黑龙江东部盆地群早白垩世早期海侵作用续探——以鸡西盆地鸡D7井为例

黑龙江东部盆地群是我国东部重要的中生代陆相含油气区,属东北含油气亚区的一部分。早白垩世以陆相湖泊沉积为主,但有多次规模不等的海侵事件发生,本次研究进一步对鸡西盆地鸡D7井下白垩统城子河组和穆棱组砂岩的结构构造、矿物排列、碎屑岩组分、胶结物、综合结构系数、重矿物等特征进行了综合分析研究:在早白垩世地层发现了具典型滨海潮下带特征的双粘土层构造;该层位砂岩多为少石英或者石英含量在25%左右的长石岩屑砂岩和岩屑长石砂岩;胶结物以碳酸盐为主;受海侵作用影响,城子河组砂岩综合结构系数平均值为20.16,穆棱组平均值为46.65,表明穆棱期比城子河期受海侵影响更为明显;并且在砂岩中发现重矿物20余种,呈条带状富集,尤其是特征矿物海绿石、自生独居石、莓状黄铁矿及自然金等具明显海侵相特征。本次研究为黑龙江东部盆地群海侵的存在提供了一系列沉积学证据。     

新疆塔里木盆地西部海相白垩系及其沉积环境探讨

此文根据有孔虫化石群系统分类、古生态及分布的研究结论,并参考遗迹化石、沟鞭藻及其它化石类别的研究成果,讨论本区海相白垩系的最低层位及海侵开始时间,指出最早海侵时期的海水分布范围和古环境特征;提出各组时代归属的初步意见,并同国内、外有关层位进行对比;探讨海水进退规程及沉积环境演变。本区白垩纪共经历四次较为明显的海水进退旋回,在森诺曼中、晚期至土仑早期形成高潮。     

资兴三都矿区唐垅组的河口湾沉积

三都矿区出炭垅组和杨梅垅组含丰富的煤炭,而唐垅组不含煤,这是因为前者为陆相河流环境,后者为河口湾环境。河口湾沉积在垂直相序中处于下部陆相河流向上部海相的过渡带中;岩性为成分成熟度和结构成熟度均高的石英净砂岩;下部含植物化石,中部含大量垂直和倾斜的虫管,上部含较多的海相化石。粒度分布、微量元素及砂体形态特征下部为河流沉积,中上部为河口湾沉积。这一海侵的时期为早侏罗世,海侵方向为由西南向东北。      

陆相盆地中的海侵层序特征:中欧盆地三叠系与松辽盆地白垩系对比研究

中欧盆地三叠系是典型的海陆过渡相沉积，松辽盆地白垩系是含有海侵事件记录的陆相河湖盆地。两盆地的共同特点是：①大陆克拉通上长期发育的大型坳陷盆地；②靠近古大洋和（或）有向海通道；③主要由互层状泥岩、粉砂岩、碳酸盐岩和膏盐层组成；④无典型海相化石，可能发育有半咸水和（或）高盐度生物；⑤海侵层中自生矿物的δ^34S,δ^13C,δ^18O同位素比值及介质盐度指数（Sr/Ba）、碱度指数（Ca Mg)／（Si Al）、还原性指标（Zn Ni)/Ga、硫沉积通量指数（归一化硫含量）等显著高于相邻层位背景值。     

西藏南部岗巴地区白垩纪化石碳酸盐岩微相与沉积环境研究

西藏南部岗巴地区发育着我国最完整的海相白垩纪地层,对该时期海相沉积演化特征的研究,能够较好地反映该地区在印度板块和欧亚板块碰撞前的演化信息。对白垩纪岗巴地区的化石碳酸盐岩微相进行了较为详细和系统的分析与研究。初步识别出12种微相和7种生物相类型,在此基础上对西藏特提斯白垩纪沉积环境的演变进行了初步的探讨。西藏特提斯在白垩纪的海水进退规程总体上表现为：Berriasian-Aptian期发生海侵,Albian早期发生海退,Albian晚期-Cenomanian期水体有进一步加深的趋势,Turonian期再次发生大规模海侵,Santonian-Coniacian期海侵持续进行,Maastrichtian期海水急剧变浅。     

