基于降雨与库水位耦合的三舟溪滑坡渗流模拟及稳定性分析

降雨与库水位升降是诱发库岸滑坡的重要因素,降雨与库水位耦合作用下的非稳定地下水渗流场的确定,是分析库岸滑坡稳定性的关键。以三舟溪滑坡为例,通过对地表位移监测数据、降雨及库水位变化数据的分析,确定了降雨和水位升降是导致滑坡稳定性降低的主要因素。利用有限元分析软件GEOSTUDIO对三舟溪滑坡在研究区实际降雨和三峡工程运行库水位条件下的瞬态渗流场进行了数值模拟和边坡稳定性分析,得到了滑坡的最危险水位升降速度和降雨量,进而提出了水位下降比与滑坡稳定性的关系。     

降雨和库水联合作用下边坡稳定性变化规律

降雨与库水位骤降是影响边坡稳定性的重要因素。为研究不同类型降雨(平均型,前峰型,中峰型,后峰型)联合库水位骤降情况下某自拟边坡渗流特性以及稳定性的变化规律,利用Geostudio软件对不同类型降雨联合库水位骤降工况下的边坡渗流特性以及稳定性的变化规律进行了数值模拟,结果表明:库水位下降过程中孔压变化有一个"响应延迟"现象,且随着距离库岸距离的变大越来越明显;库水位下降速率越大,最小稳定系数出现的时间越早,最小稳定系数越小;在静库水位作用下不同类型降雨影响了最大孔压峰值的出现时间,前峰型最小稳定系数最大,后峰型最小稳定系数最小;不同时段降雨改变了孔压瞬时变化规律;平均型降雨,前峰型降雨,中峰型降雨最小稳定系数随着降雨发生时间的延后而越小,而后峰型降雨最小稳定系数出现在库水位下降过程中(10～20 d),且后峰型降雨容易导致边坡失稳。研究成果为不同类型降雨联合库水位骤降工况下边坡渗透稳定性规律提供了一个直观的认识。     

库水位变化对边坡稳定性的影响

为了研究库水位下降速度、库水位下降时间和渗透系数对边坡稳定性的影响,本文结合某工程,利用现有的程序对多种方案进行了模拟。结果表明：库水位下降速度越大,滑弧的深度越大,比较容易发生深层滑动。边坡的安全系数分别随着库水位高程的减小和库水位下降时间的增加均出现先减小后增加的趋势。不同的库水位下降速度有不同的临界库水位和临界下降时间。渗透系数对边坡的稳定性影响较大,渗透系数越大,越有利于边坡的稳定。     

库水位变化对库岸稳定的影响

澜沧江上某水电站蓄水运行后,库水位的变动对库岸边坡的稳定性有较大影响。以该电站库区的一个库岸为例,根据库水位调度规划及当地水文资料,运用土体渗流理论以及极限平衡方法对库岸边坡进行稳定性分析,同时在灵敏度分析的基础上,研究库岸渗透系数和库水位变化对库岸边坡稳定性的影响。结果表明:在库水位上升阶段,当库岸边坡渗透系数很大时(k=2.5×10-4m/s),库岸地下水位将和库水位同步上升,将降低边坡的安全系数;当库岸边坡渗透系数很小时(k=2.5×10-6m/s),库岸边坡地下水位的上升将滞后于库水位的上升,导致作用在库岸边坡上,有利于库岸边坡的稳定;在库水位下降阶段,当库水位下降速率小于等于库岸边坡渗透系数时,库岸边坡地下水位随着库水位的下降而降低,库岸边坡的稳定性随着库水位的降低而增加;当库水位下降速率大于库岸边坡渗透系数时,库岸边坡地下水位的下降将滞后于库水位的下降,产生动水压力作用于库岸边坡,不利于库岸边坡的稳定。并提出了水库蓄水阶段应尽量保持在2 m/d内的上升速度,水位下降阶段应将水位下降速度控制在1 m/d之内的建议。该研究对水库安全运行具有一定指导作用。     

