洱海沉积物化学元素与古气候演化

测定了洱海沉积物中常量和微量元素的含量,利用因子分析方法,识别了控制沉积物化学组成的三个主要因子：流域侵蚀因子、早期成岩因子和湖 内生碳酸钙了。进一步 研究还发现,流域了和湖泊内生碳酸钙沉淀因子的因子得分曲线作为气候干湿和冷暖变化的代用曲线。从而为古气候重建提供了一条有效的新途径。结合沉积的柱＾２１０Ｐｂ和＾１３７Ｃ计年结果,初步评价了６００多年来洱海区域气候及环境演化历史,提示他该区暖干与冷湿相     

临夏盆地13～4.4 Ma湖相沉积物颜色记录的气候变化探讨

利用高分辨率的代用资料来恢复古气候环境变化是当前过去全球变化研究的重要内容.通过对临夏盆地13～4.4 Ma时段稳定湖泊沉积物以10 cm间隔连续采得的2 060块样品进行颜色测定与分析,获得该时段湖相沉积物高分辨率颜色指标变化序列.通过沉积物颜色与成分分析,并与氯离子、CaCO3、风成石英砂含量和孢粉组合以及北太平洋ODP885/886孔的风成粉沙通量变化曲线对比,认为稳定湖相沉积物颜色指标是研究古气候变化的辅助性代用指标,并揭示了该地区在8 Ma和6.2 Ma左右存在两次重大的气候变干转型事件.     

乌伦古湖沉积物粒度特征及其古气候环境意义

利用乌伦古湖沉积钻孔的粒度资料,分析了粒度频率曲线、粒度参数和粒度组成等粒度特征,并探讨了乌伦古湖粒度代表的古气候意义。结果表明乌伦古湖沉积物频率曲线主要是正态单峰型,反映流水作用为主要沉积作用。岩芯下部（225197cm）沉积物分选较差,偏度和尖度较大,为浅水沉积环境;中部（197103cm）分选由差变好,物源由复杂变单一,为浅水沉积向深水沉积过渡环境;上部（1030cm）分选较好,物源单一,中值粒径减小,反映了湖水位的下降。沉积物粒度特征反映了乌伦古湖地区全新世降水、流水和风力作用以及湖面水位高低的变化。乌伦古湖一万年来的古气候环境演化大致经历了102507720cal.aBP的干旱、77202800cal.aBP的湿润和2800cal.aBP以来的偏干三个阶段。      

泸沽湖沉积物中的铁元素和有机分子记录及其古气候/环境意义

通过泸沽湖沉积物样品的年代学、穆斯堡尔谱学和有机分子地球化学分析,研究了泸沽湖三万年以来的铁元素与正构烷烃记录,及其古气候/环境变化特征.泸沽湖沉积速率稳定,平均沉积速率为0.28mm/a.沉积物中Fe2+相对含量低于Fe3+,Pr/Ph为0.54～1.48,平均为1.04,表明泸沽湖总体属于弱氧化环境.正构烷烃碳数分布在C11～C33之间,呈双峰分布形式,∑C21-/∑C22+为0.12～2.66、CPIh为1.20～ 4.37、ACLh为25.68～27.97以及Paq为0.25～0.63,指示泸沽湖沉积有机质母质既有高等植物也有水生生物.泸沽湖沉积物中总铁相对含量(Tot-area)、Fe2+/Fe3+比值与生物标志化合物参数(Pr/Ph、∑C21-/∑C21+、CPIh、ACLh和Paq)相关性较强,均是指示古气候/环境变化的有用指标:沉积物中总铁相对含量(Tot-area)与湖区降水量成负相关;Fe2+/Fe3+不仅能指示湖泊沉积环境特征,而且与古气温成负相关.利用上述指标重建了三万年以来泸沽湖湖区的古气候/环境,将泸沽湖湖区古气候分为3个阶段:30～20cal.ka B.P.寒冷干燥期、20～ 5cal.ka B.P.温暖潮湿期和5～0cal.kaB.P.寒冷干燥期.其中在12cal.ka B.P.左右出现气候突变为干冷,应为新仙女木冷期.     

