根据储层沥青和流体包裹体综合判识油气成藏期:以黄骅坳陷北大港古生界潜山为例

渤海湾盆地潜山油气资源较丰富,近期黄骅坳陷古生界潜山油气勘探取得重大进展,但油气藏的形成时期及期次尚不明确.以黄骅坳陷北大港古生界潜山为例,综合利用储层沥青、流体包裹体观察、测温、拉曼光谱及红外光谱分析等地球化学分析手段,结合烃源岩生烃史,对其油气成藏期进行了系统研究.结果表明:研究区古生界发育碳质、胶质-沥青质、油质3种沥青,经历了生物降解和氧化作用等多种次生改造过程,结合研究区的构造演化及生烃史,推测早侏罗世中期之前存在油气充注;古生界潜山发育两期烃类包裹体,第一期包裹体发黄褐色荧光,主要分布于石英颗粒表面及方解石脉内,均一温度峰值区间为75~80℃,第二期包裹体包括黄色、蓝绿色荧光两类,分布在石英颗粒内裂缝、穿石英颗粒裂缝及方解石脉内,均一温度峰值范围分别为85~90℃和95~100℃;综合古生界潜山储层沥青及包裹体特征,结合烃源岩生烃史,确定古生界存在两期油气充注,分别为中三叠世（235~223 Ma）和新近纪-第四纪（22~0 Ma）,且以晚期成藏为主.      

新疆萨瓦莆齐铀矿床沥青还原沥青铀矿的直接证据

许多含油气盆地均有铀矿床分布,油气在铀矿化中的作用及其与铀矿化的关系是广大铀矿工作者关注的问题。通过对新疆萨瓦莆齐铀矿床中铀矿石的偏光、荧光反射显微镜研究和电子探针分析测试,首次在矿石中发现沥青-沥青铀矿-黄铁矿脉,对脉体中沥青、沥青铀矿、黄铁矿的空间关系研究表明,沥青铀矿和黄铁矿均受沥青脉的控制,是脉体中还原能力较强的轻烃类物质与周围环境相互作用的产物,矿物中的铀和铁元素主要来自周围环境而非脉体本身。矿床可能存在多期油气活动,沥青铀矿可能主要形成于早期油气活动,晚期油气衍生的沥青质沿早期生成的沥青铀矿微裂隙充填改造。     

四川盆地东北部气田海相碳酸盐岩储层固体沥青研究

川东北地区海相碳酸盐岩生物礁滩相储层中普遍存在着固体沥青.本文以普光气田上二叠统长兴组和下三叠统飞仙关组储层中固体沥青为研究对象,在显微镜下观察固体沥青的产状特征,测定固体沥青含量和计算固体沥青与储层孔隙的体积比率,分析固体沥青的成因及形成期次,推算古油藏的密度.普光气田飞仙关组固体沥青主要呈环边状附于鲕粒白云岩、残余鲕粒白云岩晶间溶孔,溶蚀孔壁,沥青含量在1.11%～5.73%之间,均值2.92%;长兴组生物礁储层固体沥青多呈团块状充填于各种溶蚀孔洞中,沥青含量0.31%～11.72%之间,均值3.57%.两套储层中的固体沥青含量都有随埋深而减少的趋势.飞仙关组储层中固体沥青与储层孔隙的体积比约为22%,长兴组为43%～56%.普光气田储层固体沥青为热演化成因并为两期形成,飞仙关储层固体沥青为轻质油古油藏裂解形成,长兴组储层固体沥青为稠油古油藏裂解形成.     

油气充注对塔中志留系沥青砂岩储集性影响的模拟实验研究

志留系储层原油演化成沥青过程中，沥青充填于粒间孔及填隙物中，占据了孔隙空间，残余孔隙率、渗透率很低。通过模拟实验的方法分析了油气充注对沥青砂岩储集性的影响，早期充填沥青少而残余孔隙率、渗透率很低的砂岩，晚期油气仍不能充注，是非储层；早期沥青均匀充填、充填程度高，残余孔隙率、渗透率低的砂岩，晚期低粘度稀油仍能充注，孔隙率、渗透率有大幅度提高，是有效储层；早期沥青充填较均匀，残余孔隙率相对较高，不同粘度的原油充注后，孔渗条件发生明显的改善。常温的实验表明，原油的物理性质是决定沥青砂岩能否再次充注的关键因素之一，稀油充注是志留系沥青砂岩成藏的必要条件。     