中国西北地区第四纪盐湖沉积中钙质超微化石的发现及其古环境意义

报导了中国西北地区的甘肃、青海、新疆等地陆相第四纪盐湖沉积中发现的钙质超微化石,它们主要是：Ｇｅｐｈｙｒｏｃａｐｓａｏｃｅａｎｉｃａ,Ｃｏｃｏｌｉｔｈｕｓｐｅｌａｇｉｃｕｓ,Ｃａｌｃｉｄｉｓｃｕｓｌｅｐｔｏｐｏｒｕｓ,Ｃ．ｍａｃｉｎｔｙｒｅｉ,Ｒｅｔｉｃｕｌｏｆｅｎｅｓｔｒａｍｉｎｕｔｕｌａ等。上述钙质超微化石群具有以下特征：（１）化石丰度中等,属、种分异度低,化石保存差;（２）赋存化石的层位均为富含石膏盐层的微咸水咸水的沉积物,或为盐湖沉积;（３）产出化石地点远距该地质时期时的古海岸线。它们与古海域既无通道相连,亦非残留海。中国西北地区盐湖沉积中钙质超微化石的发现说明了中国东部地区第三纪沙河街组某些层位中的钙质超微化石不能作为“海相生物”的标志,否定了这些化石层位与“海侵”或“海泛”的关联。     

黑龙江省东部裴德组砾石中放射虫的发现及其意义

裴德组原指分布在黑龙江省东部龙爪沟群下部、中生代海相化石层之下的一套含煤的陆相火山碎屑岩地层,所含植物化石一般认为属于ConiopterisPhoenicopsis植物群的中侏罗世组合。裴德组下部的砾石中发现了放射虫化石,鉴定和对比的结果表明这些砾石来自东部的那丹哈达地体。对佳木斯地体和那丹哈达地体拼贴时限和拼贴地点的进一步分析则建议将“龙爪沟群”解体、裴德组形成的时代修正到白垩纪。     

塔里木中部地区东河砂岩段沉积特征和沉积环境演变

塔里木盆地东河砂岩段是中国首例获高产工业性油气流的海相滨岸沉积,它是石炭纪初期海侵阶段的沉积产物,包括底部砾岩、中部块状砂岩和上部含砾砂岩沉积。东河砂岩段主体岩性为中细石英质砾岩和岩屑质细砂岩,具有中等偏高的成份和结构成熟度、酸性岩浆岩的重矿物组合、海相沉积物的微量元素特征,发育不同类型的交错层理、平行层理、冲洗层理以及生物扰动构造,垂向上构成河口湾(河流)和滨岸沉积序列。底部砾岩形成于受古地形控制的砾质河流沉积环境;中部块状砂岩和上部含砾砂岩形成于河口湾和前滨、临滨沉积环境。平面上,塔中10井和塔中14井以西地区以前滨和临滨沉积为特征,以东地区以河口湾沉积为特征,整体表现出自西向东的海侵特征。     

关于新疆乌恰盆地中新生代砂岩型铅锌铜铀层次成矿问题浅析

回顾乌恰构造拉分盆地的地史发展与构造演化,厘定出白垩纪-新近纪碎屑岩沉积盆地;建立起层次性砂岩型铅锌铜铀矿成矿系列,划分出白垩世早期河流边滩相沉积铜银矿、早-中期平原三角洲相沉积铀矿、晚白垩世早-中期海相-亚陆相沉积铅锌矿及新近纪早中期残留湖相沉积铜银矿和上部层中钼铀矿五个含矿层位,指出海侵前和海退后是陆相砂岩型铜银铀矿的成矿环境,而海相建造系列的亚陆相沉积建造是铅锌赋存的古地理条件;并从大地构造背景、古地理演化环境、控矿构造性状、物源及其他有关成矿因素进行粗浅的综合与讨论。     

中国东部早第三纪海侵质疑

从七十年代开始,不断出现关于中国东部某些地区下第三系中发现海相化石的报道,从而提出了中国东部早第三纪发生过海侵的推论。这一推论首先是从古生物学界开始的,很快就扩展到沉积学界,以致于整个地质界。有些作者对早第三纪海侵进行了分期,并编制了海侵范围图     

浙闽赣地区侏罗系——白垩系界线再认识

我国陆相侏罗系—白垩系界线长期存在争议。最近黑龙江东部海相化石的检验使这一问题有所突破;根据与海相层交互的陆相层中各门类化石的对比,又使其它地区(包括浙闽赣地区)的问题也开始解决。众所周知,浙闽赣地区侏罗系—白垩系界线就在建德群(或其相当地层)之中或其顶、底。本文依据与黑龙江东部的对比,并据本区近年来采用多种方法测得的,一批可靠性大的同位素年龄资料,提出了侏罗系—白垩系界线的新认识。     