不同类型沉积物磁化率的比较研究和初步解释

沉积物的磁化率分析以被广泛应用在第四纪古气候研究中,不同类型沉积物磁化率的解释可能存在明显的差异.本文选择了黄土、冲积物、湖积物、风沙堆积和南方红土等五种不同类型的沉积物,进行了磁化率的测试,粒度和孢粉分析,试图通过对沉积物磁化率和相关古环境指标的研究,对不同类型沉积物的磁化率予以对比并进行初步解释.研究结果表明,黄土和湖泊沉积中磁化率的变化主要受气候变化的影响,是指示古气候的重要指标;河流沉积物和风沙沉积物的磁化率主要受粒度的影响;影响南方红土磁化率的因素十分复杂,其磁化率的解释比较困难有待进一步的研究.这一研究表明,鉴于不同沉积物磁化率的影响因素存在明显的不同,因此在运用磁化率进行古环境解释时须持慎重态度.     

鄱阳湖沉积物近8ka来有机质碳同位素记录及其古气候变化特征

通过对鄱阳湖沉积物的高密度采样和有机质碳同位素分析,讨论了鄱阳湖近 8 ka来的古气候环境.鄱阳湖沉积物有机质δ 13C值为-22.42‰～-32.42‰,属 C3类植物来源.暖湿期δ 13C值相对偏负;冷(凉)干期δ 13C值相对偏正.这些记录表明,鄱阳湖近 8 ka来经历了 4次暖湿和 4次冷(凉)干的气候环境变化, 7 900～3 660 a B.P.、3 440～2 990 a B.P.、2 940～2 170 a B.P.、1 820～6 50 a B.P.属相对温暖湿润的气候环境;3 660～3 440 a B.P.、2 990～2 940 a B.P.、2 170～1 820 a B.P.、650～200 a B.P.为相对冷凉干旱的气候环境,自 200 a B.P.(1 750 A.D.)以来湖区气候开始转暖.暖湿期持续时间较长,冷(凉)干期持续时间较短,1 000 a B.C.左右为一次重要的气候变冷事件.我国全新世几个特征性气候在湖区均有不同的显示,并与孢粉、硅藻、历史记录所反映的古气候环境对应性较好,可以作为恢复古气候变化的灵敏指标.     

中全新世以来西南极阿蒙森海沉积物来源和古气候意义

对西南极阿蒙森海A11-02孔沉积物进行粒度和地球化学元素分析,示踪了阿蒙森海沉积物来源,重建了中全新世以来的古气候演化历史。通过对稀土元素北美页岩平均标准化配分曲线以及(La/Yb)_N、(Gd/Lu)_N、(La/Sm)_N等参数的分析和对比,认为A11-02孔沉积物主要来源于玛丽伯德地,而别林斯高晋海也有一定贡献。通过将化学蚀变指数、Na/K、<22.1 μm粒级组分含量以及>63 μm粒级组分含量等相关替代指标与其他古气候记录对比,识别出中全新世以来在阿蒙森海存在4个明显的寒冷阶段(P1-P4)。在时间和空间上,南极地区千年尺度的气候变化具有一致性,主要受日照强度变化和大气环流变化控制。     

苏北盆地兴化1#钻孔沉积物磁化率特征及其古气候环境意义

对苏北盆地兴化1#钻孔岩芯沉积物进行了质量磁化率的测试与分析,并对质量磁化率的变化特征和古气候环境意义进行了初步研究.研究结果表明,质量磁化率的大小变化与沉积物一定粒级组分之间有着很好的关联性;东部典型季风区域中,质量磁化率的大小波动能很好地指示气候的波动,是恢复古气候环境演化过程的一个重要指标;以磁化率变化为主导指标的多环境代用指标指示出苏北盆地近3.20 Ma来的气候环境演化过程,且在沉积速率较高的上部的质量磁化率气候环境记录与深海DSDP607孔氧同位素之间吻合较好,指示苏北盆地的气候环境演化过程与全球气候环境的变化具有一致性.     

