大别山超高压变质带内浅变质岩层再认识

本文依据浅变质岩层所保存的韵律层理，沉积构造，火山角砾－凝灰结构及残存的微古植物组合等，以及硅酸盐、稀土、微量元素分析成果的判别，对浅变质岩层进行了再认识，认定该浅变质岩是一套经受浅变质改造的火山碎屑沉积岩层；并就建立其地层序列，区域地层对比进行了论述；对其存在意义和时代归属进行了讨论。     

藏北若拉岗日结合带中的浅变质地层及其锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄测定

通过对拉竹龙-西金乌兰湖-金沙江结合带西段若拉岗日一带的地层重新解体厘定,填绘出一套以白云母石英片岩、石英岩、变质石英砂岩为主的绿片岩相浅变质地层。该浅变质地层可与羌塘地块之上的浅变质岩系玛依岗日组对比。对浅变质地层的碎屑锆石进行U-PbSHRIMP年龄测定,认为所获得的最小年龄值524Ma代表了该套地层沉积时代的下限,再结合该地区出露未变质的泥盆纪地层这一事实,将这套浅变质岩系的形成时代置于早古生代。     

构造变质岩石地层的概念、单位命名系统及研究方法──以辽河岩群为例

在概要地讨论了辽河岩群基本地层学特征基础上,提出了构造变质岩石地层的概念,其含义为经强烈构造变形的中浅变质沉积（含火山沉积）岩系构成的岩石地层单位的一种类型。构造变质岩石地层单位是强变形、中浅变质沉积岩区１∶５万填图的基本填图单位。建议采用岩群、岩组、岩段等地层单位命名系统,强调了变形、变质、沉积综合研究方法。     

论皖南地区前寒武纪浅变质岩系地层层序

安徽南部(皖南)前寒武纪浅变质岩地层发育,分布广泛,厚达数千米,称为沥口群和溪口群,传统上当做青白口纪和中元古代地层。可是,这套浅变质岩地层的时代归属、层序叠置关系等,长期以来一直存在争议。在分析现有地层划分方案的基础上,通过地层接触关系、沉积序列、物质组分特征和沉积体系演化研究,结合砂岩碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb同位素定年,重新厘定了皖南地区浅变质岩系的地层格架。这套浅变质岩系主要为海底扇沉积体系和盆地平原沉积体系,分为上溪群和溪口群,分别代表北部盆地边缘相带和南部盆地中部相带,两者为同期异相沉积。300颗碎屑锆石的测试结果表明,68颗碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄为727±12Ma~835 Ma,最年青的碎屑锆石年龄(727±12Ma)限制了沉积物的最大沉积年龄,浅变质岩系地层时代为早—中南华世。上溪群分为两个组,下部湘东组,包括3个段,代表从滨岸—陆棚经海底扇到盆地平原的海侵沉积序列;上部羊栈岭组,包括4个段,代表从盆地平原经海底扇—陆棚—滨岸的海退沉积序列。溪口群包括漳前组、板桥组和木坑组,代表盆地中部外扇—盆地平原沉积。碎屑锆石的U-Pb年龄,Tu、U含量以及Tu/U比值,证实井潭组火山岩为浅变质岩提供了大量物源,上溪群和溪口群浅变质岩地层应该覆于火山岩之上。上溪群和溪口群假整合覆于铺岭组/井潭组火山岩系之上,其上为休宁组不整合覆盖,代表皖南地区早南华世—中南华世一次比较完整的海侵-海退旋回沉积。     

藏北若拉岗日结合带中的浅变质地层及其锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄测定

通过对拉竹龙-西金乌兰湖-金沙江结合带西段若拉岗日一带的地层重新解体厘定,填绘出一套以白云母石英片岩、石英岩、变质石英砂岩为主的绿片岩相浅变质地层.该浅变质地层可与羌塘地块之上的浅变质岩系玛依岗日组对比.对浅变质地层的碎屑锆石进行U-Pb SHRIMP年龄测定,认为所获得的最小年龄值524Ma代表了该套地层沉积时代的下限,再结合该地区出露未变质的泥盆纪地层这一事实,将这套浅变质岩系的形成时代置于早古生代.     