四川盆地三叠系颗粒碳酸盐岩储层的成因类型

三叠系颗粒碳酸盐岩储层是四川盆地主要的产气层系之一,按成因可划分为残余粒间孔型滩相储层、岩溶型滩相储层(可进一步划分为早期岩溶型滩相储层、埋藏岩溶型滩相储层和表生岩溶型滩相储层)、白云岩化型滩相储层和复合型滩相储层。它们的储集空间特征分别为：残余粒间孔型滩相储层以残余粒间孔+粒间溶孔为主;早期岩溶型滩相储层以粒内溶孔+铸模孔为主;埋藏岩溶型滩相储层以溶蚀(扩)孔洞为主;表生岩溶型滩相储层多具有形态各异的岩溶孔洞系统;白云岩化型滩相储层以晶间孔+晶间溶孔为主;复合滩相型储层为两种或以上成因类型相叠加;优质颗粒滩碳酸盐岩储层最终形成绝大多数是以沉积相为基础叠加建设性成岩作用改造的产物。     

桂中坳陷泥盆纪生物礁储层特征及演化史

桂中坳陷泥盆纪生物礁滩发育,桂中1井钻探证实该区存在优质生物礁灰岩和白云岩储层。野外露头、显微照片和扫描电镜等分析测试手段表明,该区泥盆纪生物礁储集空间主要包括孔隙、裂缝和溶洞。孔隙类型有粒内溶孔、骨架孔、粒间孔、溶孔、缝合线伴生溶孔等,以晶间溶孔、晶间孔及非组构控制的溶蚀孔、洞、缝为主,储层类型主要为裂缝型、裂缝-孔隙型和孔隙型。沉积环境、成岩作用及构造裂缝控制有利储层的发育,现今储集空间以埋藏溶蚀孔隙和保留下来的残余孔、洞、缝为主。地球化学和成岩作用研究表明,储层孔隙演化与油气充注密切相关,可能发生两期油气充注。储层焦沥青的形成主要是由于地层深埋造成原油热裂解。因此,该区油气勘探应以原油裂解天然气为主,寻找具有保存条件的岩性体。     

贵州仁怀县震旦系灯影组古油藏成藏条件 及油气地质意义

野外观察和研究表明,贵州仁怀县震旦系灯影组古油藏储层为一套碳酸盐台内浅滩环境沉积,主要岩性为砂屑云岩、鲕粒云岩、藻屑云岩和细晶云岩,沥青充填于白云岩晶间孔、粒间孔及岩石溶蚀孔洞内,呈黑色固态物质产出。固体沥青呈块状,质地坚硬,有污手性,镜下观察沥青具中间相结构和镶嵌状结构特征,实测沥青反射率为2.95%~3.86%,双反射明显,热演化程度高,显示储层在地质历史时期曾经遭受高温热演化作用。区域地质及沉积相分析认为,灯影组沉积晚期在上扬子地区存在一个边缘浅滩,并可能存在若干碳酸盐台内浅滩,这种沉积格局控制了滩相储层的发育与展布,震旦纪末期桐湾运动形成的古暴露对该套滩相沉积的颗粒云岩进行溶蚀改造,形成大量孔洞缝,并形成有利的储集体。震旦系陡山沱组和下寒武统牛蹄塘组黑色页岩有机质丰度高、类型好,烃源岩的发育为古油藏的形成提供了丰富的物质基础,下寒武统巨厚的泥页岩组合为油气藏的形成提供了得天独厚的封盖条件,形成了良好的生储盖组合,灯影组和牛蹄塘组之间的不整合面提供了油气运移的通道,加里东运动早期黔中隆起的形成为油气聚集创造了条件。     

原生油藏调整过程的有机地球化学与岩石学证据——由乡3井看哈得逊油田的调整机制

塔里木盆地发育多期构造旋回,新构造运动活跃,呈现多期成藏晚期为主的特点,因此海相调整型油气藏成为塔里木盆地油气勘探的重要领域。为了研究调整型油气藏的成藏规律和机理,定量评价油气调整规模,以哈得逊油田为例开展了储层沥青反射率、生物标记化合物、包裹体和伊利石等方面的研究,表明曾有两期油到达过东河砂岩。根据两大关键时期古构造演化和圈闭发育史建立了哈得逊"两期充注,晚期调整"的油气成藏模式,晚期形成的圈闭与原生油藏的构造关系是调整型油气藏聚集的主控因素。针对原生油藏乡3构造,通过系统选取东河砂岩和奥陶系良里塔格组的储层样品,经过连续抽的前处理区分出古油藏和现今油藏的抽提物,并进行了三维荧光强度扫描,定量评价出乡3构造奥陶系古油柱高度调整了20m左右,指示了原生油藏调整规模不容忽视,具有形成次生调整型油气藏的较大潜力。     