黑龙江省东部残留盆地群早白垩世沉积相特征及演化

黑龙江省东部残留盆地群早白垩世主要充填滴道组（裴德组）、城子河组（七虎林组和云山组）、穆棱组（珠山组）和东山组。沉积相以冲积扇相、（扇）三角洲相、湖泊相、海相等为主。沉积相研究结果表明,滴道组以冲积扇及（扇）三角洲粗碎屑沉积为主,并伴随有火山岩分布,反映了盆地初始裂陷阶段的沉积环境特点;城子河组和穆棱组沉积时期,三江地区处于整体下沉阶段,现今残留的三江盆地、勃利盆地、鸡西盆地、虎林盆地、宁安盆地、鹤岗盆地和汤原断陷等为统一的近海拗陷盆地,张广才岭-小兴安岭及东三江和完达山地区是盆地主要物源供给区,平面上构成（扇）三角洲-滨浅湖-半深湖-湖底扇的沉积格局,并且伴随有多次海侵事件,海侵方向主要来自虎林盆地东部及绥滨坳陷北部;东山组沉积时期,盆地已明显萎缩,发育局限的（扇）三角洲-滨浅湖相沉积。     

黑龙江东部早白垩世生物地层学研究的主要进展

巴列姆期的菊石、巴列姆期—阿尔必期的海相双壳类、早白垩世的沟鞭藻、放射虫和有孔虫等的发现 ,均证实了黑龙江东部含煤地层龙爪沟群、鸡西群和大架山组的时代为早白垩世中、晚期。鸡西群中含有热河或威替姆动物化石群中常见的双壳类化石 ,这一事实似乎暗示着中国热河或俄罗斯威替姆动物化石群为早白垩世时代。早白垩世 ,特别是巴列姆期—阿尔必期 ,沿大架山—云山—虎林-裴德—鸡西一线北东东方向存在着一条向东 (古太平洋 )开口 ,但由东向西变浅的狭长海湾。多次海侵和海泛沿着这一海湾由东向西至鸡西后向南和向北 ,并可能向西扩散。正是这一海湾和海平面的升降控制着东北地区的早白垩世的气候、地理、生物群落的演变、甚至煤的聚集和油的形成     

The Cretaceous System in China

This paper provides an outline of Cretaceous stratigraphy and paleogeography in China, which is based on rich data obtained from recent researches. Cretaceous deposits are widespread in China. Most strata are of nonmarine origin and marine sediments occur only in Tibet, western Tarim Basin of Xinjiang, Taiwan and limited localities of eastern Heilongjiang. All deposits are rich in fossils and well-constrained biostratigraphically. The stratigraphic successions of different regions are illustrated, and general stratigraphic division and correlation have been introduced. The marine deposits are described in the Tibetan Tethys, Kashi-Hotan Region of Xinjiang, eastern Heilongjiang, western Yunnan and Taiwan; the nonmarine deposits are outlined from northeast China, southeast China, southern interior China, southwest China, the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia region, and northwestern China intermontane basins. The sedimentary facies and paleogeography are diversified. In Tibet the basin evolution is largely related to the subduction and collision of the Indian Plate against the Eurasian Continent, and shows a tectonic evolution in the Cretaceous. Foraminifera are a dominant biota in the Tibet Tethys. Nonmarine sediments include variegated and red beds, coal- or salt-bearing horizons, and volcanic rocks. These deposits contain diverse and abundant continental faunas and floras, as well as important coal and oil resources. The Cretaceous stratigraphy and paleogeography in China have presented a foundation for geological studies.     

Studies on the Early Cretaceous Longzhaogou and Jixi Groups of eastern Heilongjiang,northeast China,and their bearing on the age of supposedly Jurassic strata in eastern Asia

The coal-bearing Longzhaogou and Jixi Groups in eastern Heilongjiang, northeast China, consist of alternating marine and non-marine deposits containing abundant marine animal and plant fossils. The Jixi Group also yields members of the Johel Fauna that is widely distributed in northern and eastern China. The two groups have been considered as Jurassic or mainly Jurassic in age for a long time. However, recent studies documented that the ammonites, bivalves, dinoflagellates, angiosperms and sporopollens are all of Early Cretaceous rather than Jurassic age. It has been demonstrated that: (1) the Longzhaogou and Jixi Groups and their equivalents, the Johel Group of China and the Transbaikalian Group of Russia, are of Early Cretaceous age, (2) the Barremian-Albian was also a very important period of coal accumulation in northeastern China and perhaps in all of eastern Asia, (3) there existed a large shallow embayment connecting with the Palaeo-Pacific in eastern Heilongjiang, and it was the climate of the embayment that controlled the origin and development of the animal and plant communities of northeastern China during the Early Cretaceous. Correlation between formations in the Jixi and Longzhaogou Groups has also been revised in this paper.     