藏北若拉岗日结合带中的浅变质地层及其锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄测定

通过对拉竹龙-西金乌兰湖-金沙江结合带西段若拉岗日一带的地层重新解体厘定,填绘出一套以白云母石英片岩、石英岩、变质石英砂岩为主的绿片岩相浅变质地层.该浅变质地层可与羌塘地块之上的浅变质岩系玛依岗日组对比.对浅变质地层的碎屑锆石进行U-Pb SHRIMP年龄测定,认为所获得的最小年龄值524Ma代表了该套地层沉积时代的下限,再结合该地区出露未变质的泥盆纪地层这一事实,将这套浅变质岩系的形成时代置于早古生代.     

牟定大湾山磁铁矿成矿规律

牟定安益地区元古界变质岩地层出露广泛,“大湾山式”贫磁铁矿产于元古界龙川群路古模组第三段浅变质含磁铁绿片岩中,地面高精度磁测异常与含矿地层吻合较好,矿床类型属中基性火山—沉积变质型贫磁铁矿.经多年工作,该类矿床规模已达中—大型,区内具有较好的找矿前景.     

对藏北羌塘地体阿木岗群的新认识

依据地质填图和实测剖面获得的资料,对羌塘地体阿木岗群的层序特征、岩石地球化学特征变质作用特征等方面进行了研究,并变质岵与盖层之间的角度不整保关系,火山－沉积变质岩的Ｓｍ－Ｎｄ年龄对阿木岗群的原岩时代和变质年龄进行了重新厘定,得出其原岩为一套陆源碎屑岩和少量火山岩,经历了三期变质作用的演化,火山－沉积变质岩Ｓｍ－Ｎｄ年龄为２６８．６Ｍａ。     

火成岩体和变质岩体的地层分类及命名

通常都承认层状的火山喷发岩和母岩显然为沉积岩或火山岩的变质岩体为岩石地层单位。同样,也应承认侵入火成岩体和母岩不明的非层状变质岩体为岩石地层单位。它们都可以根据岩石学特征予以限定、识别和填图,而这些岩石学特征也就是建立岩石地层单位所需的鉴别标准。层状的或非层状的火成岩及变质岩的正式岩石地层单位均需由合适的当地地理名称与1)指示等级的单位术语——群、组、段和2)指示其主要岩石类型的简便野外岩石学术语——花岗岩、片麻岩、片岩两者或其中之一组成。等级术语显然较适用于层状火山喷发岩和易确定的母岩为沉积岩和火山喷发岩或其一的变质岩。而对于非层状侵入火成岩体或岩性均一、母岩难以识别的变质岩,使用简便的野外岩石学术语更为恰当。“杂岩”这一术语适用于岩性非均质和不规则的火成岩和变质岩,或两者之一,而不考虑其是否经受过强烈而复杂的变形和变质作用,或其中一种作用。     

滇西雪山河变质岩群的矿物组成与原岩特征

滇西澜沧江深大断裂带中北段东侧出露中生代浅变质岩系——雪山河变质岩群,其主要矿物组成为石英、黑云母和白云母。通过对其岩相学特征分析评价以及原岩恢复,提出该变质岩群为区内铜(金)矿(床)点的主要矿源层,其原岩主要为沉积岩,但可能有火山凝灰物质加入。     

大别—苏鲁超高压变质带内部的浅变质岩

大别苏鲁超高压变质带内部零星出露有若干呈构造残片状产出的浅变质岩，主要以变质碎屑岩－千枚岩－大理岩组合为代表，遭受过低绿片岩相变质和脆－韧性变形作用的改造，与围岩均为构造接触（断层或韧性剪切带）。微古生物化石研究表明，其原岩为震旦纪前后扬子板块北缘的浅海相沉积。同位素年代学研究指示，它们经历过加里东期和印支期构造热事件的影响，与区域超高压岩石经受的构造热事件时间一致；氧同位素研究得到，部分浅变质岩原岩曾遭受过高温大气降水热液蚀变，与区域超高压岩石经受的构造热事件时间一致；氧同位素研究得到，部分浅变质岩原岩曾遭受过高温大气降水热液蚀变，与区域超高压岩石的同位素特征一致。这些浅变质岩的原岩为扬子板块北缘震旦系沉积岩及其中的火山碎屑岩，构造上具有板块俯冲过程中的刮削岩片－构造加积楔的产状和形成机制，因此可以是大陆板块俯冲加积楔的一部分。     