储层中固体沥青研究现状、地质意义及其发展趋势

固体沥青包含了油气形成与演化等重要信息,其研究对油气勘探与开发具有重要的指导作用。综合国内外众多学者的研究,阐述了固体沥青的定义、成因与分类、反射率、对储层物性的影响及测井识别。固体沥青成因类型多样,归纳起来主要包括热成因和冷变质成因两大类。固体沥青反射率可以作为成熟度评价的有效参数,但需结合实际地质情况合理选择转换关系式。固体沥青充填在储集层孔隙空间中,堵塞孔隙喉道：一方面造成储集层的严重损害,导致油藏分布不均;另一方面作为封堵带,有利于油气的保存,形成隐蔽油气藏。固体沥青在核磁共振上具有独特的响应特征,利用核磁共振T₁/T₂值、中子-密度交会、密度孔隙度与气测孔隙度差值以及纵波时差-电阻率交会可以有效识别固体沥青。对于固体沥青后续研究,固体沥青结构、性质与固体沥青反射率的关系,以及如何使用测井参数定量标定固体沥青体积分数,是未来固体沥青在储层评价和油气开发研究的热点和难点。     

松辽盆地梨树断陷致密气储层特征研究

梨树断陷下白垩统油气资源量大,勘探程度低,储层埋藏深,岩性致密,主要为中-细粒砂岩,孔隙类型以粒间孔、粒内溶孔、晶间微孔为主,铸模孔、粒缘缝和破裂缝次之。本文主要从岩石成分和孔隙类型两个方面分析影响储层储集性的因素,认为长石含量是决定储层物性的主要因素,浊沸石在成岩阶段早期被溶蚀形成有利孔隙,成岩晚期大量高岭石的出现说明生烃过程的排酸作用改变了成岩环境,方解石胶结物的溶蚀改变了储层的渗透性。     

CSAMT 法在辽西康杖子区深部探矿中的应用

可控源音频大地电磁法(CSAMT)具有探测深度大、横向分辨率高、抗干扰能力强的特点,在深部找矿勘探中有着重要的指导意义。肖家营子铜钼矿床是辽西地区一个大型矽卡岩型金属矿床,大部分矿体是隐伏矿体,矿区外围的康杖子区与本区有相似的成矿地质环境,成矿地质条件优越.矿体与围岩电性差异明显,通过应用CSAMT,矿体具有低电阻特点,根据成果推断解释,对深部有利成矿部位进行了钻探验证,取得了理想的探矿效果,在矿区外围取得第二深度空间找矿重大突破。     

Geography in general education in Nigeria

This paper traces the development of geographic education in Nigeria and examines the views of geographers, other academics, students and the public at large about the importance of geography. Geography's value is immense despite the non-professional nature of the discipline. Nevertheless, there is a need to define geography's status and ensure career prospects for students. The Nigerian Geographical Association (from classroom teaachers to top geographers) must promote geography, improve its status in schools and universities, and continuously restructure its content and methods to address pertinent social needs.     

Trends in landslide occurrence in Nepal

Nepal is a mountainous, less developed kingdom that straddles the boundary between the Indian and Himalayan tectonic plates. In Nepal, landslides represent a major constraint on development, causing high levels of economic loss and substantial numbers of fatalities each year. There is a general consensus that the impacts of landslides in countries such as Nepal are increasing with time, but until now there has been little or no quantitative data to support this view, or to explain the causes of the increases. In this paper, a database of landslide fatalities in Nepal has been compiled and analysed for the period 1978–2005. The database suggests that there is a high level of variability in the occurrence of landslides from year to year, but that the overall trend is upward. Analyses of the trends in the data suggest that there is a cyclicity in the occurrence of landslide fatalities that strongly mirrors the cyclicity observed in the SW (summer) monsoon in South Asia. Perhaps surprisingly the relationship is inverse, but this is explained through an inverse relationship between monsoon strength and the amount of precipitation in the Hill District areas of Nepal. It is also clear that in recent years the number of fatalities has increased dramatically over and above the effects of the monsoon cycle. Three explanations are explored for this: land-use change, the effects of the ongoing civil war in Nepal, and road building. It is concluded that a major component of the generally upward trend in landslide impact probably results from the rural road-building programme, and its attendant changes to physical and natural systems.     