黏土矿物古气候意义研究的现状与展望

系统地分析了利用海洋沉积物、古土壤、湖盆沉积物中黏土矿物进行古气候环境研究的现状、存在问题和发展趋势。海洋沉积物的物源范围广,影响因素复杂,其中的碎屑黏土矿物所指示的古气候参数只能用于解释母源区的气候变化,而只有自生黏土矿物才能指示沉积区的气候;古土壤形成于特定的地质背景条件下,尤其是发育于火山物质母岩之上的风化自生黏土矿物,可以准确地指示该区的古气候条件;湖盆沉积物的物源范围小,沉积物中的黏土矿物可以更有效地运用于古气候环境的分析。对于沉积物中黏土矿物来源的分析,可以借助晶体中cv空位和tv空位的精细结构特征进行判断;在风化改造的红土剖面研究中,因强烈的化学风化、淋滤和迁移,黏土矿物方法具有独特的优势。风化过程中形成的一些亚种或过渡性黏土矿物,以及同生沉积过程中形成的黏土矿物,对气候环境的变化更加敏感,应加强这方面的研究。此外,在造山带的气候环境演化研究中,自生黏土矿物稳定同位素可以更可靠地指示气候环境的变化。     

DISCUSSION ON APPLYING 137Cs AND 210Pbex FOR LAKE SEDIMENT DATING IN CHINA

137Cs和210Pbex是湖泊沉积物断代常用的两种核素,沉积物中核素的深度分布,不但随核素的大气沉降量变化,也与流域环境变化和沉积后核素的再分布有关.我国环境复杂,人类活动强烈,137Cs和210Pbex深度分布的非理想曲线常见于我国一些湖泊的沉积物.本文简要介绍了湖泊沉积物137Cs和210Pbex深度分布理想曲线和断代基本原理,在参阅大量有关中国湖泊沉积物137Cs和210Pbex断代文献的基础上,讨论了137Cs和210Pbex非理想深度分布曲线的解泽和沉积物断代的几个常见问题.主要观点如下:1)我国湖泊沉积物不存在所谓的1974年和1986年蓄积峰;2)一些湖泊沉积出现的非单峰型137Cs深度分布曲线,可能与人类活动或湖流扰动湖泊底泥、流域侵蚀产沙环境变化和137Cs主要来源于冰川融水补给等因素有关;3)沉积物中的核素垂向运移,不改变剖面中1963年137Cs蓄积峰的位置,不影响其断代标志意义;4)流域环境突发事件引起的沉积剖面中的137Cs和210Pbex明显异常,是断代的可靠标志等.最后介绍了根据沉积剖面137Cs和210Pbex总量与本底值对比,求算沉积速率的核素质量平衡法.     

中国北方三流域河流—沙漠过渡带地表沉积物化学元素空间差异分析

通过对克里雅河、毛布拉格孔兑以及西拉木伦河三流域的河流-沙漠过渡带地表沉积物的7种常量氧化物以及15种微量元素进行因子分析,结果显示:三个流域之间或不同河段因子分析提取的公因子均可以概括为较稳定的铁锰矿物、较不稳定的长石类和方解石（白云石）类等硅酸盐矿物以及稳定的稀土元素和重矿物等类别;河流间因子分析结果表明,自西向东三个流域沿河地表沉积物的化学元素富集与迁移程度呈递增趋势,化学风化程度增强;流域内因子分析结果表明,自上游至下游,样点化学组成均愈变复杂,不同河段或不同河岸沉积物化学元素空间分布规律与其物源、地貌格局以及水分条件等因素有关;自河床至阶地,不同地貌单元地表沉积物化学元素呈相异的递变规律,这与在距离河道远近不同,物源、动力因素的分配不同有关。     

Assessment of heavy metal pollution in the urban stream sediments and its tributaries