基于DDA的裂隙岩体非饱和渗流应力耦合模型研究

岩体饱和–非饱和渗流、应力耦合作用对工程岩体的强度和稳定性有十分重要的影响。目前对于裂隙岩体饱和渗流应力耦合的研究取得了一些进展,但在很多工程领域不能简单地采用饱和渗流分析。根据DDA力学计算和非饱和渗流计算原理,提出了新的基于DDA方法的非饱和渗流应力耦合模型。并给出了在库水位骤降工况下的边坡水力耦合算例,其计算结果显示在库水位骤降情况下：考虑水力耦合且库水位下降较快时的安全系数要小于库水位下降慢时的安全系数;考虑水力耦合的边坡稳定安全系数要小于不考虑耦合时的安全系数。仿真实验和工程应用表明其计算成果是符合实践规律的。     

水位下降条件下黏性土边坡稳定性的图表法

库（河）岸边坡由于坡体迎水面水位下降经常造成坡体稳定性降低,建立快速评估水位变化条件下的边坡稳定性分析方法具有重要的工程实用价值。基于库（河）水位下降过程及坡体内非稳定渗流条件,通过对ABAQUS程序进行二次开发,发展了考虑地表水-地下水联动作用下的黏性土边坡强度折减有限元分析方法;在分析边坡土性参数、相对渗透比值、边界条件对边坡稳定性影响的基础上,建立了考虑土性参数、相对渗透比值、库水位下降比、坡角等一体化的相对稳定安全系数综合图表表示方法。该方法能够简便、快捷地查出实际涉水边坡在不同工况下的稳定安全系数及设计边坡坡比,可作为现有图表法的有益补充。     

台风暴雨条件下滑坡稳定性影响因素分析

以实验数据为依据,通过数值模拟对台风暴雨条件下滑坡体稳定性的主要影响因素进行模拟研究。台风暴雨条件下滑坡体的主要影响因素为特殊降雨雨型：(1) 在相同雨强程度下,台风暴雨的单峰型降雨水文响应速度、稳定性破坏速度及程度均大于普通均匀型降雨,单峰型降雨导致边坡短时间内达到失稳状态,呈“即雨即滑”情况;(2) 强台风多峰型降雨下,经过第一个峰值强降雨后浅层土质边坡已处于不稳定状态,当第二个强峰值降雨来临时,坡体的稳定性较单峰型降低更为迅速。这些为福建省台风暴雨这一特殊降雨类型条件下滑坡的发生机理探索及预警预报提供了新的思路和科学依据。     

露天矿坑岩质边坡浸润线及稳定性研究分析

浸润线是露天矿坑岩质边坡的生命线。针对山东三山岛露天矿坑尾矿库高陡岩质边坡非恒定渗流问题,依据同一条浸润线不同渗流截面的渗流量相等以及不同浸润线同一截面的渗流量差值为库水位的增量建立平衡方程,求解浸润线方程的解,运用Seep/W进行模拟,将理论计算结果与模拟值进行对比,验证浸润线方程的正确性;同时将浸润线方程应用到工程实际中,将库水位监测数据进行曲线拟合,与观测孔数据结合分析浸润线位置的变化,运用ABAQUS流固耦合模型对尾矿库边坡的塑性区和安全系数进行分析。研究结果表明:浸润线方程的解与模拟值最大误差为0.01%,满足实际要求;浸润线观测孔数据与理论计算数据基本吻合,误差最大为0.75m,进一步证明理论可靠性;尾矿库水位的上升增加了塑性区范围,安全系数与尾矿库水位变化曲线为"V"字形,库水位为100m时,安全系数最低为1.06,处于极限平衡状态,同时应将库水位设定在-45m以下,为后期库水位设计提供依据。     

