山东地区新生代不同类型幔源样品中稀有气体同位素组成与成因

稀有气体是地球流体源区信息的有效示踪剂.利用热熔融法对山东地区幔源巨晶、包体全岩及其单矿物以及寄主玄武岩等幔源样品中稀有气体的测试表明,不同类型样品具有明显不同的稀有气体同位素组成,特别是He同位素比值差异明显.巨晶和包体单矿物中的n(3He)/ n(4He)值分别为0.87～11.31Ra、0.911 ～10.11Ra,均值分别为6.1Ra和3.73Ra,主体介于地幔一大气一地壳源区之间;包体全岩中n(3He)/ n(4He)值0.19 ～ 2.30Ra(均值为1.05 Ra),且均低于相应单矿物中该比值;而玄武岩中n(3He)/ n(4He)值全为10-8数量级,与地壳均值无异.各类幔源样品中n(4Ar)/n(36 Ar)值无明显差异,介于296.4～864.3,高于大气但远低于典型地幔值.所获有限数据中,不同类型样品中n(2Ne)/n(2Ne)值均高于大气,具幔源特征,其中包体全岩及其单矿物n(2Ne)／n(22Ne)值分别为10.19 ～12.42和10.55～11.80,无明显差异;玄武岩中该值介于11.07～13.10,总体高于包体全岩及其单矿物.上述比值特征的差异反映了不同类型幔源样品各自不同的成因和演化特征:巨晶和包体单矿物中的轻稀有气体同位素组成主要反映了由于古板块俯冲所导致的岩浆源区地幔一大气／地壳的昆合特征,个别样品中可能存在宇宙成因3He;除单矿物中所体现的源区混合特征外,包体全岩还存在放射成因4He;而玄武岩在喷出地表后丢失大量地幔稀有气体信息,其同位素组成主要体现了放射成因4He的影响.     

浙江嵊县—新昌新生代玄武岩及包体的研究

浙江新生代玄武岩主要岩石类型为橄榄拉斑玄武岩.矿物组合、岩石化学和REE特征表明为碱性玄武岩系列,是非原生岩浆的结晶产物(M=36-60,SI=15-37)。K-Ar同位素年龄4—10Ma.碱性橄榄玄武岩内赋存幔源包体和高压巨晶,其中尖晶石二辉橄榄岩包体熔融程度8％,形成温度975℃,压力15.7×10~8Pa。     

大别山超高压变质榴辉岩的氦同位素组成及对其形成环境的制约

大别山地区榴辉岩全岩的3He/4 He值分布在0 .0 13×10 - 6 ～0 .76 0×10 - 6 之间,平均0 .2 0 0×10 - 6 ,榴辉岩中石榴子石单矿物的3He/4 He值与其全岩的3He/4 He值基本一致。在3He—4 He分布图上榴辉岩的氦同位素数据点远离地幔氦的分布范围,而位于大气氦与地壳氦的过渡部位。采用真空压碎方法对榴辉岩中石榴子石和绿辉石的氦同位素组成进行了分析,也未找到地幔氦的明显踪迹。结合大别—苏鲁地区榴辉岩中极低的δ1 8O值、εNd(0 )值等地球化学特征,提出大别—苏鲁地区超高压变质榴辉岩可能是在地壳中形成的,并未曾俯冲至10 0多千米的地幔深度。榴辉岩的3He/4 He值与围岩类型密切相关,榴辉岩的δ1 8O值与围岩的δ1 8O值同步变化,以及含柯石英大理岩、片麻岩和硬玉石英岩等非基性超高压变质岩和脉状榴辉岩的发现,均证明榴辉岩与其围岩一起经历了超高压变质过程,榴辉岩及其围岩在变质过程中未发生明显的位移,即榴辉岩是原地成因的。     

