扬子陆核崆岭杂岩太古宙地壳演化

扬子陆核黄陵穹隆出露了目前扬子克拉通已知的最古老结晶基底——崆岭杂岩,是了解扬子克拉通太古宙地壳形成与演化的理想窗口.本文将近年来崆岭杂岩太古宙岩石的锆石U-Pb年代学、Hf同位素以及地球化学研究成果进行了总结,揭示了扬子陆核太古宙岩石时空分布规律及地壳演化的动力学过程进行了约束.结果表明,扬子陆核地壳演化过程可分为始...     

大别山地区约2. 5 Ga花岗质岩石的发现——扬子基底太古宙—元古宙之交陆壳的直接证据

华南由扬子和华夏地块组成,是构建东亚大陆的主要前寒武纪块体之一。扬子地块包含了华南所有已知的太古宙岩石单元,它们规模相对局限且零散分布于地块的不同部位,但碎屑和捕获/继承锆石指示了区域上太古宙地壳的广泛存在。现有的碎屑和捕获/继承锆石数据均指示扬子地块以约2.7 Ga和约2.5 Ga为主的太古宙地壳物质组成,对应全球大陆地壳快速生长与初始克拉通化的最重要阶段。然而,目前扬子地块仅有约2.7 Ga岩石的报道,约2.5 Ga岩石则相对缺乏,导致其基底地壳成分及克拉通化过程认识的不足。大别造山带是中生代扬子地块向北与华北板块俯冲、碰撞的产物,卷入并保留了大量扬子地块的前寒武纪基底,并以变质杂岩或地体的形式出露于大别山的不同部位。笔者等从大别山地区前寒武纪变质杂岩中识别出具不同岩性特征的约2.5 Ga花岗岩质岩石,报道了它们的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年结果。孝昌地区两个糜棱岩化黑云母花岗岩的测年结果分别为2479±17 Ma和2497±20 Ma,宿松杂岩地区两个花岗质片麻岩偏钾质,年龄分别为2491±15 Ma和2516±26 Ma。结合区域地质证据,认为大别山地区可能存在较为广泛的...     

扬子板块北缘中段前陆带构造变形特征及意义

扬子板块北缘中段前陆褶皱逆冲带在中生代经历了多期的构造叠加和改造,其复杂的构造样式记录了早期扬子板块与秦岭-大别微板块拼贴碰撞作用以及晚期转入的陆内变形过程。本文在前人研究的基础上通过对扬子板块北缘中段保康-房县地区前陆带构造变形样式及运动学特征的分析,划分出扬子板块北缘前陆褶皱逆冲带的根部、前锋及其内部次级的逆冲推覆构造单元,同时识别出一条过保康-神农架-蒲溪一带近东西走向的左行走滑剪切带,分析表明该左行走滑带形成于扬子板块北缘全面转入陆内变形之后、大巴山大规模向南西逆冲推覆运动之前的中侏罗世到晚侏罗世期间。该左行走滑剪切带对扬子板块相对于华北板块发生顺时针旋转的过程起到了调节作用,对于扬子板块北缘中生代构造演化具有重要意义。     

大别山地区约2. 5 Ga花岗质岩石的发现——扬子基底太古宙—元古宙之交陆壳的直接证据

南由扬子和华夏地块组成,是构建东亚大陆的主要前寒武纪块体之一。扬子地块包含了华南所有已知的太古宙岩石单元,它们规模相对局限且零散分布于地块的不同部位,但碎屑和捕获/继承锆石指示了区域上太古宙地壳的广泛存在。现有的碎屑和捕获/继承锆石数据均指示扬子地块以约2. 7 Ga和约2. 5 Ga为主的太古宙地壳物质组成,对应全球大陆地壳快速生长与初始克拉通化的最重要阶段。然而,目前扬子地块仅有约2. 7 Ga岩石的报道,约2. 5 Ga岩石则相对缺乏,导致其基底地壳成分及克拉通化过程认识的不足。大别造山带是中生代扬子地块向北与华北板块俯冲、碰撞的产物,卷入并保留了大量扬子地块的前寒武纪基底,并以变质杂岩或地体的形式出露于大别山的不同部位。本文从大别山地区前寒武纪变质杂岩中识别出具不同岩性特征的约2. 5 Ga花岗岩质岩石,报道了它们的LA- ICP- MS锆石U- Pb测年结果。孝昌地区两个糜棱岩化黑云母花岗岩的测年结果分别为2479±17 Ma和2497±20 Ma,宿松杂岩地区两个花岗质片麻岩偏钾质,年龄分别为2491±15 Ma和2516±26 Ma。结合区域地质证据,认为大别山地区可能存在较为广泛的约2. 5 Ga地壳。这提供了约2. 5 Ga扬子基底地壳的直接证据,太古宙—元古宙（Ar—Pt）之交应是扬子地块原始克拉通形成与演化的重要时期。     

