平衡悬沙剖面的新指数公式

基于扩散理论,分析了国内外主要平衡悬沙剖面公式自由面边界条件内在的不合理性及其原因,并结合常数型和线性型悬沙扩散系数的分布特征,应用几何平均法建立了平方根型的悬沙扩散系数表达式,推得了平衡悬沙剖面的新指数公式。通过收集、整理与分析大量水槽与河流实测悬沙资料,对提出的悬沙扩散系数和平衡悬沙剖面公式与van Rijn公式、张红武公式进行了分析比较。研究结果表明,新指数公式不仅对平衡悬沙剖面的刻画精度较高,而且具有表达式特别简洁、床面含沙量为有限定值和可直接解析积分的特点,既利于理论分析,又便于工程应用。     

渤海表层悬浮泥沙的空间模态及其时间变化

针对整个渤海海域悬浮泥沙分布全貌研究的不足,基于2000-2004年连续5年的354个SeaWiFS反演的渤海表层悬沙浓度资料,经多年月平均得到其季节变化特征;通过经验正交函数分解,给出其空间模态及时间系数,揭示渤海表层悬浮泥沙的空间分布特征及其随时间的变化。渤海表层悬沙浓度除秦皇岛海域外近岸高,离岸低,辽东湾东岸浓度远大于西岸;冬季浓度最高,春秋次之,除河口海域外夏季浓度最低;河口海域冬夏季均为浓度高值区。经验正交分解显示第一空间模态反映渤海悬沙浓度的总体分布特征,其显著变化周期为12个月,显示渤海表层悬沙的季节变化特征。第二空间模态反映黄河入海径流对渤海表层悬沙浓度分布格局的影响, 其周期为6个月,代表黄河口海域悬沙浓度的变化周期。第三模态显示渤海不同海域悬沙浓度的增加或减小过程并不同步,存在明显的位相差异。     

井陉矿区2号煤层夹矸的矿物岩石学特征

产于河北井陉矿区2号煤层中的中层矸以层位稳定,单层分布广泛为特征．分析表明,夹矸主要由高岭石和I／S混层矿物组成．高岭石主要分布于夹矸上、下部,而中部以I／S为主．I／S主要为IS有序,混层比为26％~38％S．由TiO2／Al2O3值所反映的是一种酸性火山灰物源．     

吐哈盆地台北凹陷中侏罗统孢粉组合

吐哈盆地台北凹陷地区井下中侏罗统煤系地层中发现了丰富的孢粉化石，自下而上的西山密组、三间房组和七克台组分别建立了孢粉组合，依次为Ｃｙａｔｈｉｄｉｔｅｓ－Ｃｙｃａｄｏｐｉｔｅｓ－Ｑｕａｄｒａｅｃｕｌｉｎａ组合、Ｃｙａｔｈｉｄｉｔｅｓ－Ｃｌａｓｓｏｐｏｌｌｉｓ－Ｐｉｃｅｉｔｅｓ和ＧｒａｎｕｌａｔｉｓｐｏｒｉｔｅｓＣｌａｓｓｏｐｏｌｌｉｓ－Ｐｏｄｏｃａｒｐｉｄｉｔｅｓ组合；通过组合特征分析和孢粉组合对比，认为上述３个组合均为中侏罗世产物，根据各组的上下关系和重要分子的分布可以推测它们分别属于中侏罗世的早期、中期和晚期。     

近底悬沙测验及其仪器的研制

本文较系统地总结了在长江干流上开展近底悬沙测验的经验,对所研制、使用的三种近底悬沙采样器的结构特点作了简要介绍;对如何作好仪器设计提出了一些看法;对仪器操作使用中应注意的问题和测验成果的合理性检查作了具体说明;最后,还就开展近底悬沙测验的目的,如何合理地进行测验布置以及测验成果的计算整理方法作了较详细的论述。     