左权变质杂岩区早前寒武纪变质演化及其构造指示

左权变质杂岩构造上位于华北中部带中南段,向东紧邻赞皇变质杂岩。研究区广泛发育长英质黑云斜长片麻岩和斜长角闪岩,无典型变泥质岩石出露,斜长角闪岩多以似层状或透镜状方式产于似层状的片麻岩中,二者在局部地区侵入接触关系明显。该地区可识别出三期变形作用和三期变质作用,区域片麻理所代表的第二期变形作用(D2)与峰期变质作用(M2)事件相对应。杂岩区含榴黑云斜长片麻岩和含榴斜长角闪岩中较好地保留了多个阶段的变质作用信息,本文重点研究其变质演化过程。含榴黑云斜长片麻岩中仅保留峰期阶段矿物组合,变质条件为730℃/8.5kbar。含榴斜长角闪岩记录了3个阶段的变质矿物组合,第一阶段矿物组合(M1)为进变质矿物组合,以石榴石变斑晶内部的早期包裹体及其临近的石榴石核部为代表,即Grt1+Pl1+Amp1+Qtz±Bt1±Chl1±Ilm±Ap,该阶段的温度和压力范围分别为:608~643℃/5.2~5.5kbar;第二阶段矿物组合(M2)为变质峰期矿物组合,主要由石榴石XMn最低的"边部"和基质矿物(Grt2+Amp2+Pl2+Qtz±Cpx2±Bt2±Ep2±Ilm±Ap)组成。最高变质温度大于670℃,最高变质压力大于9.4kbar。第三阶段矿物组合(M3)为退变质减压矿物组合,其典型代表是石榴石边部发育的Pl3+Hbl3+Cum3+Qtz±Bt3后成合晶矿物组合,呈细粒交生状结构特征,该阶段温压估算范围为:611~627℃/5.1~5.9kbar。左权变质杂岩区岩石变质程度虽明显低于赞皇变质杂岩区(Tmax812℃,Pmax12.5kbar),但两杂岩区岩石拥有类似的变质演化特征,均记录了包含近等温降压型(ITD)退变质片段的顺时针P-T轨迹,指示碰撞造山环境。结合中部带其它杂岩区的变质演化特征,推测左权变质杂岩卷入了晚太古代-早元古代末期华北克拉通东、西部陆块之间的碰撞造山过程。     

Energetics of metamorphic crystallization

Metamorphic crystallization necessitates nucleation of new grains. Associated with this process is an energy barrier which requires an input of energy sufficient to make the net change of free energy with nucleus growth decrease so that the process of grain crystallization will proceed. Temperature increase and elastic strain are widely accepted as capable of including metamorphic crystallization. Evaluation of these suggests that an energy input on the order of 0.x cal gm^?1 is commonly enough to overcome the energy barrier and induce metamorphic crystallization. Both processes are necessarily timebound to the time of energy input. Conservative quantitative evaluations of the increase in interfacial free energy by grain size reduction, and of the energy increase resulting from increased dislocation density of grains, show that energetically, these may be equally capable of inducing metamorphic crystallization. These processes can store energy in the system; later release of that energy by metamorphic crystallization may occur under stress and temperature conditions much different from those that accompanied the input of the energy. Furthermore, the formation of a new set of grains will necessarily eliminate the evidence of the precursor state, whether fine granulation or a condition of high dislocation density in the grains of the system.Experiments have demonstrated the existence and properties of tiny short-lived hot spots on the surfaces of sliding solids. From this we infer the likelihood of such high spot temperatures being realized at grain boundaries during penetrative deformation. The energy concentrated at these spots may help to overcome the energy barrier to nucleation and grain growth and may stimulate formation of stable grains and the progressive elimination of metastable grains during deformation. This is a syntectonic process, but recognizing that syntectonic metamorphic crystallization is most characteristic of regionally dynamothermally metamorphosed terranes, the importance of grain boundary hot spots in providing energy for metamorphic crystallization may be very great.     