2010年的美国铀矿业

2010年,美国铀矿总共施工7 209个钻孔,总进尺1 493 520 m;生产铀1 628.55 t;铀矿业总支出费用为2.773亿美元,其中铀矿地勘费支出为3 450万美元,占铀矿业总费用的12.44%。铀矿地勘钻探费用为4 460万美元,占铀矿业总费用的16.08%。     

地下水环境中的硫代砷研究进展

硫代砷是富硫化物地下水中砷的重要形态,对环境和人类健康有潜在威胁。目前硫代砷研究程度尚低,本次主要针对国内外地下水（地热水）中硫代砷的存在形态,水文—生物—环境地球化学过程,样品保存,定量检测方法等方面进行研究。结论如下:pH, 氧化还原电位,硫化物含量和微生物作用等是影响地下水中硫代砷稳定存在和形态分布的重要因素。含铁矿物能与水中的硫代砷形成配位键对其进行吸附,吸附性普遍弱于（亚）砷酸盐,因此,地下水中硫代砷可能表现出更强的迁移性。用于硫代砷检测的自然水样在采集中可采取过滤,速冻,厌氧和低温短期保存的操作流程,以减缓该形态的转化甚至消失。色谱联用ICP-MS系统可用于自然水样中硫代砷的分离定量检测,紫外—可见分光光度法和X射线吸收光谱法在不同场景下也可对硫代砷进行定量和表征分析。地热水和浅层地下水中均可能存在硫代砷,由于水样中硫代砷的不稳定性,室内检测和分析难以准确反映现场过程,因此,野外样品保存技术和现场检测方法的更新可能在未来有更大研究空间,值得进一步探索。     

花岗岩地区地下水水文地质特征分析

通过对泰安市岱岳区花岗岩地区地下水的形成条件、地下水类型、分布状况、水文地质特征以及地下水补给、径流、排泄条件的分析,指出了花岗岩地区供水方向。     

Recent advances in aquaculture in Japan

Conclusions During the last ten years, aquaculture, especially mariculture has undergone remarkable expansion to counter-balance the gap between the supply and demand of fishery products in Japan. Its expansion has also been supported by the traditional preference of the Japanese people for seafood. Mariculture is now being forced to change its structure due to adverse economic circumstances such as the rise in the cost of energy, feeds and other materials for culture, low market prices, deterioration of environmental conditions, and many other factors. Before these constraints can be resolved, advanced scientific knowledge and technologies must be integrated to develop new types of aquaculture. Expansion of maricultural activities to more open-sea and off shore areas would be one route to follow. Technologies for the development of formulated diets not only for young but also for adults and larvae, establishment of feeding standards, prevention of epizootic diseases must support the establishment of modern aquaculture.The culture-based fisheries, or marine ranching, is becoming a subject for further development in Japan. Much research work has been conducted with a great degree of governmental support. Establishment of a net work of seedstock production farms has made it possible to carry out releasing experiments on a large scale. A newly integrated restoration system could be developed on the basis of these experiments, even though the profits resulting from the artificial restoration of stocks is not thouroughly verified at present. The commencement of a national scheme for culture-based fisheries would be a manifestation of the enthusiasm of the Japanese fish industry.     

Some Measurements of Radon in Soils and in Stream-Water in County Durham

Radon is a radioactive gas emanating naturally from uranium rich granites and shales. It may be emitted from the ground surface into the atmosphere as a gas, or it may be dissolved into stream water and transported over distance. The levels of radon gas in soils at ground surface depend on a number of factors relating to the source of the gas and to its transmission. Igneous rocks contain the highest mean concentrations of radium and uranium. The depth of cover is relevant also. Surveys over the years by the National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) and others have indicated that the highest concentrations in the United Kingdom occur in Cornwall, Devon and northeast Scotland. However, recent reports have indicated that high concentrations of the gas may be detected in small pockets in counties outside of those considered at high risk. This survey relates to a series of measurements taken in and around Darlington, County Durham. The results showed the presence of small areas with strong concentrations of radon in soil gas, but only minor levels of dissolved gas in stream waters.     

内蒙古苏尼特地下水氟污染形成机理研究

为了研究内蒙古苏尼特地区地下水氟污染机理,本文运用水文地球化学分类方法,从水文地质、水化学特征两方面研究其地下水的水质特征、氟的起源、分布规律及污染形成机理。研究结果发现:高氟地下水的主要水质类型为HCO3—Na型,pH值在7.08～9.38之间,氟浓度与井深有关,即井越浅,氟浓度越高;地下水中氟浓度最高达14.78mg/L,5～9月地下水氟浓度相对增长率在7.8～23.1之间;F-浓度与Li+、Br-相关系数达0.89和0.82,受断层影响的深层地下水中F-浓度几乎与Li+、Br-没有相关关系,这暗示着氟来源于浅部,并受到强烈的蒸发作用影响而使水中的氟浓缩;地质调查发现该地区还有数个萤石矿存在,显微镜分析结果证实表层土壤中普遍存在CaF2,地下水中的氟来自CaF2。高氟地下水存在于潜水层,深部含水层的地下水可供开采。从断层带涌出的水对潜水层有稀释作用。