解滑坡的实际状况,可以判断其稳定性及所处变形阶段,为滑坡治理初步决策提供科学依据。在治理过程中,实时监测反馈又为设计方案的修改和补充以及现场信息化施工提供可靠资料,为工程质量提供保障,施工结束后的监测数据又视为工程治理效果的直接指示 器。以某古滑坡路段高边坡综合治理中各阶段的监测为例,介绍了不同阶段的监测方法以及所获得的数据信息在滑坡治理中的作用。     

漳龙高速公路路堑边坡滑坡治理

结合漳龙高速公路K67＋955－K68＋005段路堑边坡滑坡治理工程实例，通过对边坡滑动发展阶段的地表位移监测和详细的地质勘探，准确地判断了路堑边坡滑坡病害性质，产生原因及滑动画位置，提出了这种破碎岩石高边坡的稳定性分析和治理工程设计计算方法。成功的实践表明，这是一种即安全可靠，又经济合理的路堑边坡滑坡综合整治措施。     

舟曲断裂带滑坡灾害效应与防治对策研究

舟曲是我国滑坡灾害最严重的地区之一,其中断裂带滑坡活动频繁,危害巨大。文章在综合遥感、变形监测和现场调查的基础上,研究了断裂带滑坡特征及其灾害效应,提出了风险防控对策。研究表明:（1）断裂带滑坡形态上主要为长条形和簸箕形;滑体、滑床一般为板岩、千枚岩碎块石组成,滑带土为含砾黏土;滑坡具有多级、分块活动特征且块体差异性滑动特征显著;滑坡一般为慢速滑动,具有蠕滑特征;滑坡具有降雨敏感性特征,深层滑坡对降雨响应有明显的滞后性。（2）断裂带滑坡的成灾模式主要为慢速滑动过程中的蠕滑拉裂效应和冲击推挤效应,滑动后的堵江淹没效应、挤压侵蚀效应,以及社会影响效应等。（3）断裂带滑坡规模较大,地层破碎,治理条件差,工程治理措施难以奏效。但其突发性不强,应以管防为主,宜采取用地管控、监测预警、避险搬迁等防治措施,慎用工程治理措施。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.