海底滑坡冲击下悬跨管道动态响应及安全性评估

作为一种常见的海洋地质灾害,海底滑坡会对油气管道的安全造成巨大威胁。由于海洋底流的冲刷作用,海底管道往往会悬跨于海床之上,稳定性较差。当悬跨管道遭受到海底滑坡的冲击作用后,其动态响应预测及安全性评估尤为重要。本文建立了海底滑坡-管道相互作用的有限元模型,将油气管道分为悬跨段和埋地段,考虑了悬跨长度和高度变化条件下,油气管道遭受海底滑坡冲击作用时的动态响应。数值计算结果表明,管道悬跨长度和高度对其塑性变形影响显著,海底滑坡引起的管道应变会随着悬跨长度和高度的增加而增大。最后,提出了综合考虑悬跨长度和高度影响下海底管道安全性评估方法,该成果可直接用于海底滑坡作用下油气管道安全性的动态评估。     

黑龙江依兰盆地古近系煤与油页岩共生特点及层序地层格架

黑龙江依兰盆地是我国典型的煤与油页岩共生盆地,通过对盆地古近系达连河组层序地层格架下煤与油页岩共生特征进行研究,识别出四种煤与油页岩共生组合,即煤层／油页岩／煤层组合、油页岩／煤层／油页岩组合、油页岩／其它沉积腺层组合及油页岩／煤层组合。将达连河组划分为一个三级层序,其内部可以识别出4个体系域：低水位体系域（LST）沉积期,在地势低洼处发育厚度不大、分布局限的油页岩,向隆起区尖灭;湖扩张体系域（EST）沉积期,4种煤与油页岩共生组合均有发育;湖扩张体系域从早期到晚期、从滨湖到湖中心,共生组合中煤层厚度逐渐减小,油页岩厚度逐渐增大;早期高水位体系域（EHST）沉积期,主要发育厚度巨大、分布稳定的油页岩;晚期高水位体系域（LHST）不发育煤层和油页岩。可容空间增加速率与沉积物堆积速率的相关关系控制了煤、油页岩的发育和相互转换。     

焦家金矿构造研究

研究结果表明,矿体与构造的关系极为密切,断裂、裂隙和隐爆角砾岩简是矿床中的主要容矿构造,它们对矿体的分布、类型和矿化富集程度等有着明显的控制作用。论文在对矿床中两种不同成因角砾特征、分布状态待方面的研究基础上,提出了矿床内存在着隐爆角砾岩筒,它呈“上封下悬”的柱状形态,对Ⅰ号矿体中的富矿段有着明显的控制作用,这种容矿构造类型在胶东金矿中的首次提出,无疑对胶东地区金矿床的构造研究和寻找新构造类型的矿床有着重要的指导意义。最后,论文运用了爆破动力学原理,对形成隐爆角砾岩筒的能量进行了探讨。     

(四)悬移质运动

被水流悬浮挟运的泥沙称为悬沙,也称悬移质。在泥沙问题中,悬沙占重要地位。悬沙的测验研究,包括确定其数量、粒径组成、分布(垂线和断面上)及其变化过程、运行特性,与其它泥沙因素(床沙质、推移质的组成、数量、床面形态等)及水流因素(水深、流速、比降、水温、糙率等)的关系等等,都是水文泥沙工作中的重要课题。悬移质、推移质、床沙质之间的关系很密切。推移质和悬移质中经常与床沙交换的较粗部份,称为床沙质,亦称造床质;一般不会沉落于床面、与床沙质关系很小的细颗粒,称为冲泻质,也叫非造床质。床     

济阳拗陷天然气藏中氦同位素组成特征

济阳拗陷为陆内拉张盆地,拗陷内分布大量的烃类和非烃类气藏。气藏中氦同位素具有三种组成特征：2．50＜R／Ra＜3．20.1．40＜R／R＜200及R／R＜0．40,表明氦的不同起源。     

黄河内蒙古段上覆水、悬浮物和底泥重金属特征及生态风险研究

系统地采集黄河内蒙古段上覆水、悬浮物和底泥样品,分析其中重金属元素的含量。采用地质累积指数法和潜在生态危害系数法,研究了黄河干流内蒙古段的上覆水、悬浮物和底泥的重金属沿程分布特征、污染程度和生态风险。分析结果显示:除了As元素,悬浮物中重金属元素含量总体上高于底泥中的含量。地质累积指数法评价结果表明:悬浮物和底泥属于无污染—中度污染,悬浮物总体上比底泥污染严重;潜在生态危害系数法评价结果表明:底泥和悬浮物中重金属的生态危害总体上属轻微状态;因此,生态风险指数法和地质累积指数评价结果基本一致。     