Uranium in metamorphic rocks

The distribution of U has been studied in two metamorphic rock-series with a gradient of regional metamorphism. One series ranges from the lowest greenschist to amphibolite facies and the other one shows increasing metamorphic grade from amphibolite to granulite facies. Several medium and high pressure granulitic inclusions from alkali basalts were also analyzed. The abundances of U in the rocks do not appear to be affected by metamorphism below the granulite facies grade. Granulites are depleted in U in comparison with equivalent rocks of amphibolite facies grade. There are also differences in their U distribution, as the bulk of U in amphibolite facies rocks is located along the fractures and cleavage planes of ferro-magnesian minerals and in U-rich accessories, while in granulites, most of the U resides in accessory minerals. It seems that the depletion of U in granulites is due to a loss of U which is not located in accessory minerals or in the crystal structure of rock-forming minerals and may also be related to a migration of hydrous fluids, perhaps during dehydration.     

Uranium and boron distributions related to metamorphic microstructure-evidence for metamorphic fluid activity

The distribution of uranium and boron in polymetamorphosed, granulite facies schists and gneisses has been studied using particle track methods. The concentration and distribution of these elements when examined in relation to mineralogy and microstructure provide an insight into: (1) the behaviour of U and B in metamorphism, (2) the activity of a fluid phase in the metamorphic processes and (3) the nature of chemical processes during schistosity development. A low concentration of primary U occurs in micro-inclusions of apatite and zircon (many are metamict) in the granulite facies M₁ assemblage. This assemblage which lacks B, except for zoned sillimanite, has undergone a localized retrograde metamorphism RM₁ characterised by hydrous alteration products containing abundant U and B. The RM₁ metamorphism is attributed to fluids generated during granulite facies dehydration reactions. A schistosity S₂ defined by M₂ fibrolite aggregates overprints the M₁ events. It is associated with (1) intragranular U concentrated in M₂ apatite and titanium bearing minerals and (2) abundant intergranular U within the fibrolite aggregates. High B contents also occur with the fibrolite. The S₂ schistosity appears to develop in a metamorphic environment containing a fluid enriched in U and B.     

Fluids in metamorphic rocks

Basic principles for the study of fluid inclusions in metamorphic rocks are reviewed and illustrated. A major problem relates to the number of inclusions, possibly formed on a wide range of P–T conditions, having also suffered, in most cases, extensive changes after initial trapping. The interpretation of fluid inclusion data can only be done by comparison with independent P–T estimates derived from coexisting minerals, but this requires a precise knowledge of the chronology of inclusion formation in respect to their mineral host.

The three essential steps in any fluid inclusion investigation are described: observation, measurements, and interpretation. Observation, with a conventional petrographic microscope, leads to the identification and relative chronology of a limited number of fluid types (same overall composition, eventually changes in fluid density). For the chronology, the notion of GIS (Group of synchronous inclusions) is introduced. It should serve as a systematic basis for the rest of the study. Microthermometry measurements, completed by nondestructive analyses (mostly micro-Raman), specify the composition and density of the different fluid types. The major problem of density variability can be significantly reduced by simple considerations of the shape of density histograms, allowing elimination of a great number of inclusions having suffered late perturbations. Finally, the interpretation is based on the comparison between few isochores, representative of the whole inclusion population, and P–T mineral data. Essential is a clear perception of the relative chronology between the different isochores. When this is possible, as illustrated by the complicated case of the granulites from Central Kola Peninsula, a good interpretation of the fluid inclusion data can be done. If not, fluid inclusions will not tell much about the metamorphic evolution of the rocks in which they occur.     

澜沧江杂岩带小黑江-上允地区蓝片岩的成因及变质演化

通过对澜沧江杂岩带小黑江-上允地区蓝片岩的岩相学、地球化学、成因矿物学以及相平衡模拟的综合研究,阐述蓝片岩的原岩以及变质演化过程。地球化学分析结果显示,蓝片岩具有一致的稀土元素配分模式,具弱Eu正或负异常,稀土元素和微量元素特征与OIB相似,其原岩可能为OIB型玄武岩。详细矿物学研究表明,本区蓝片岩记录了俯冲峰期蓝片岩相变质和峰期后绿片岩相变质两个变质阶段,其矿物组合分别为蓝闪石+钠长石+多硅白云母+绿泥石+绿帘石和蓝闪石+钠长石±阳起石+绿泥石+绿帘石。通过Na_2O-Ca O-Fe O-MgO-Al_2O_3-SiO_2-H_2O-O体系相平衡计算,得到两个阶段的压力范围分别约为0.95 GPa和0.40 GPa。     