辽河盆地黄沙坨油田原油中氦同位素的来源及其地质意义

辽河盆地黄沙坨油田原油样品中氦、氖和氩稀有气体同位素值的测试研究结果显示：①黄沙坨油田原油中稀有气体3He/4He(Rc)分布于2.61×10?6~3.50×10?6, 平均3.06×10?6, 具有幔源氦混入的特征, 幔源氦的侵入份额为20.13%~30.24%, 表明该区具有切割至上地幔的深大断裂;②据3He/4He计算, 辽河盆地黄沙坨油田大地热流值分布于75.3~77.3 mWm?2之间, 平均76.4 mWm?2, 与我国中部、西部盆地相比该地区具有较高的大地热流值, 对有机质的成熟与成烃较有利;③上述研究结果表明原油氦同位素的研究与天然气中氦同位素的研究相似, 可为大地构造背景、大地热流、油气来源和演化判识等方面的研究提供有益的科学 信息。     

冀北地区金矿床He、Ar、Pb同位素组成及其成矿物质来源

成矿物质来源一直是成矿理论研究和找矿实践的焦点问题。选择了冀北地区3个幔枝构造金矿集中区11个金矿床黄铁矿及部分围岩进行了He、Ar同位素测定。研究表明,冀北地区主要金矿的3He/4He的值域为(0.93～7.30)×10-6,平均3.55×10-6;R/Ra=0.66～4.93,平均2.53;40Ar/36Ar=426～2073,40Ar平均为8.20×10-7cm3/g,4He/40Ar平均为2.17。矿区外围片麻岩和花岗岩的3He/4He值仅为(0.001～0.55)×10-6,反映来源上有明显差别。3He和4He在He同位素浓度图上落于地幔区附近。64个Pb同位素数据表现为矿质以幔源为主,确有部分壳源物质加入。研究认为,本区成矿物质应源于地球深部,随地幔柱多级演化,深部成矿流体由地球深部迁移到浅部,期间不可避免地存在壳幔流体的混合作用,故其值域往往界于地幔和地壳之间。     

大别—苏鲁地区超高压变质榴辉岩的氦同位素地球化学研究

大别—苏鲁地区榴辉岩的~3He/~4He比值大部分位于0.056～0.67 Ra之间,在~3He-~4He图上位于陆壳氦与地幔氦的混合部位。碧溪岭榴辉岩的~3He/~4He比值相对较高,为5.6Ra,具幔源岩石的特点。榴辉岩的~3He含量变化较小,大部分位于1.04×10~(-12)～4.94×10~(-12)cm~3STP/g的范围之内,~4He含量变化相对较大,0.28×10~(-6)～30.47×10~(-6)cm~3STP/g;~3He/~4He值较高的样品,~4He含量相对较低;~3He/~4He值较低的样品,~4He含量相对较高。这表明榴辉岩中放射性成因~4He的积累对其~3He/~4He值有重要的影响;榴辉岩形成时的初始~3He/~4He比值较测量值应更高一些,可能更接近地幔氦的分布范围;榴辉     

辽宁宽甸新生代火山岩和地幔包体的稀有气体同位素组成及其演化意义

通过对宽甸新生代碱性玄武岩、地幔包体及辉石巨晶的稀有气体同位素组成的分析，认为不同岩性稀有气体含量的差异反映了岩浆作用过程中轻、重稀有气体的分馏特性，较轻的稀有气体(He、Ne)比较重的稀有气体(Kr、xe)具有更高的活动性和不相容性；该地区上地幔源区具有典型的MORB型源区特征，以辉石巨晶为代表；地幔包体的^3He／^4He值较低，可能是地幔流体交代作用造成的；大陆碱性玄武岩具有与大洋玄武岩截然不同的He同位素组成，反映了大陆区地幔岩浆上升过程中受到了陆壳物质混染。地幔源区^40Ar／^36Ar值为350左右，二辉橄榄岩和碱性火山岩的^40Ar／^36Ar值比大气略高，可能有大气组分的混合。部分样品中有^21Ne、^22Ne、^129Xe、^134Xe和^136Xe相对于大气的过剩现象，是核成因造成的。     