Geochemistry of suspended matter and sinking material in the eastern Norwegian Sea

This paper reports the results of a geochemical study of suspended particulate matter and particle fluxes in the Norwegian Sea above the Bear Island slope. The concentrations of suspended particles and the main components of suspended matter were determined in the euphotic, intermediate (“clean water”), and bottom nepheloid layers. It was shown that biogenic components are predominant in the water above the nepheloid layer, whereas the suspended matter of the nepheloid layer is formed by the resuspension of the lithogenic components of bottom sediments. The chemical compositions of suspended matter and material collected in sediment traps are identical.     

南黄海悬浮体的垂直分布特性及其指示意义

重点研究了南黄海典型断面的悬浮体垂直分布特性及其指示意义。结果表明:四季南海黄海北部断面悬浮体分布的共同特征是西高东低,冬、春季鲁北沿岸流携带悬浮体向南输运和黄海暖流北上是南黄海与北黄海进行物质交换的重要方式和途径;夏半年南黄海中部断面深水域存在的表层云团状悬浮体高值区或"中层悬浮体最大值"现象与该海域的生物活动具有密切的联系;冬、春季苏北浅滩外侧海域近岸区的悬浮体含量显著高于夏、秋季,且冬半年近岸区的悬浮体具有向外海输运的趋势;长江口东北部断面各季节均存在2个悬浮体高值区,其中位于断面西部近岸海域的高值区与长江冲淡水(夏季)或苏北沿岸水(冬季)的影响有关,位于断面东部深水域处的悬浮体高值区是黄海西部沿岸流物质输运的结果,并与济州岛西南部海域的泥质区总体相对应,黄海与东海的物质交换过程主要通过夏季长江冲淡水东北向扩展与冬半年黄海西部沿岸流南下和黄海暖流北上进行。另外,水体层化和陆架锋也显著影响着南黄海悬浮体的垂直分布状况,锋面是控制夏季悬浮体向外海深水区输运的主要物理机制。     

国内外河口悬沙通量研究进展

系统地介绍了国内外河口悬沙通量研究的进展,目前对于河口悬沙通量主要采用模型研究、水文学方法、机制分解、仪器直接测量等方法从理论和实际相结合的角度来进行研究。目前物理模型的研究成果比较直观,但受到模型尺度和精度等的限制,数学模型研究具有快、准的优点,可以给出令人满意的定性结果,但未能达到定量预报的程度;传统的水文学方法可以用来研究河口地区悬移质泥沙在不同动力因子作用下的输移情况;机制分解法是比较成熟和可靠的方法,但该方法与河口动力机制和泥沙输移过程结合不够;使用先进仪器进行直接测量则受到仪器精度和取样点的布设等条件的限制。因此,关于河口悬沙通量的研究还有待于深入和细化。     

试论悬河补给—悬河的类型及其成因

文中依据我国西北干旱地区广泛发育悬河这一现象,从地表水—地下水转化和河水位—地下水位关系的角度出发,讨论了悬河的定义,划分了松散层上发育的悬河类型;从河床下非饱和带的介质组成和结构、水动力学条件和外界影响等三个方面探讨了悬河的成因。     

Role of riverine sediment and particulate matter in adsorption of heavy metals

Riverine sediments and suspended matters have been subjected to several bench scale tests for the evaluation of adsorption potential of heavy metals. For this purpose water, sediment and suspended particulate matters of Tadjan River (southern part of the Caspian Sea) were collected. In the vicinity of the river many polluting sources were recognized; for instance, pulp and paper mill, dairy factory and municipal sewage that can introduce various amounts of heavy metals into the river water. Bottom sediments and suspended particulate matters have been individually subjected to adsorption tests. The results of analysis showed that riverine bottom sediments have greater potential for adsorbing heavy metals than suspended matters. However the trend of adsorption in both sediments and suspended matters are similar. Maximum adsorption capacity of heavy metals (in terms of mg of metal per kg of sediments and suspended matters) by sediments and suspended matters are as: Sediments: Cu (2200)> Mn (2000)> Ni (1400)> Zn (320) Suspended matters: Cu (2100)> Ni (1500)> Mn (1200)> Zn (310) Further, results revealed that increasing concentration of metals would cause desorbing Cadmium from both sediments and suspended matters.     