降雨和蒸发对土质边坡稳定性的影响

降雨入渗降低边坡的稳定性,蒸发增加边坡的稳定性,降雨和蒸发对边坡稳定性的定量研究是很有意义的。采用蒸发和降雨模型对边坡进行非饱和-非稳定渗流分析,用总凝聚力表示的Bishop极限平衡法计算边坡安全系数。采用数值方法对算例土质边坡进行了研究,得到了孔隙水压力随时间变化的关系、边坡安全系数随时间变化的关系。结果显示：土体中孔隙水压力与天气条件、边坡安全系数与天气条件之间存在滞后关系;降雨和蒸发对边坡的表层滑动稳定性影响非常大,对深层滑动稳定性影响相对较小;降雨过程中边坡的临界滑动面由较深位置向较浅位置转变,蒸发过程则相反。     

降雨入渗条件下多级黄土高边坡稳定性分析

在西北地区进行基础工程建设,遇到了大量的多级黄土高边坡工程。边坡工程属于永久性工程,难免遇到降雨状况。降雨入渗会引起边坡土体饱和度与土体重度的变化,进而导致边坡体基质吸力与有效应力场的变化,使边坡的稳定性受到较大的影响。本文通过考虑边坡体不同深度处基质吸力随雨水入渗的变化情况,建立了渗流场与应力场的耦合计算模型,对降雨入渗条件下多级黄土高边坡的稳定性进行分析。最后,依托实际边坡工程,利用PLAXIS 3D岩土有限元软件,建立边坡稳定性计算模型,通过设置降雨量随时间的变化函数与渗流边界条件,进行降雨入渗条件下多级黄土高边坡的稳定性数值计算,并与理论分析结果进行了对比分析。根据数值计算结果可得到多级黄土高边坡在降雨入渗条件下的变形、基质吸力、有效应力、潜在滑移面以及安全系数的变化情况,从而对降雨入渗影响下多级黄土高边坡的稳定性做出分析。研究结果可为降雨入渗条件下多级黄土高边坡的稳定性的研究提供一定的指导作用。     

降雨过程中边坡临界滑动场

降雨入渗过程中孔隙水压力的升高与基质吸力的降低引起边坡稳定性的下降,是导致边坡滑塌的主要诱导因素。利用饱和-非饱和渗流有限元计算得到的孔隙水压力场,基于Fredlund提出的非饱和土抗剪强度理论,对边坡临界滑动场进行改进,提出可以考虑降雨过程的边坡临界滑动场数值模拟方法,能够方便、快速地计算出边坡局部、整体安全系数和相对应的临界滑动面在降雨过程中的变化历程。将该法用于一个典型均质边坡和一个非均质边坡在降雨过程中的稳定性计算,分析降雨持续时间、降雨强度和非饱和强度参数取值等因素对边坡稳定性的影响,并将计算结果与其他方法进行比较,结果表明临界滑动场方法能搜索任意形状最危险滑面,计算的安全系数合理。     

Geotechnical Facets of Active Sediments and its Bearing on Natural Hazards and Mitigation Measures: An Approach on Sediments of the Nubra Valley (Ladakh), Trans-Himalaya,India

Slope stability has been identified as a major obstacle to construction in the rapidly developing countries of Indonesia and Malaysia. In these countries, slope failure has been identified as one of the most commonly occurring natural disasters, leading to financial losses and deaths. Slope failure is often related to prolonged rainfall events where rainfall infiltration increases pore water pressure, reducing soil strength. This failure mechanism will accelerate with the existence of cracks, which are usually caused by differential settling, drying and shrinking of soil, and associated construction activities, among other causes. The existence of cracks on slopes usually provides an easy pathway for rainfall infiltration into soil, allowing rain to infiltrate to deeper layers than in the absence of cracks. The moisture content in deep layers is therefore higher in cracked slopes than in slopes without cracks. To address this issue, we investigated the effects of cracks on slope stability when subjected to rainfall. The influence of crack location, depth, size, and direction on pore water pressure distribution and slope stability was studied by imposing different rainfall intensities. Analysis of seepage and stability were conducted using the GEO STUDIO 2007 softwares SEEP/W and SLOPE/W. Results suggested that pore water pressure and slope stability were influenced by the existence of cracks. Analysis showed that slope factors of safety decreased sharply when cracks were located adjacent to the slope crest, as compared to when cracks were located in the middle of the slope. Furthermore, slope factors of safety decreased with increasing crack depth. Pore water pressure and slope factors of safety decreased further when slopes were subjected to small rainfall intensities for long periods, as compared to when slopes were subjected to high rainfall intensities for short periods. The present study shows that study of cracks should be an integral part of the slope stability analysis.     