内蒙古商都地区CO2气成因及其意义

为了认识商都地区CO2气的成因、指导CO2气勘查,分析了气体组分、碳同位素、氦同位素、氢同位素等地球化学特征。结果表明:商都地区CO2气体积分数为97.23%~97.85%,δ13C值为-6.5‰~-5.2‰;伴生气体He同位素3He/4He为(1.69~3.35)×10-6,δD(H2)值为-760‰~-860‰,计算幔源氦的份额可达69.7%~84.8%。以上特征显示,CO2气具有明显的无机成因特征。同时,该区深大断裂发育、岩浆活动强烈及汉诺坝组玄武岩包裹体中CO2广泛分布的地质特点,表明该区具有幔源CO2形成、运聚的地质条件和过程。商都地区幔源岩浆成因的CO2气为无机成因气。商都地区地质条件及已有勘探成果,预示本地区具有良好的CO2气勘探前景。     

柴达木盆地北缘富氦天然气的发现——兼议成藏地质条件

在柴达木盆地北缘全吉山、团鱼山地区的煤炭钻孔和泥页岩解吸气中发现了体积分数较高的氦气显示。对2个地区的6件样品进行甲烷C同位素和He同位素分析,其中2个样品的δ13C1值分别为-38.4‰和-39.9‰,属于有机成因。4个样品的3He/4He同位素测试结果在0.03×10-6~1.3×10-6之间,表明氦气来源以壳源氦为主,个别样品有少量幔源氦加入。通过区域背景资料和物探资料分析认为,柴北缘壳源成因的氦可能主要来源于基底富U、Th花岗岩体的放射性衰变,而柴北缘的山前深大断裂则可为氦的运移提供良好通道。氦气产生后,在垂向运移过程中结合其他烃类或非烃类气体,在侏罗系、古近系—新近系良好的储盖条件下,有可能形成独特的富氦天然气富集。     

马鞍坪温泉气体成因地球化学研究

从赣中马鞍坪地区采集了 11个水样分析了温泉及冷泉的氢、氧同位素组成 ,得出温泉水起源于大气降水补给。在此基础上 ,对 4个温泉采集了气样 ,测定了气体组成的含量和氦同位素组成 ,以及二氧化碳的碳同位素 ,结果表明 :马鞍坪地区地热气体为二氧化碳型 ,温泉气的二氧化碳含量很高 ,占总体积的 97%以上 ,二氧化碳气体的δ1 3C值变化于 -4 18‰～ -7 0‰ ,平均为 -5 .63‰ ,为变质无机成因和幔源无机成因的混合物 ;其3He/4He比值变化于 (1.72± 0 .15 )×10 7～ (2 .5 5± 0 .19)× 10 - 7之间 ,R/Ra值均小于 1,属壳源成因     

Police, politics, and the right to the city

Space and spatiality have recently been at the core of debates concerning the political possibilities of the city. The arguments advanced in this paper might be seen as an attempt to contribute to these debates through a reflection on the spatiality of (in) justice, politics, and the right to the city. The case of French urban policy, with its focus on distressed urban areas, and the `suburban problem' in France are used as examples to make arguments more concrete.     

Rb-Sr, K-Ar, H-and O-Isotope systematics of the Middle Riphean shales from the Debengda Formation, the Olenek Uplift, North Sibera