Aggregation of montmorillonite and organic matter in aqueous media containing artificial seawater

Background  

The dispersion-aggregation behaviors of suspended colloids in rivers and estuaries are affected by the compositions of suspended materials (i.e., clay minerals vs. organic macromolecules) and salinity. Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the dispersion and aggregation mechanisms of suspended particles under simulated river and estuarine conditions. The average hydrodynamic diameters of suspended particles (representing degree of aggregation) and zeta potential (representing the electrokinetic properties of suspended colloids and aggregates) were determined for systems containing suspended montmorillonite, humic acid, and/or chitin at the circumneutral pH over a range of salinity (0 – 7.2 psu).     

嫩江流域水体及悬浮物重金属元素分布特征及环境指示意义

水和悬浮物是河流重金属元素迁移的主要载体.对嫩江中下游悬浮物及滤后水重金属元素分布特征进行了较系统的研究,结果表明：丰水期是嫩江流域内悬浮物迁移的主要季节,支流的汇入会影响嫩江干流悬浮物浓度,大安市生产生活对水体悬浮物浓度产生明显影响;齐齐哈尔市的生产生活对嫩江水体悬浮物重金属含量影响不大,而对水中Cr、Cu、Pb、Ni、Zn元素产生明显影响;雅鲁河是向嫩江输入重金属Cr、Ni最多的支流,年输入嫩江通量分别为1223、100．46 t;阿伦河是向嫩江输入重金属Cd、Cu、Pb最多的支流,年输入嫩江通量分别为0．08、10．93、9．96 t;嫩江向松花江年输入重金属As、Hg、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni通量分别为113．7、0．32、0．79、438、164、152、440、224 t.     

Regional rating curve models of suspended sediment transport for Turkey

Estimations of annual suspended sediment loads are required for various types of water resources studies. Often estimation of the sediment load is needed for ungauged watersheds. Regionalization methods provide a practical solution to solve such problems. The purpose of this study is to classify suspended sediment yields in watersheds into homogeneous regions in order to identify their regional sediment rating curves. This study has been carried out for suspended sediment stations on 26 main basins of Turkey. Long term-scale suspended sediment rating curves of 115 gauging stations in Turkey were classified using cluster analysis on the basis of hydrological homogeneity. An agglomerative hierarchical clustering algorithm is used so that stations from different geographical locations are considered in the same cluster independently of their geographical location. 115 gauging stations were clustered into 4 different homogenous regions and the regional suspended sediment rating curve was developed for each region. The performance efficiencies of the developed regional rating curves were evaluated for 8 test stations and compared to the performances of rating curves in test sites. A regionalization model is developed for estimating suspended sediment rating curves for ungauged sites in Turkey. The developed regional rating curve models result in very close performances to those of their corresponding site rating curves.     

Suspended material in Narragansett Bay: fatty acid and hydrocarbon composition

Suspended material collected at various stations in Narragansett Bay was analyzed for fatty acids and hydrocarbons. The qualitative and quantitative distributions of these compounds indicated that the influence of sewage and other pollutants was greatest in the river areas. Based on concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids, the highest densities of phytoplankton were interpreted to occur at the mid and lower Bay stations, and the percentage of phytoplankton in suspended material was estimated from the concentration of heneicosahexaene. The concentrations of fatty acids and hydrocarbons in the suspended material decreased from the river stations to the mid and lower Bay stations, closely following a similar trend observed in the sediment. Possible sources of the suspended material and the influence of these sources on this material in various areas of the Bay are discussed, and attempts are made to interrelate the suspended material, resuspended sediment, phytoplankton, and sewage effluent with chemical and biochemical diagenetic changes.