Globally, aquatic ecosystems are highly polluted with heavy metals arising from anthropogenic and terrigenous sources. The objective of this study was to investigate the pollution of stream sediments and possible sources of pollutants in Nakivubo Channel Kampala, Uganda. Stream sediments were collected and analysed for heavy metal concentration using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The degree of pollution in Nakivubo channelized stream sediments for lead, cadmium, copper, zinc, manganese and iron was assessed using enrichment factor, geo-accumulation index and pollution load index. The results indicated that (1) the sediments have been polluted with lead, cadmium and zinc and have high anthropogenic influences; (2) the calculation of geo-accumulation index suggest that Nakivubo stream sediments have background concentration for copper, manganese and Fe (I _geo ≤ 0); (3) factor analysis results reveal three sources of pollutants as explained by three factors (75.0 %); (i) mixed origin or retention phenomena of industrial and vehicular emissions; (ii) terrigenous and (iii) dual origin of zinc (vehicular and industrial). In conclusion, the co-precipitation (inclusion, occlusion and adsorption) of lead, cadmium and zinc with manganese and iron hydroxides, scavenging ability of other metals, very low dissolved oxygen and slightly acidic to slightly alkaline pH in stream water could account for the active accumulation of heavy metals in Nakivubo stream sediments. These phenomena may pose a risk of secondary water pollution under sediment disturbance and/or changes in the geo-chemistry of sediments.     

Spatial geochemical variation of major and trace elements in the marine sediments of Mumbai Harbor Bay

The resulting concentration data sets of major (Na, K, Mg, Ca and Fe) and trace elements (Cu, Ni, Co and Mn) in bed and suspended sediments were used to evaluate the enrichment factor for anthropogenic influences and principal component analysis for identifying the origin of source contributions in the studied area. Normalization of metals to Fe indicated that high enrichment factors in the bed sediment were in the order of Co > Cu > Na > Ca > Ni except Mg, K and Mn while for suspended sediments, only Co has a high enrichment factor. High enrichment of Co and Cu reflected the contamination of sediments from anthropogenic sources. The high influence of Na and Ca in sediments may be caused for seawater salinization factor. A significant positive correlation among enrichment factors of various elements of interest suggests a common origin/identical behavior during transport in the sediment system.     

Geochemical factors controlling the chemical nature of water and sediments in the Gomti River, India

 R-mode factor analysis of the recently acquired data on water and sediment chemistry has been performed. Basic chemical parameters have been merged together which aid in interpreting a few empirical geochemical factors controlling the chemical nature of water and sediments of the Gomti River, a major Himalayan tributary of the Ganges drainage basin. Water chemistry seems to be controlled by three factors: bicarbonate, rainfall and silicate and phosphate factors. Sediment chemistry is largely controlled by the following four factors: clay, adsorption/desorption, Fe-Mn hydroxide and mercury factors. These factors show spatial and temporal variability in terms of their R-scores. Received: 8 September 1997 · Accepted: 15 December 1997     

Geochemistry of continental margin sediments from northwest Africa

The geochemistry of the non-carbonate fraction of sediments from the continental shelf and slope off northwest Africa has been investigated using R-mode factor analysis. The geochemistry is governed by a small number of factors controlled quantiatively by glauconite, phosphorite, quartz, clay minerals and secondary iron oxides. The distributions of the factors and of their controls are governed by mineral provenance and by depositional processes. Clay mineral factors predominate in fine grained sediments. Phosphorite, glauconite and oxide factors and quartz predominate in sands. Provenance controls the relative abundances of the minerals of the sand fraction all of which, except a proportion of the glauconite which is clearly recent, are relict and detrital. The recent glauconite is concentrated in poorly oxidised sediments off the southern Sahara. Provenance differences are detected between Saharan and Moroccan clays, and also exist between the clays of north and south Morocco.     

Geochemistry of Jizan shelf sediments, southern Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia

Surface sediments from the Jizan shelf, southern Red Sea, were analysed for grain size and mineralogical and elemental composition in order to establish their geochemical characteristics. Texturally, sediments are classified into sand and mud; the latter dominates the shelf. Grain size variability and mineralogical assemblages present in the sediments largely control the abundance and distribution of CaCO₃, organic carbon content (OC) and the major and trace elements. Sand sediments are composed of carbonate material of marine origin and contain high concentrations of Ca, Mg and Sr. Mud sediments are relatively rich in OC and are characterised by high concentrations of Al, Fe, Ti, Mn, Cu, Cr, Co, Ni, V and Ba. Unlike the sand, Mg concentration in the mud sediments seems to be controlled by stronger contribution from non-carbonate material. Factor analysis is applied to identify the variables accounting for most of the variance in the mud sediment samples. Three factors are found to describe about 78% of the variance. The first factor which accounts for 41% of the total variance is the Fe and Mn oxides that reach the area through episodic flooding. The second and third factors are the mud (22%) and the mineralogy (15%) of the sediments, respectively.     