Clay subfractions (SFs) of <0.1, 0.1–0.2, 0.2–0.3, 0.3–0.6, 0.6–2 and 2–5 μm separated from Middle Riphean shales of the Debengda Formation are studied using the TEM, XRD, K-Ar and Rb-Sr isotopic methods. The oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions in the SFs are studied as well. The low-temperature illite-smectite is dominant mineral in all the SFs except for the coarsest ones. The XRD, chemical and isotopic data imply that two generations of authigenic illite-smectite different in age are mixed in the SFs. The illite crystallinity index decreases in parallel with size diminishing of clay particles. As compared to coarser SFs, illite of fine-grained subfractions is enriched in Al relative to Fe and Mg, contains more K, and reveals higher K/Rb and Rb/Sr ratios. The Rb-Sr age calculated by means of the leachochron (“inner isochron”) method declines gradually from 1254-1272 Ma in the coarsest SFs to 1038-1044 Ma in finest ones, while the K-Ar age decreases simultaneously from 1225–1240 to 1080 Ma. The established positive correlation of δ¹⁸O and δD values with dimensions of clay particles in the SFs seems to be also consistent with the mixing systematics. The isotopic systematics along with data on mineral composition and morphology lead to the conclusion that mixedlayer illite-smectite was formed in the Debengda shales during two periods 1211–1272 and 1038–1080 Ma ago. The first period is likely close to the deposition time of sediments and corresponds to events of burial catagenesis, whereas the second one is correlative with the regional uplift and changes in hydrological regime during the pre-Khaipakh break in sedimentation.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Influences of the unsaturated,saturated, and riparian zones on the transport of nitrate near the Merced River,California, USA

Transport and transformation of nitrate was evaluated along a 1-km groundwater transect from an almond orchard to the Merced River, California, USA, within an irrigated agricultural setting. As indicated by measurements of pore-water nitrate and modeling using the root zone water quality model, about 63% of the applied nitrogen was transported through a 6.5-m unsaturated zone. Transport times from recharge locations to the edge of a riparian zone ranged from approximately 6 months to greater than 100 years. This allowed for partial denitrification in horizons having mildly reducing conditions, and essentially no denitrification in horizons with oxidizing conditions. Transport times across a 50–100-m-wide riparian zone of less than a year to over 6 years and more strongly reducing conditions resulted in greater rates of denitrification. Isotopic measurements and concentrations of excess N₂ in water were indicative of denitrification with the highest rates below the Merced River. Discharge of water and nitrate into the river was dependent on gradients driven by irrigation or river stage. The results suggest that the assimilative capacity for nitrate of the groundwater system, and particularly the riverbed, is limiting the nitrate load to the Merced River in the study area.     

扬子北缘马元铅锌矿床闪锌矿微量元素及S-Pb-He-Ar-C同位素地球化学研究

马元铅锌矿床是近年扬子陆块北缘铅锌找矿的新突破。矿体呈层状、似层状产于碑坝隆起翼部震旦系灯影组角砾状白云岩层间构造带中,围岩蚀变很弱。矿石中硫化物以闪锌矿、方铅矿为主,中粗粒晶质结构,充填于白云岩角砾间。闪锌矿富集Cd、Ge、Ag,贫In、Tl、Se,Ga/In为6~132,Ge/In多1000,成矿温度以中-低温为主。金属硫化物ε~(34)S值相对集中,为12.9‰~19.4‰,平均为17.4‰,来自于海相硫酸盐的还原。铅同位素组成稳定,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb为17.858~17.918:~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb为15.603~15.694;~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb为37.756~38.046,具有造山带和上地壳铅的特征,震旦系可能提供了金属成矿物质。闪锌矿中流体包裹体的~3He/~4He为0.03Ra~1.05Ra,~(40)Ar/~(36)Ar为326.1~765.1,~(38)Ar/~(36)Ar为0.183~0.204,表明成矿流体主要为地壳流体和饱和大气水(大气降水或海水)的混合。闪锌矿内流体包裹体挥发分δ~(13)C_(CH_4)值为-36.01‰~-28.80‰,δ~(13)C_(C_2H_6)值为-27.72‰~-22.44‰,δ~(13)C_(CO_2)值为-23.24‰~-9.68‰,表明有机流体参与了成矿作用。石英、方解石的H-O同位素结果表明具有海水和有机水混合的特征。可见,成矿流体具有两种流体混合的特征,一为蒸发海水与围岩反应所形成的盆地卤水,二为有机流体。推测矿区可能存在一个古油气藏,由于TSR生成一高硫气藏,为区内还原性有机流体的主要来源。当富含Pb、Zn等成矿物质的成矿流体运移至富含CH_4和H_2S的还原性流体的矿区角砾岩带时,两种流体混合,Pb、Zn等遇到H_2S发生反应而沉淀成矿,并伴生热液白云石等,形成了马元铅锌矿床。综上所述,我们认为马元矿床属MVT型铅锌矿床。     