A new species of Platanus from the Cenomanian(Upper Cretaceous) in eastern Heilongjiang,China

The stratigraphic division and sequence of the Upper Cretaceous sediments in eastern Heilongjiang Province,China,have been ambiguous and controversial,mainly due to a lack of biostratigraphically useful fossils and related radiometric dating.A new species of angiospermous fossil plant.Platanus heilongjiangensis sp.nov.,from Qitaihe in eastern Heilongjiang has been found in sediments conformably above which zircons from a rhyolitic tuff has been dated by U-Pb radiometric methods as 96.2± 1.7 Ma.indicating that the Upper Houshigou Formation is of Cenomanian age.This discovery not only provides new data to improve our stratigraphic understanding of the Houshigou Formation,but also shows that Platanus flourished in the early Late Cretaceous floras of the region.This new study also indicates active volcanism taking place in the eastern Heilongjiang region during the Cenomanian of the Late Cretaceous.     

The Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous of eastern Heilongjiang, northeast China: stratigraphy and regional basin history

In eastern Heilongjiang, the Upper Jurassic is marine and restricted to the Suibin and Dong’an areas, where it is characterized faunally by Callovian–Volgian (Tithonian) bivalves and florally by dinoflagellates. The Lower Cretaceous is widely distributed in eastern Heilongjiang, and characterized faunally by Berriasian–Valanginian bivalves, Barremian–Albian ammonites and Aucellina, and florally by dinoflagellates. To the west, the marine facies grade into non-marine beds. Thus, in the east, for example in the Dong’an and Dajiashan areas, near the northwestern Palaeo-Pacific, the Lower Cretaceous is marine; westward, in the Yunshan, Longzhaogou, Peide, and Zhushan areas, marine and non-marine deposits alternate, whereas further west still, e.g. in the Jixi Basin, non-marine facies are intercalated with marine beds. This regional distribution is indicative of a large, shallow embayment opening eastwards to the Palaeo-Pacific; during the Early Cretaceous successive transgressive-regressive events influenced the climate and biota of eastern Heilongjiang and northeastern China. Many of the Lower Cretaceous sections contain abundant coals, demonstrating that in this region the Early Cretaceous was an important coal-forming period. Some non-marine bivalve species are common to the Lower Cretaceous Jixi Group of eastern Heilongjiang, the Jehol Group of western Liaoning and the Transbaikalian Group of Siberia, suggesting that these groups are of comparable Early Cretaceous age.     

黑龙江黑宝山-罕达气盆地早白垩世九峰山组年代地层划分

为了确定黑龙江黑宝山-罕达气盆地九峰山组形成的气候环境及时代，对九峰山组生物地层特征进行了系统的总结与对比.植物及其孢粉化石反映了典型的亚热带潮湿气候环境，时代为早白垩世.对九峰山组下部所夹流纹质凝灰岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素测年，获得了119±0.89 Ma成岩年龄.综合古生物和同位素年龄确定九峰山组形成于早白垩世阿普特阶中晚期，这一研究成果可为东北地区晚中生代区域性地层、成煤时代、含煤盆地对比提供精确的年代依据.     

试论一种“滨海岛湖”沉积环境及其形成背景的初步分析

本文主要涉及南岭以北、阴山以南、豫西以东地区的一系列陆相中、新生代盆地。这些盆地的早第三纪沉积因赋存有较丰富的油气和其它一些矿产而成为地质勘探的重要对象。近年来,由于海相化石的不断被发现,从而使人们对“陆相生油”等问题备加关注。值得注意的是,这种淡化海水内侵型陆相沉积,反映了一种特殊的“滨海岛湖”(多凹多凸)环境(朱夏、陈焕疆,1982)。我们试图对其沉积环境、形成背景和石油地质条件作以下的讨论和探索。