阿尔玛雷克斑岩铜矿地质特征：——矿床地质特征

阿尔玛雷克斑岩铜矿包括了两个超大型矿床、一个大型矿床和一个中型矿床。矿田内４条主断裂切割成５个构造断块，矿床产于西部和东部上升断块中，含矿岩体为海西中晚期中本乡性复式岩体，成矿与晚期富碱高钾浅成花岗闪长斑岩有关，具有成矿元素高含量和低Ｌｉ、Ｒｂ、Ｃｓ含量的特点。矿床具有良好的蚀变－矿化分带特征，矿石中高钾钠比值说明矿化 富集与钾质交代关系密切。     

金属矿床地质的发展——纪念《矿床地质》创刊十周年

矿床知识来自矿业。有关矿石成因的争论曾引导到野外现场实际观察的良好趋向。20世纪中叶以来,先后应用先进的设备仪器以及如同位素和流体包裹体等对矿床进行研究;这不仅扩大了成矿作用的视野,而且更加深入洞察矿石的习性。然而,有关矿石成因与来源问题的争论仍在继续;不过进入了更深的层次。欲探索矿石形成的客观规律,最合理的方法是结合野外的现场观察进行室内的仔细研究。     

《矿床地质》稿约

2008年4月修订《矿床地质》创刊于1982年,系中国地质学会矿床地质专业委员会、中国地质科学院矿产资源研究所主办的学术性期刊(双月刊),国内外发行,出版日期为双月末。本刊主要报道:矿床地质基础理论;金属、非金属矿床地质特征;与矿床地质有关的岩石学、矿物学、地球化学、矿产     

阿尔玛雷克斑岩铜矿地质特征：区域成矿地质背景

阿尔玛雷克斑岩铜矿是乌兹别克斯坦共和国最大的铜矿床，也是世界上著名的超大型铜矿。它产于地壳深部地幔隆起区和地幔幼陷区过渡带，康氏面和费氏面隆起区边缘，前苏联中天山地地槽褶皱带中间地块南缘加里东－海构造－岩浆活化带东段，具多期构造－岩浆强烈活化特点。区域内正交断裂体系和斜交断裂体系强烈发育，并控制差区域矿产分布；区内加里东期和海西期岩浆活动强烈，而海西中、晚期广泛发育的富碱的安山岩－英安岩－流纹岩火     

南岔金矿床地质特征

南岔金矿床是吉林省内首次发现的构造蚀变岩型金矿,它与南岔铁矿床属同一矿区,铁与金相毗邻(有的铁矿层破碎后含金)。1959年以来,在南岔铁矿床多次评价工作中做过金属量测量、重砂、水系沉积物取样工作,圈有金异常。1983年我所金矿室在该区进行了1:5万水系沉积物测量和重砂测量,圈出金和辰砂等套合异常。1984年我所化探队在区内进行土壤测量,并采残坡积重砂样验证。对金光谱分析结果进行数据处理,经趋势分析圈出剩余异     

Inter-regional correlation of transgressions and regressions in the Cretaceous period

Well investigated platforms have been selected in each continent, and the history of Cretaceous transgressions and regressions there is concisely reviewed from the available evidence. The factual records have been summarized into a diagram and the timing of the events correlated between distant as well as adjoining areas.On a global scale, major transgressions were stepwise enlarged in space and time from the Neocomian, via Aptian-Albian, to the Late Cretaceous, and the post-Cretaceous regression was very remarkable. Minor cycles of transgression-regression were not always synchronous between different areas. Some of them were, however, nearly synchronous between the areas facing the same ocean.Tectono-eustasy may have been the main cause of the phenomena of transgression-regression, but certain kinds of other tectonic movements which affected even the so-called stable platforms were also responsible for the phenomena. The combined effects of various causes may have been unusual in the Cretaceous, since it was a period of global tectonic activity. The slowing down of this activity followed by readjustments may have been the cause of the global regression at the end of the Cretaceous.     