Delivery of Trace Metals (Al,Fe, Mn,V, Co,Ni, Cu,Cd, Ag,Pb) from the Trinity River Watershed Towards the Ocean

The Trinity River (Texas, USA) contains in its watershed 23 different reservoir lakes, the largest one being Lake Livingston situated in the lower Trinity River watershed and two potentially polluting metroplexes, Dallas and Houston. In order to determine fluxes of nutrients and trace metals to Galveston Bay, a survey that included 24 discreet samples collected over a year and at various stages of discharge was carried out during 2000–2001. Geochemical (i.e., sorption by Fe oxyhydroxides), biological (i.e., seasonal uptake by sinking algae in Lake Livingston), and hydrological (i.e., dilution effects by increasing flow rates) controls were found to be mainly responsible for variations in dissolved trace metal concentrations rather than pollution sources. The Trinity River loads of suspended sediments and pollutant trace metals entering Galveston Bay at Anahuac were <20% of those reaching Lake Livingston, and only a few percent of the total upstream trace metal load is entering the Gulf of Mexico. Thus, during the transit through the 23 man-made lakes and an estuary, >96% of the pollutant trace metal load is lost to sediments.     

山西五台山区滹沱群变质玄武岩岩石学、地球化学特征及其成因意义

在野外地质调查的基础上,选取滹沱群豆村亚群底部四集庄组玄武岩、顶部青石村组玄武岩和东冶亚群中下部河边村组玄武岩,进行岩石学和地球化学研究。分析结果表明：玄武岩主量元素高TiO2、TFeO,低MgO,具有演化的基性岩浆的特征。稀土元素含量相对较高,具有弱—中等程度的轻稀土元素富集,中等程度的轻重稀土元素分异,轻微的Eu异常;玄武岩中Cr、Ni含量变化较大,但与Mg#具有很好的正相关性。微量元素配分图解中具有明显的Sr负异常,部分样品具有Nb、Ta和Ti负异常,无Zr、Hf负异常,与岛弧火山岩不同;同时Nb、Ta无分异,Zr/Hf值较高,具有板内玄武岩浆的特征。综合分析认为,滹沱群玄武岩可能形成于板内裂谷环境。在岩浆上升过程中发生橄榄石与尖晶石的分离结晶作用,同时不同程度地受到地壳的混染。     

海南长塘岭矿区大坡岩体岩石学、地球化学特征及其含矿性初探

海南大坡岩体位于五指山褶皱带内,主要受昌江—琼海构造带、琼西构造带与潭爷断陷构造带控制.岩石地球化学及岩石学研究表明,大坡岩体形成于海西-印支晚期,岩性单一,主要为中细粒似斑状黑云母二长花岗岩.岩体显示为Ⅰ型花岗岩与S型花岗岩的混合,主体以地壳物质部分熔融为主,形成过程有少量地幔物质加入.元素对的比值及稀土元素配分特征说明岩体钨锡等多金属含矿性可能较差.     

贵州岑巩羊桥罗家塘杷榔动物群的发现及其后生动物早期演化的意义

岑巩县羊桥乡罗家塘杷榔组仅出露中-上部地层,岩性单一,均为青灰、灰绿色粉砂质泥、页岩.在其上部层位发现了俞氏贵州始海百合(Guizhoueocrinus yui Zhao,Parsley et Peng,2007),计有棘皮动物始海百合、腕足动物、软体动物-软舌螺、节肢动物-三叶虫等8属9种,包括了2个未定名的新种和1...