区域生态地球化学评价思路及建议

区城生态地球化学评价是在多目标地球化学调查基础上开展的一项区域评价研究工作，其目的是为国家和所薪究地区的国民经济建设、工农业结构调整和社会可持续发展提供基础地球化学资料。区域生态地球化学评价以异常元素的来源-成因-迁移转化-生态效应-预测预警为研究主线，以生态系统为研究基本单元，查明异常元素分布、分配、成因及来源，研究它们在地球表层备大层圈中的迁移转化规律，评价它们所产生的生态效应，应用地球化学和生态学的基本原理和方法对污染的生态系统进行预测预警，井提出治理建议，为国家区域性经济战略调整和工农业可持续发展提供科学依据。     

Fact and fiction: Geography and literature

Main epistemological reflections in Geography developed since the 1970s emphasize holistic perspectives in which intuition has an important cognitive. Bringing forward the ideas lifeworld and espace véçu important currents in this approach put in relief the sense of place, the affective ties with the environment, the aesthetic and landscape symbology, the genius loci and the spatial-temporal rythms connected to personal experiences. In this context, literary works (tales, novels, or short stories) are important because they provide authentic and indespensable testimony of the influence of human experience on place.The analysis of the vast bibliography on geographic interpretation of literary sources reveals typologies: studies on the links between real and literary landscapes, understanding of the sense of place, the concepts of rooting and uprooting, the definitions of inscapes and territorial consciousness. These five thematic foci allow the interpretation of the relationship existing between geography — regarded as landscape and place — and literary works —considered as the expression to define and fix the culture and feelings of a human group with respect to its own space and place.     

Polyculture and monoculture: Contrast and analysis

Although polyculture or interplanting is a dominant production method used by traditional cultivators in the tropics, there has been increasing emphasis on monoculture in agricultural development planning. Analysis of the economic and ecological consequences of these two cropping alternatives in a densely-populated area of eastern Nigeria suggests that a focus on monoculture as a panacea for increasing productivity and food supply is questionable. Polyculture is held to be ecologically superior to monoculture and, in the field area examined, economically more productive as well. Thus further investigation of polycultural approaches to agricultural development would appear to be warranted.     

Graptolites: fossil and living

Every student of palaeontology will stumble upon the term ‘graptolite’ at some point and will wonder what these strange little fossils mean. Thought to be long extinct, the few living graptolites and their extinct relatives have been united quite recently by palaeontologists through cladistic analysis. Not that the extant graptolites were overlooked, but the connection has never been made between the fossil graptolites and their modern descendants. We now have a much better scientific basis for our interpretation and understanding of these fossils and graptolites are recognized as part of a living clade of small and inconspicuous marine organisms, the Pterobranchia. They have been around since the Cambrian Period (c. 520–510 Ma) and, thus, they may represent one of the longest‐existing groups of organisms. Not that they should be termed ‘living fossils’, but their perseverance is remarkable in its own way and may lead to the question as to how they were able to achieve this success and survive for all these eons. May they be able to show us a key to survival in the future?     

Caves: new and old

Caves represent underground drainage routes formed by the passage of water through soluble rocks. Caves and the deposits they contain preserve evidence of landscape evolution and climatic change together with sediments and fossils that elsewhere have been destroyed by erosion.     

纳米地球科学:内涵与意义

纳米地球科学是纳米科技与地球科学的结合,是一门高度综合的交叉学科,很难划分出经典意义上的单科性研究.纳米地球科学的研究对象主要分为纳米物质与纳米孔隙,二者成因多样、尺度效应明显、广泛分布,对于前者,主要通过各类图像表征手段观察其形态、大小、聚集方式,通过各类谱学方法研究其晶体结构、分子结构等;对于后者,则主要通过图像表征手段、流体注入方法与数值模拟的结合来表征孔隙形态、孔径分布、连通性等特征.纳米地球科学的学科内涵主要体现于:在各传统地球科学学科研究的基础和框架上,针对地球不同圈层中纳米尺度微粒形成、运移、聚集和存在形式以及孔隙形成与演化等亟待解决的科学问题开展系统研究,从而加深对矿物、岩石、构造、地化以及资源、灾害、环境等分支学科纳米尺度特性的认知.纳米地球科学的产生与发展使人类在认识和改造自然方面进入了一个新层次,是地球与行星科学发展的必然途径,为矿床勘探、资源开发、新能源利用、环境污染和地质灾害的预防与治理等问题提供了新的理论依据,有着不可估量的科学意义和应用价值.      