Une Microflore du Barrémien dans la Province de Valencia,Espagne

A Barremian microflora is recorded in the terrigenous facies (Weald) of the Lower Cretaceous in the northern region of the Province of Valencia (Spain), these beds have been poorly dated up to now due to the absence of fossils. The Villar del Arzobispo microflora correspond unquestionably to the Barremian-Aptien period, but the numerical importance of derived forms from the Jurassic, the remarkable variety of forms of Cicatricosisporites, and the rareness of pollen of Angiosperms, indicate a Barremian age to be more likely.This discovery permits us to establish the stratigraphical relationship of this terrigenousfacies of Villar del Arzobispo with the dated “Weald” of other areas of the Iberian Chain and to give a complete chrono-stratigraphical interpretation to the different litho-stratigraphical units that constitute the Lower Cretaceous of this region.     

隧道变形过程中电磁辐射强度参数的变化规律

根据丽江至香格里拉铁路中义隧道变形及电磁辐射的现场监测资料，对隧道变形过程中的电磁辐射特性及电磁辐射强度极大峰值事件数N、超过强度平均值的极大峰值事件数M与隧道水平收敛变形的关系进行了统计分析。研究表明：（1）电磁辐射最大强度平均值E在初期支护破坏前，随隧道变形的增大而增大，初期支护破坏后，随隧道变形的增大而减少，电磁辐射最大强度平均值先升后降的出现时间与初期支护破坏的时间接近。（2）电磁辐射强度极大峰值事件数、超过强度平均值的极大峰值事件数的波动速率 、 与隧道变形速率呈正线性相关关系；电磁辐射强度极大峰值事件数、超过强度平均值的极大峰值事件数的百分比 、 与隧道累计变形呈正线性相关关系。结论对深化地下洞室变形过程中的电磁辐射特性的认识，提高电磁辐射监测技术的现场应用水平具有指导意义。     

苏皖坡缕石粘土中蛋白石特征及其成因意义

TEM和XRD研究表明，在苏皖坡缕石粘土矿床的蛋白石坡缕石层中存在0pal-A和0pal-CT两种结构的蛋白石。蛋白石坡缕石层主要含坡缕石、opal-A、opal-CT，以及少量白云石和其它矿物，由富opal-A层和富opal-CT层互层组成，交互层的厚度在几个厘米左右。蛋白石坡缕石层中的矿物基本是自生矿物，从蒸发湖水中化学沉淀形成。矿物组成特征研究表明，蛋白石坡缕石层的矿物组分(Si、Mg、Al)来源于盆地周围玄武岩淋滤的浅层地下水。根据Opal-A和Opal-CT溶解度图解和城缕石、白云石形成物理化学条件图解，当湖水具有高浓度溶解SiO2和Mg^2 时，有利于opal-A和坡缕石形成，当湖水具有低浓度溶解SiO2时，有利于opal-CT结晶。因此，沉淀SiO2的结构状态取决于地下水补给的湖水溶解SiO2浓度。富opal-A和富opal-CT交互层的形成是古气候、古水文周期性变化的指示。富opal-CT层指示高地下水补给流入量，低蒸发量，湖水低盐度和溶解组分，代表湿润气候时期；而富opal-A层代表低地下水补给流入量，高蒸发量，高溶解组分浓度，代表干旱气候时期。     

History of the Ordovician continental platform shelf margin of Australia

Much of South Australia, western New South Wales, and Tasmania was affected by the Late Cambrian‐Early Ordovician Delamerian Orogeny. Areas of the former shelf margin exhibit molasse‐type conglomerates overlying a major late Middle to Late Cambrian unconformity (Jukesian Movement in Tasmania or Mootwingee Movement in western N.S.W.). In continental platform areas to the north the effects of the orogeny were less intense with, in the Georgina Basin for instance, only dis‐conformable relationships, and the overlying deposits consisting of fine elastics and carbonates. Regression accompanied this first phase of tectonic upheaval and was followed by a period of ‘late Tremadoc’ transgression of the sea into several embayment areas of the continental platform. This short‐lived transgression was succeeded by ‘early Arenig’ regression which appears to be related to a second, less intense Delamerian orogenic phase. Expression of this phase ranges from unconformity in west Tasmania (Haulage and Lynchford Movements) to disconformity in the Georgina Basin (Kelly Creek Movement).

