大兴安岭根河地区早白垩世火山岩深部源区与构造-岩浆演化:Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf同位素地球化学制约

北大兴安岭根河地区发育大面积晚中生代火山岩,是大兴安岭中生代火山岩的重要组成部分.本文通过年代学(火山岩基质40Ar/39Ar年龄和SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄)测定,发现该区火山岩年龄为140～100Ma,属早白垩世火山岩.通过根河西岸早白垩世火山岩剖面的岩石学和地球化学研究,认为根河早白垩世发生了三次大的火山喷发活动.火山岩剖面下部和上部主要为碱性的中基性-基性火山岩,剖面中部主要为一套碱性-亚碱性过渡性质的中酸性、酸性火山岩组合.该剖面下部和上部的基性、中基性火山岩具有相似的地球化学特征,显示高Al2O3、K2O和全碱含量,较高的Mgo和Mg#值;LREE富集、LREE和HREE分馏较强、Eu异常不明显,富集LILE而亏损HFSE元素,尤其强烈亏损Nb和Ta元素;(87Sr/86Sr)I-εNd(t)和εNd(t)-εHf(t)图解表现出地幔源区特征.而剖面中部的中酸性火山岩与剖面上和下部的基性火山岩具有相似的地球化学特征,不同的是MgO含量和Mg#较低,Ti、Sr和Ba元素亏损明显,负Eu异常明显,以及初始(87Sr/86Sr)I值较高.地球化学特征表明,基性和中基性火山岩均反映陆内伸展环境和陆缘弧火山岩的一些特征,这种特性可能与该区火山岩浆源于受古生代俯冲洋壳流体交代的地幔楔有关.火山岩浆演化以分离结晶作用为主要方式,上升过程基本未受地壳物质混染.结合最新资料,我们认为根河地区早白垩世火山岩形成于古亚洲洋向滨太平洋过渡阶段,是蒙古-鄂霍茨克海造山后伸展和西太平洋板块俯冲共同作用的产物.     

新疆北山矛头山东早二叠世火山岩喷发活动时代厘定及地球化学特征分析

本文对新疆北山矛头山东一带火山岩野外地质特征、岩石学、岩石地球化学和锆石U-Pb年龄进行了系统研究。该区火山岩岩石组合为玄武岩、玄武安山岩、安山岩和同成分的火山碎屑岩。该套火山岩中锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄表明,其形成时代为早二叠世。其岩石地球化学特征显示为一套钙碱性火山岩,富集轻稀土元素,无明显的负铕异常;大离子亲石元素Rb、Th、U相对富集,Ba、Sr略有波动,高场强元素Nb略有亏损、Ta亏损明显。综合分析,笔者认为该套早二叠世的火山岩形成于已经充分收缩的残余海盆环境;此时北山的构造属性更与残余海盆的陆缘火山盆地相似,而不具有裂谷的特征。     

贵州早寒武世的缺氧事件沉积

贵州早寒武世的黑色岩系属中国南方该时期缺氧事件沉积的一部分,为一套沉积速率低的海侵体系域沉积.主要为黑色页岩,发育水平纹理,主要含浮游生物,其中产钼、钒等矿床.其具有独特的元素地球化学特征SiO2、TiO2、Al2O3的含量相对较高;富集Mo、V、Ba、Ag、Au、U等元素,而Co、Sr、Ta等元素却亏损;稀土总量不高,为130×10-5～226×10-6,稀土配分曲线形态近于水平或略向右倾,具弱的负Ce异常和正Eu异常.地层特征、元素地球化学特征及特征元素比值所反映的是早寒武世黑色岩系形成于缺氧的还原环境,而缺氧沉积中有热水沉积的加入.     

南祁连擦勒特地区志留纪巴龙贡嘎尔组火山岩地球化学特征及其地质意义

擦勒特地区志留纪巴龙贡嘎尔组火山岩由火山碎屑岩、火山熔岩组成,为一套钙碱性系列组合。采用LA-MC-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年,在该组变质英安岩中首次获得~(206)Pb/~(238)U加权平均年龄为(418.7±2.7) Ma,确定该套火山岩形成于晚志留世。地球化学特征显示,该套火山岩具有高Al_2O_3、低TiO_2的特征,稀土总量(ΣREE)较高,轻、重稀土元素分馏明显,表现为轻稀土元素(LREE)富集,铕(Eu)负异常明显,Rb、Th、K等元素富集明显,La、Ce、Ba、Nd等元素略显富集,Nb、Sr、P、Ti等元素亏损明显。综合分析认为,该区火山岩形成于活动大陆边缘(陆缘弧)环境。     

新疆富蕴地区中泥盆统阿勒泰组喀腊曼哲火山岩地球化学特征及构造环境研究

通过野外调研和相关地球化学研究,表明出露于阿尔泰造山带南缘富蕴地区喀腊曼哲一带的中泥盆统阿勒泰组火山岩由玄武岩和流纹岩组成,为一套典型的双峰式火山岩组合。其中,玄武岩多变质为钠长阳起片岩、绿帘透闪片岩等,属拉斑玄武岩系列,低SiO2、K2O,高Ti,稀土配分曲线显示轻稀土略富集的平坦型,无明显Eu异常（SEu=0．92～1．08）,富Th、U等,Nb负异常;流纹岩属钙碱性系列,高SiO2,低K2O,为钠质型,稀土配分曲线显示Eu负异（dEu为0．29～0．58）的右倾型,富集Th、U、La、Ce和Hf,亏损Sr、Nb、Ta、Zr、P、Ti。二者地球化学特征存在明显差异,表明酸性火山岩并不是由基性岩浆分离结晶产生,而可能是与基性下地壳经不同程度的部分熔融有关;基性火山岩为经俯冲流体改造的亏损地幔部分熔融的产物。岩石地球化学分析结果虽然显示其兼具洋中脊和岛弧火山岩的地球化学特征,但结合区域地质背景,其可能并不是形成于弧后盆地环境,而是岛弧裂谷的产物,属于成熟岛弧。     