考虑前期降雨过程的边坡稳定性分析

基于三峡库区实测降雨资料,研究了不同初始条件对不同土体边坡稳定性影响,建议了能够反映边坡含水状态的初始条件选取方法。在此基础上,采用非饱和渗流分析方法研究了前期降雨对不同土体边坡稳定性影响,以典型的砂土和黏土边坡为例初步探索了前期降雨对边坡稳定性影响规律。结果表明：初始条件对不同土体边坡稳定性影响不同;建议将多年平均降雨量对应的稳态渗流场作为初始条件进行非饱和渗流分析。边坡土体渗透系数越低,边坡稳定性受前期降雨的影响越大、影响时间也越长。砂土和黏土边坡稳定性分析时建议至少考虑15 d以上的前期降雨,对于砂土边坡还应根据这15 d前面5 d的降雨情况确定是否需要增加计算天数。短历时高强度前期降雨对砂土边坡稳定性影响更大,而长历时低强度前期降雨对黏土边坡稳定性影响更大。累积前期降雨量可以作为判断边坡最小安全系数出现时刻的依据。砂土边坡出现最小安全系数时刻与10 d累积前期降雨量最大的时刻较为吻合,而黏土边坡则与15 d累积前期降雨量最大的时刻较为吻合。     

Incorporating hydro-mechanical coupling in an analysis of the effects of rainfall patterns on unsaturated soil slope stability

Rainfall-induced landslides can cause loss of life and damage to property, infrastructure, and the environment. Rainfall patterns affect the pore-water pressure of unsaturated soil slopes, and are related to the slopes’ stability. Four rainfall patterns were chosen to represent natural rainfall patterns for an examination of rainfall infiltration into soil slopes using numerical models incorporating coupled water infiltration and deformation in unsaturated soils. Our analysis showed that rainfall patterns play a significant role in the distribution of the pore-water pressure in soil slopes, and influence the slope stability. The pore-water pressure profile of soil slopes and the factor of safety are affected by the ratio of rainfall intensity and the coefficient of permeability. The depth and shape of the shallow sliding plane of the landslide is closely related to the rainfall pattern; moreover, the results showed a correlation between the factor of safety of the slope and the rainfall intensity. This relationship can be described by a dimensionless rainfall intensity. The nonlinear relationship can be used to estimate the slope stability resulting from rainfall infiltration when the hydro-mechanical coupling in unsaturated soil slopes is considered.     

Water infiltration characteristics of unsaturated soil slope and its effect on suction and stability

Rainfall has been considered the cause of the majority of slope failures and landslides that happened in regions experiencing high seasonal rainfalls. The mechanism of the failures was mainly due to the lost of matric suction of soils by rainwater. This paper presents the results of a laboratory model study on the effect of slope angle and surface cover on water infiltration into soil and soil matric suction. A field infiltration test is carried out for comparison. A parametric study is also done to examine the effect of permeability ratio, development of perched water table and rainfall intensity on the factor of safety against instability of a soil slope. Results of the model study show that different surface covers on slopes have an effect on the water infiltration. Generally the covered surface (grass or geosynthetic net) has a lower infiltration rate compared with the bare (no cover) surface. On the effect of slope angle, it was observed that water infiltration decrease with increase in the slope steepness. With regards to the movement of the wetting front, it appears that water infiltration is more at the toe compared with the top of the model slope. Based on the parametric study, it is found factor of safety of the slope against instability drops for slope with higher ratio of permeability for the permeable and impermeable stratum. As the perched water table is formed, the factor of safety decreased. The rainfall intensity also has a marked effect on the slope factor of safety. The higher the intensity of the rainfall, the higher is the infiltration rate into the soil, hence the lower is the factor of safety against slope instability.     