A second, more extensive and long‐lived transgression of the sea from the ‘middle Arenig’ to about the end of the ‘Llanvirn’ resulted in the development of the epicontinental Larapintine Sea, permitting interchange of warmer and cooler waters from either ends of the seaway. Combined fossil, lithological and palaeomagnetic evidence suggests that, of the fragments of Gondwanaland, Australia alone straddled the Ordovician equator, with its present west coast approximately along the line of Lat. 30°S. Influxes of sand from the areas of mild‐high relief to the south appear to have been deflected in an anticlockwise direction along the open, ocean‐facing Gnalta Shelf of western N.S.W. towards the eastern end of the Larapintine Sea perhaps as a result of a major westward‐flowing equatorial current. The influxes progressively constricted and finally blocked off the eastern end of the seaway by the end of ‘Llanvirn’ time. The closure, and final regression of the sea from all continental platform areas, seems to have been accompanied by a phase of local uplift and erosion (Dullingari Movement of northeastern South Australia). In cratonic areas of central and northern Australia a period of Late Ordovician or Early Silurian uplift and erosion (Rodingan Movement) followed. Dullingari and Rodingan Movements may be correlated with phases of the Benambran Orogeny of the Tas‐man Geosyncline.

Late Ordovician cratonic sedimentation was restricted to the shelf margin. On the Tasmanian Shelf carbonates accumulated during a long period of relative tectonic quiescence and gentle subsidence. First signs of onset of the Benambrian Orogeny are shown by the appearance of clastics in the topmost beds of the Tasmanian Ordovician sequence.     

Mobilization and attenuation of metals downstream from a base-metal mining site in the Mátra Mountains, northeastern Hungary

Regional geochemical baseline values have been established for Hungary by the use of low-density stream-sediment surveys of flood-plain deposits of large drainage basins and of the fine fraction of stream sediments. The baseline values and anomaly thresholds thus produced helped to evaluate the importance of high toxic element concentrations found in soils in a valley downstream of a polymetallic vein-type base-metal mine. Erosion of the mine dumps and flotation dump, losses of metals during filtering, storage and transportation, human neglects, and operational breakdowns, have all contributed to the contamination of a small catchment basin in a procession of releases of solid waste. The sulfide-rich waste material weathers to a yellow color; this layer of `yellow sand' blankets a narrow strip of the floodplain of Toka Creek in the valley near the town of Gyöngyösoroszi. Contamination was spread out in the valley by floods. Metals present in the yellow sand include Pb, As, Cd, Cu, Zn, and Sb. Exposure of the local population to these metals may occur through inhalation of airborne particulates or by ingestion of these metals that are taken up by crops grown in the valley. To evaluate the areal extent and depth of the contamination, active stream sediment, flood-plain deposits, lake or reservoir sediments, soils, and surface water were sampled along the erosion pathways downstream of the mine and dumps. The flood-plain profile was sampled in detail to see the vertical distribution of elements and to relate the metal concentrations to the sedimentation and contamination histories of the flood plain. Downward migration of mobile Zn and Cd from the contaminated upper layers under supergene conditions is observed, while vertical migration of Pb, As, Hg and Sb appears to be insignificant. Soil profiles of ¹³⁷Cs which originated from above-ground atomic bomb tests and the Chernobyl accident, provide good evidence that the upper 30–40 cm of the flood-plain sections, which includes the yellow sand contamination, were deposited in the last 30–40 years.     

Determination of the interstitial velocity field in the swash zone by Ultrasonic Doppler Velocimetry (UDV)

The experimental study of the hydrodynamics of the sediments and the physical analysis of the process of exchange at the water-sediment interface in a zone of swash are essential for the understanding of the sedimentary transport processes in coastal environments, in particular to control and forecast the evolution of the coastline. The objective of this study was to exploit the technique of Ultrasonic Doppler Velocimetry (UDV) to examine the evolution of the velocity field at the water-sediment interface in a zone of swash in various conditions of incidental regular waves in a wave flume. The velocities were measured in different conditions of the swash within the sediment bed, and in the fluid vein at the swash edge. These measurements show: an exponential distribution of velocities inside the sediment bed; a difference in the velocity gradient at the water-sediment interface, between the velocity in the water vein at the swash edge and the interstitial flow in the swash. The measurements obtained in the wave flume made it possible to observe an evolution of the velocity profiles according to the phases of the swash, which are characterized by a phase shift between the free flow at the swash edge and the interstitial flow during the two phases of the swash: uprush and backwash.     