扬子克拉通早太古代地壳物质的锆石同位素证据

是否存在早太古代地壳是比较不同陆块早期演化历史的重要基础。自3.8 Cra的碎屑锆石在华北板块被发现后，关于扬子板块是否也存在早太古代的地壳物质成为众人争论的热点之一。长期以来，通常认为华北克拉通广泛出露太古代岩石，而扬子克拉通的基底主要形成于元古代，只在局部地区记录了少量太古代信息。然而，对崆岭混合岩的错石U-Pb定年和Hf同位素分析结果，表明扬子克拉通曾经存在大于等于3500 Ma的地壳物质。     

华北和扬子陆块及秦岭-大别造山带地表和深部太古宙基底的新信息

本文根据华北和扬子陆块及秦岭-大别造山带地表和深部出露的各种岩石中发现的继承性锆石的测年数据,报道了太古宙基底和岩浆事件的新信息,并简要地论述其地质意义。华北陆块东北缘、东南缘、北缘、西北缘共6个地区的深部都存在新太古代和中、古太古代岩浆事件的新信息;南缘深部也存在古太古代岩浆事件的新信息。在华北陆块早前寒武纪同位素年龄直方图(以太古宙岩浆事件为主)上,最高峰值位于2.45-2.6 Ga区间,而以2.5-2.55 Ga最为突出,显示该区间岩浆事件最为强烈,可能代表一次重要的碰撞事件。此外还见有2.7 Ga,2.8 -2.85 Ga,2.95-3.0 Ga,3.1-3.15 Ga,3.3-3.4 Ga,3.45-3.5 Ga,3.6 Ga和3.8 Ga等较高峰值,反映了岩浆事件不同活动阶段的演化趋势。扬子陆块北缘地表和深部有与华北陆块相似的太古宙古老基底信息。扬子陆块中部的长江中下游地区、东南缘相当于江南古陆的地区以及扬子陆块西南缘地区在地壳深部均保留有新太古代和/或古太古代岩浆锆石的年龄信息。秦岭-大别造山带从东到西,多处(主要是深部)也发现有新-中太古代残余岩浆锆石的年龄信息。     

陕西紫阳辉长岩锆石U-Pb年龄及微量元素地球化学特征

陕西安康的瓦房店、紫阳、岚皋、镇坪和湖北竹溪一带的早古生代地层中广泛出露具双峰式岩浆岩组合的岩墙群。本文通过紫阳高滩辉长岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学研究,获得其侵位年龄为410±4.5 Ma。高滩辉长岩具有类似OIB的稀土元素和微量元素分配特征,Th/Nb比值小于0.11,Nb/Zr大于0.15,显示其形成于与地幔柱活动相关的富集地幔源区。Nb/U、Ce/Pb比值及U、Th、Pb和Ni含量特征显示岩浆演化早期经历橄榄石和辉石的弱分离结晶作用,岩浆上升过程中几乎未受到地壳物质混染作用。高滩辉长岩年代学、微量元素地球化学特征及区域地质特征表明,早古生代晚期扬子陆块北缘地幔柱作用使得该区软流圈地幔上涌,导致扬子板块北缘陆内裂解,引发紫阳、岚皋一带早古生代晚期的基性岩浆作用。由于地幔深部热动力条件制约,这次大陆裂解事件未能持续。高滩辉长岩锆石年龄是对扬子板块北缘陆内裂解事件的响应。     

内蒙古白云鄂博地区新元古界温都尔庙群洋壳残片特征及地质意义

文章从温都尔庙群岩石组合、岩石化学和同位素年龄特征入手,研究显示该套岩石具有洋中脊拉斑玄武岩的特征;岩石稀土特征表明其形成于陆间小洋盆环境.它属于华北板块北缘中段新元古代构造演化阶段的产物,为研究华北板块北缘地壳演化提供了新的依据.     

关于江西地壳构造演化几个问题的认识

本文对江西省的地壳演化问题有了新的认识。提出前加里东期扬子板块与华南板块地壳演化的不均一性;加里东期—印支期扬子板块与华南板块接合和加里东褶皱带,以及燕山期江西地壳演化发展新阶段等看法。     

内蒙古大青山太古宙麻粒岩带的板块构造演化模式

太古宙末期在全球范围内出现的麻粒岩带是地壳早期地质演化历史中的一个重大事件，可能意味着地壳构造演化机制的重大转变。越来越多的地质事实表明，太古宙晚期大陆地壳已具有足够的刚性和稳定性。太古宙时期地幔存在强烈的热对流，具备发生板块运动的条件。太古宙麻粒岩带就是太古宙地壳发生刚性板块运动的直接产物。内蒙古大青山太古宙麻粒岩带呈东西向连续出露于大青山地区达２３０余公里，由中晚太古代乌拉山群麻粒岩相组成，其     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.