滑坡对降雨的动态响应及其监测预警研究

以福建德化县彭坑滑坡为例,基于非饱和土力学理论,结合滑坡实际监测数据,利用有限元法对坡体在雨水入渗条件下的渗流、变形特性和稳定性进行计算和分析,研究滑坡对降雨的动态响应和不同工况下安全系数和位移的关系。结果表明:滑体结构松散,易于雨水入渗,改变基质吸力空间分布,弱化岩土体参数; 持续降雨会使地下水位上升,坡脚发生变形,牵引坡体后缘产生拉裂,直至在降雨期间产生以非饱和区域为主的滑坡。强降雨初期,边坡安全系数下降较快,易发生滑坡; 雨停后安全系数会因雨水持续下渗而进一步降低,应注意雨后滑坡的产生; 同样水分在不同坡体部位对稳定性影响不同,安全系数有消有涨,存在时空效应。最后为反映地下水位线和降雨条件变化对边坡产生危害的程度,提出危险系数概念,建立危险系数与增量位移的关系,实现边坡测点位移变化的阶段式预警。研究结果和方法可为类似工程的治理和监测预警提供有意义的参考。     

强降雨作用下黄土陡坡开裂特性测试

降雨诱发黄土边坡失稳具有严重的破坏性。为了研究强降雨条件下黄土陡坡的开裂特性,在陕北吴起开展了黄土陡坡现场人工模拟中雨和大雨试验,分析了坡体含水率及土压力响应,总结了边坡开裂特征、开裂模式及土工布隔离槽的工程效应。研究结果表明：24 h中雨条件下黄土陡坡含水率和土压力上升幅度有限,而144 h大雨条件下边坡表层形成较大厚度的临近饱和区且表层土压力增长明显;144 h大雨条件下黄土陡坡的破坏顺序为坡顶开裂—坡面鼓胀—局部滑动贯通,并且坡顶开裂具有易发性和先导性;边坡破坏模式为自坡顶至坡面的贯通浅层破坏。     

植被护坡及其在重庆地区的应用

边坡工程中的植被不仅能美化环境，还具有控制雨水冲蚀、稳定边坡的作用。文章详细论述了植被护坡的边坡滑移面上的边坡稳定系数的评定方法，并与无植被边坡稳定性进行比较，讨论了植被护坡的力学效应和水文作用、植被对雨水冲蚀的控制作用，提出了植被护坡的种植和布置方法的建议。结合重庆地区的边坡特点和气候条件，介绍和分析了该地区的几项典型植被护坡工程及施工方法和施工效果，为植被护坡技术的推广和应用提供借鉴和参考。     

Evaluation of drainage tunnel effectiveness in landslide control

Infiltration of rainfall into hillslopes is often an important factor in triggering landslides. Using underground water drainage works together with anti-slide piles has been an effective method of landslide control, yet their effectiveness is inadequately discussed in the literature. This paper studies the influence of rainfall on the change in the underground water level beneath a slope by real-time and synchronic monitoring of the rainfall, the underground water level in the boreholes, and the flow rate of the underground drainage tunnel. The effectiveness of the underground drainage tunnel in preventing the rise of the underground water level of the slope is discussed. The researchers also study the deformation behavior of the anti-slide piles by monitoring the lateral displacement of the piles and analyzing the thrust that the anti-slide piles bear by numerical inversion techniques. The results indicate that there is an apparent relationship between the lag in the rising of the underground water level caused by a rainfall and that caused by the immediately previous rainfall. When there is a rainfall accumulation before the occurrence of a heavy rain, this particular heavy rainfall will cause a rapid rise of the underground water level beneath the slope. The monitoring data analysis shows that the flow rate of the underground drainage tunnel increases first, and then the underground water level of the slope rises after a rainfall. In other words, the flow rate of the underground drainage tunnel increases at a rate faster than that of the rise of the underground water level. Hence, the underground drainage tunnel can effectively lower the rise of the underground water level induced by a rainfall. Besides, based on the monitoring data of the lateral displacement of the anti-slide piles and subsequent analysis, the working state of the anti-slide piles is justified. It thus indirectly validates the benefits of using underground drainage tunnel in landslide control.