哈密尾亚地区花岗岩类副矿物特征对比

壳－幔混合源型、壳源高铝型、深源碱性型等不同成因的花岗岩类，在演化过程中，其副矿物组合特征是不同的。主要表现在磁铁矿与钛铁矿，锆石与磷灰石之间的含量及比值，以及花岗岩形成演化到中－晚期时，褐帘石、萤石、独居石、石榴石等的出现及其含量多少，在副矿物组合图上表现出不同的曲线形态。尤其锆石晶体形态（在皮藩“ｐｕｐｉｎ”群型图上）的分布位置，与花岗岩成因类型密切相关。锆石的晶面、晶棱特点，可直接反映花岗岩时代的新老。而锆石晶体的长短轴之比、包裹体特征和磷灰石的晶面、晶棱特点、包裹体特征等，在不同代，不同成因类型的花岗岩中都有区别，均具有对比意义。     

癌症的起源和防治

癌细胞与正常的人体细胞不同。根据体细胞突变理论（SMT）,癌细胞是基因突变的结果。该理论还采用达尔文主义的基本原理,假设癌细胞生长是自然选择下“适者生存”的结果。与此相反,我们采用Margulis的演化理论来解释癌症的起源,并提出癌细胞由遗传而来：癌基因组起源于寄生在原核生物宿主中的细菌;在大约20亿年前的“氧气革命”期间,癌基因组与原核生物基因组因内共生作用而融合;后来宿主演化成为真核生物（原生生物、真菌、植物和动物）,每种真核生物都具有其独特的基因组;经过同样的时间间隔,原寄生细菌基因组则演化成为真核生物内的癌干细胞基因组。当前SMT假设人类基因组的突变导致癌症,但该理论无法识别编码肿瘤生长的基因组序列,也无法解释：突变为何会造成癌细胞失控性生长及复制？癌症为何是一种代谢性疾病？癌症死亡率为何与亚硝酸盐污染有关？中国用不含亚硝酸盐的公共供水源的试验为何竟可以拯救许多癌症患者的生命？SMT没能充分回答许多“神秘”的癌症问题。相反,我们提出的生物演化理论可以回答这些相关事实,包括那些SMT不能充分解释的问题。我们的理论根据是：癌基因组图谱（TCGA）的科学家未能在正常的人类基因组序列中发现突变或未突变的癌基因组。是癌基因组编码了癌细胞的生长及复制和一种不同的代谢模式。我们的理论假设,癌症起源于“休眠中”的癌干细胞因为受亚硝酸盐的影响而被激活,其中一个癌基因组编码了厌氧或缺氧的代谢模式,为癌细胞的生长及复制提供能量和生物量,其他基因组则编码了癌细胞的失控性生长及复制和其他癌症特征。亚硝酸盐以10-9 级别的浓度干扰人体正常的代谢和复制等机能。事实说明,亚硝酸盐可被定义为一种毒药。识别慢性中毒的困难可以用孟加拉国公共供水造成的砷中毒作为例证。癌症应被视为由亚硝酸盐中毒引起的疾病来进行治疗是一个假说,它可以解释为什么当中国部分地区的正常公共供水改用标准化深井水（SDWW）时,癌症死亡率可以减半。这个假说需要另一个假设来解释亚硝酸盐中毒并不影响所有饮用公共供水的人,而只影响其中一部分人。我们必须假设癌症的产生是由于干细胞,其中包括一个癌干细胞,被召唤去以修复细胞的损伤。将这些打破常规的假说放在一起,很多专家认为我们的生物演化理论是天方夜谭而不予理会。实际上,这个假说已由中国过去的SDWW实验所证实。一些医院的试验也证实,若癌症晚期患者每天饮用不含亚硝酸盐的水,癌症可以被治愈。我们对癌症晚期不可治愈这一论断提出质疑,并假定癌症是慢性亚硝酸盐中毒所致。我们呼吁其他科学家进行实验和临床试验来验证这一假说,使至少一半的晚期癌症患者,当他们的饮用水供应源不含亚硝酸盐时,可以被治愈。与此同时,我们应该将过去半个世纪以来献身医学的科学家们的成果,整合为一个“新的体系”。