Development of inverted metamorphic isograds in the western metamorphic belt, Juneau, Alaska

An inverted metamorphic gradient is preserved in the western metamorphic belt near Juneau, Alaska. The western metamorphic belt is part of the Coast plutonic–metamorphic complex of western Canada and southeastern Alaska that developed as a result of tectonic overlap and/or compressional thickening of crustal rocks during collision of the Alexander and Stikine terranes. Detailed mapping of pelitic single-mineral isograds, systematic changes in mineral assemblages, and silicate geothermometry indicate that thermal peak metamorphic conditions increase structurally upward over a distance of about 8 km. Peak temperatures of metamorphism increase progressively from about 530 °C for the garnet zone to about 705 °C for the upper kyanite–biotite zone. Silicate geobarometry suggests that the thermal peak metamorphism occurred under pressures of 9–11 kbar. The metamorphic isograds are in general parallel to the tonalite sill that is regionally continuous along the east side of the western metamorphic belt, although truncation of the isograds north of Juneau indicates that the sill intrusion continued after the isograds were established. Our preferred interpretation of the cause of the inverted gradient is that it formed during compression of a thickened wedge of relatively wet and cool rocks in response to heat flow associated with the formation and emplacement of the tonalite sill magma. Garnet rim compositions and widespread growth of chlorite suggest partial re-equilibration of the schists under pressures of 5–6 kbar during uplift in response to final emplacement and crystallization of the tonalite sill. The combined results of this study with previous studies elsewhere in the western metamorphic belt indicate that high-T/high-P metamorphism associated with the collision of the Alexander and Stikine terranes was a long-lived event, extending from about 98 Ma to about 67 Ma.     

包含变质岩分类三要素的主要变质岩分类表

变质岩分类的三要素是:变质岩的物质成分(化学成分、矿物成分)、变质岩的组构(结构、构造)和变质岩的成因(变质作用类型和形成变质岩的物理化学条件).由于变质岩的化学成分、矿物成分、组构特征和形成变质岩的地质环境十分复杂,致使至今尚无以变质岩分类三要素为基础的、内容比较完善的分类方案.本文中主要变质岩的分类是以其分类三要素为基础编制的,首次将不同成因的变质岩类并列于同一表中、将鉴定变质岩的主要标志性矿物成分和组构特征列入同一分类表中.该分类对鉴定变质岩石具有可操作性和实用性,分类表中涵盖了自然界主要的变质岩石.     

Metasomatic zones in metamorphic rocks

Prediction of a unique sequence of metasomatic zones that would develop by intergranular diffusion with local equilibrium is possible only for relatively simple systems, unless extensive thermochemical and kinetic information is available. The complexity of the problem for a given example will depend on what portion of the set of chemical components required to describe the example are ‘diffusing components’, that is, components that move relative to ‘inert markers’. Diffusing components are commonly K-components (Thompson, 1970) for the various local equilibria of a sequence of metasomatic zones, since diffusion tends to impose a monotonie variation of the chemical potentials of these components across the zones. The number of diffusing components may vary from zone to zone in a particular example, as may the number of diffusing components that are K-components. Calculation of the rate of growth of a specific sequence of zones is relatively straightforward only for cases where the zones are primarily due to the variation of the chemical potential of one independent diffusing component. Calculation of the material transfer involved in the growth of a sequence of zones, assuming a single sharp initial contact is meaningful only if ‘inert markers’ or a discontinuity in the otherwise-constant ratio of two components indicate the present location of the initial contact. Examination of some natural calc-silicate diffusion zones suggests that a diffusion-imposed gradient in the chemical potential of calcium is largely responsible for the observed zonation. Metasomatic zones developed at the boundaries of ultramafic bodies, however, are produced by diffusion-imposed chemical potential gradients of several components, notably silica and magnesia, the number varying from zone to zone.