黔北牛蹄塘组的地球化学特征及形成环境

贵州北部早寒武世的黑色岩系-牛蹄塘组。主要为黑色页岩,含浮游生物,其中产钼、钒等矿床。其具有独特的元素地球化学特征:K、Ti元素在黑色页岩中的含量高于底部硅质岩,而P元素的含量却相反,硅质岩中的含量显著高于其上覆的黑色页岩;岩孔和菜园两地的共同特点是V、Ba、U的含量明显偏高,富集系数在3以上,显著的差别是Ta元素,其在岩孔是亏损的,而在菜园却明显富集;西部岩孔的稀土总量高于东部菜园,稀土配分曲线形态近于水平或略向左倾,具弱的负Eu异常或不显异常。硅质岩较页岩的负Ce异常程度高。地层特征、元素地球化学特征及特征元素和比值,所反映的是下寒武统牛蹄塘组形成于缺氧的还原环境。     

新疆塔吾尔别克金矿区赋矿火山岩地球化学特征与构造意义

针对塔吾尔别克金矿区赋矿火山岩展开的岩相学和主量、微量及稀土元素地球化学研究,结果显示:该区火山岩w(SiO_2)为48.93%~62.24%,w(K_2O)在1.05%~4.03%,w(TiO_2)为0.55%~0.86%,w(MgO)为2.28%~7.98%,w(Al_2O_3)介于12.04%~17.52%,w(Na_2O+K_2O)值为3.39%~5.59%,里特曼指数σ变化于1.49~2.45,显示钙碱系列火山岩;在TAS图解中该区火山岩样品分布在玄武安山岩—安山岩—英安岩区域;微量元素分析表明,岩石轻稀土相对富集、重稀土元素相对亏损的特点(LREE/HREE=4.72~6.55),且具有明显的的Eu负异常(δEu=0.35~0.67);火山岩整体富集LREE,U,Th,大离子亲石元素Rb,K;亏损高场强元素Nb,Ta,P,Ti;是岛弧岩浆作用的典型地球化学标志。在火山岩La/Yb-Sc/Ti判别图解上,表明火山岩的构造环境与大陆边缘弧密切相关。结合区域构造背景和岩石地球化学特征,推测构造背景可能为俯冲带大陆边缘弧环境。     

青藏高原北羌塘祖尔肯乌拉山地区查保马组陆相火山岩地球化学特征及锆石U-Pb测年

祖尔肯乌拉山地区查保马组陆相火山岩岩石类型主要为粗安岩和安山岩,属新近纪中新世。地球化学特征显示:主量元素SiO_2含量为42.45%~62.60%,绝大部分为58.08%~62.60%,相对富集FeO、MgO、K_2O、TiO_2、P_2O_5,属慢源岩浆岩系列。里特曼指数σ=2.87~3.41,平均3.19,属于钙碱性岩系。火山岩的全碱(Na_2O+K_2O)含量高,且Na_2O-2K_2O,K_2O/Na_2O=1.12-1.43,属钾玄岩系;微量元素强不相容元素Rb、Ba、Th、U、K呈强富集,弱不相容元素Ta、Nb、La、Ce、P、Zr、Hf、Sm弱富集,过度元素Ti、Y、Yb弱亏损,相容元素Lu强亏损。富集强不相容元素,指示火山岩源区为富集地慢(EMⅡ);稀土元素为右倾型,轻重稀土分馏显著,具有弱的负Eu异常特征,显示岩浆在上涌过程中有地壳的物质混入,发生同化混染作用。构造环境分析为板内。根据ICP-MS锆石U-Pb法测得火山岩锆石结晶年龄为(20±1)Ma,属新近纪中新世。     

炭窑口矿区基性火山岩地球化学特征及其构造意义

为探讨炭窑口矿区变质基性火山岩的地球化学特征及其构造意义,对其产出特征、岩石学、岩石化学、地球化学等方面进行了综合分析研究。结果表明,其原岩为钾质细碧岩,属碱性火山岩,富集轻稀土和不相容元素,而亏损重稀土和相容元素(如Nb、Ta和Ti),具有与火山弧基性火山岩相似的地球化学特征。其稀土元素分配型式表明其成岩物质来源于地幔。通过构造环境分析,并结合区域地质资料,认为矿区变质基性火山岩的形成构造环境为大陆边缘火山弧造山带。     

甘肃宕昌一带中生代火山岩岩石地球化学特征及构造环境探讨

甘肃宕昌彭都-簸箕一带中酸性火山岩的岩石化学研究表明为钙碱性火山岩系列,具富钾,低钛特点。稀土总量较高,轻稀土分馏明显,铕具负异常。微量元素K、Rb、Ba、Th等强不相容元素强烈富集,Sc、Cr等相容元素亏损。岩石地球化学特征表明火山岩形成于一个正常陆壳或形成于双倍陆壳的中上部。形成的构造环境为陆内碰撞构造环境。同位素研究表明其形成时间为早中侏罗世。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.