Magnetotellurics: Principles and practice

This paper reviews the magnetotelluric (MT) method with emphasis on recent improvements and the emerging applications. Recent improvements are in recognition of statics effects and their treatment, and in analysis of impedance tensors in 3D structural conditions. In spite of substantial progress in the analysis of the tensor, there are still unresolved questions regarding its information content, in terms of degrees of freedom. There has also been slow but steady progress in inversion, with the development of methods of downward continuation in 1D, 2D and 3D, in time, depth and frequency domains. An improved understanding of the limitations of MT is leading to more joint use with other methods. At shallow depths MT has become an accepted weapon in the arsenal used to explore for petroleum, geothermal resources and epithermal gold and deep base metals. Improved understanding of the relations between conductivity and rock composition and fabric will make MT more useful for engineering purposes in future. Progress in understanding the cause of conduction in the deep crust and upper mantle has been less rapid, and the many anomalies remain enigmatic. Whereas MT is now a useful technique with some unique applications, there are obviously important and difficult problems remaining to be solved.     

地球化学的历史、发展和应用地球化学的内涵、展望 (序一)

地球化学作为一门科学，是在西方和前苏联形成和发展起来的。它的发展大体可分为3个时期。     

叠层石研究现状及进展

在地球早期生命演化过程中,叠层石-微生物席生态系统主宰地球海洋近30亿年,叠层石作为微生物岩,是一种特殊的生物沉积构造,记录了大量的微生物、环境、地球化学和地球物理等方面的信息。叠层石研究经历了迂回曲折的道路,本文在综述国内外叠层石研究现状的基础上,重点阐述了中国叠层石研究取得的主要成绩和存在的不足,并从多学科交叉融合的角度,结合上下地层岩相变化,提出叠层石研究的新方法和新思路,为我国今后叠层石的研究和古环境的重建提供参考。     

火山灰年代学:原理与应用

火山灰(2mm)等时标志层是火山灰年代学研究的基础。火山灰地层的直接或间接测年依赖于火山灰中存在合适的原生矿物(如:透长石、锆石、磷灰石)或外来物质(如:炭化木)。然而大多数火山灰沉积层,尤其是远源火山灰,其主要由岩浆源碎屑构成,开展测年显得十分困难。利用火山玻璃(岩浆)的地球化学,是一种被广泛应用的替代性方法。火山玻璃作为岩浆源物质普遍出现在各类近源、远源可见火山灰层和显微火山灰中,其主量、微量元素含量和特定的同位素组成能被电子、激光和离子探针技术准确测定。近源-远源玻璃化学成分的相互匹配,使得火山灰等时标志层得以在时间和空间上相互关联,构成有力的地层学工具,用以同步各类环境、考古和火山活动记录。近源火山沉积和远源火山灰层中的年龄信息得以实现交叉验证和整合。远源海洋、湖泊沉积中的相对年龄信息(氧同位素地层学,年纹层年代学)也为揭示火山活动、古环境变化和考古学事件的时间顺序提供了可能。火山灰年代学在地球科学中应用广泛,尤其是对于第四纪研究,其在同步各类记录从而评估火山活动、气候/环境变化和人类演化/迁移的因果关系中具有至关重要的作用。     

盐湖学的研究与展望

人类对盐湖的认识与开发利用历史悠久，例如开采盐湖食盐，可追溯至距今4600年前，此阶段称为盐湖研发萌芽阶段。以近代科技理论方法对盐湖研究与开发大致可划分为3个阶段：①大约19世纪末至20世纪初，以物理化学为主导的石盐、碱、硼小规模开发阶段；②20世纪中期至60年代，暂称为传统地质学、生物学和化工研究与中小规模无机盐开发阶段；③20世纪70年代以来现代地质学、生物学、化学和化工等多学科研究以及大规模无机盐、盐生物、疗养一旅游综合利用与深加工阶段。但是，不少问题依然存在，如单学科研究而较少相互融合，盐湖资源“单打一”勘查开发现象还较多，已开发的盐湖环境和资源有不少受到不同程度破坏等。盐湖学提出与建立，既是基于盐湖与盐境综合性自然资源特点和盐湖科学自身研究开发的历程，也是有其国内外科技与经济发展需求的背景。盐湖学是一门新的基础性、综合性应用学科，它注重用多学科综合集成研究盐湖，这有利于全面揭示古今盐湖的成因与演化规律，有利于综合评价和充分发掘盐湖多元资源效益，所以它有别于传统的单学科研究模式。它注重盐湖与其盐体系基础研究与应用工程技术相结合，避免时有发生的两者相互脱节现象，从而形成相互衔接的“一条龙”研究模式，这为发展绿色盐湖产业、盐境保护与盐湖区可持续发展提供科学支撑。     

古土壤的类型及识别标志

古土壤是近年来沉积学研究领域的一个热点。在对古土壤的识别、类型划分、研究方法及研究意义分析介绍的基础上,重点论述了古土壤的宏观和微观结构特征以及矿物和地球化学特征。最后对河北南部晚古生代地层中的古土壤类型进行了初步分析,提出了古土壤研究中需要进一步加强的几个方面的问题。