太仓郊区河流沉积物重金属污染现状及评价

选择太仓市郊区河流沉积物为研究对象,开展了重金属污染现状及评价研究。研究表明,相对于地壳或页岩平均值,沉积物中大部分重金属呈现不同程度的富集;地质累积指数和富集因子分析表明,位于城镇附近的采样点受到污染,且主要污染因子为Cr、Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn等。结果显示,沉积物Zn含量高达1770mg／kg,是农用污泥Zn使用容许最高值500mg／kg的3倍多,沉积物由于Zn、Cr、Cu等的严重污染不能用作施用污泥;利用重金属与Fe之间的相关特征结果显示,城镇工业、生活污水的排放是沉积物重金属污染的主要因素。     

The influence of rivers on the geochemistry of shelf sediments, southwestern coast of India

Geochemical and magnetic susceptibility studies of shelf sediments off Mangalore were carried out to understand the influence of rivers on sediment geochemistry, to study the elemental distribution patterns, and to evaluate the importance of the shelf as a source/sink for base metals. The contents of Cu, Pb, Mn, Fe and Al in the surficial sediments are lower by factors of 1.6–5.6, except Ca which is higher by a factor of 3.4 in relation to riverine suspended particulate matter (SPM). This is due to the seaward decrease of terrigenous influx which is reflected in the offshore protrusion of contours of Al, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ni and magnetic susceptibility values, particularly off Netravati and Gurpur rivers. Lower Mn content is also due to its remobilization from the anoxic-sulphidic shelf sediments. In contrast to the elements mentioned above, Ca increases seaward, suggesting that it is biogenic. The enrichment factor (EF) indicates that the surficial sediments are depleted in Cu, Zn and Mn compared to average shale and other anoxic sediments, and marginally enriched with Ni, Co, and Pb in relation to the average shale. However, a comparison between the EF of SPM of Netravati-Gurpur rivers in the hinterland and surficial sediments indicates that the latter are depleted in Mn and Co, but enriched with Ni, Pb, and Fe, thereby suggesting a source and a sink for the former and latter elements, respectively, to the Arabian Sea.     

Geochemistry of sediments of the Al-Batin alluvial fan,Southern Iraq

The Al-Batin alluvial fan covers a broad area of southern Iraq. It was the main battlefield of two devastating wars in 1991 and 2003, during which huge amounts of depleted uranium (DU) were used. This study aims to assess the geochemistry of this fan sediment including the potential effects of the DU used. Sixty-three samples were collected from sediments including three samples from sediments under tanks attacked by DU ammunition. Major elements were measured by XRF (fusion bead method), whereas ICP-MS was used to measure the trace elements. The results suggest that the most dominant major minerals are in the order of: quartz?>?secondary gypsum?>?calcite?>?feldspar, clay minerals?>?iron oxide, and show abnormal concentrations of Sr, Cr, Ni, and V. This study also determined an area with high concentration of U in the north east part of the fan. Statistical analysis and spatial distribution of important elements suggests that two major factors affect mineral formation. The first factor reflects the influence of minerals in the source area of the sediments (Arabian Shield): quartz, carbonate, clay minerals, feldspars, as well as iron oxides and elevated concentrations of V, Ni, and Cr. The second factor points at authigenic formation of secondary gypsum and celestite and elevated U concentration under the control of a hot arid climate and the specific groundwater situation. However, the origin of the sediments is geogenic, while the anthropogenic impact seems to be minor. Spatial distribution of U and the ^235/238U ratio did not show any peaks in the places where tanks have been destroyed. This is contrary to media speculations and some scientific reports about the permanent risks of DU in the area, which creates public concern about the potential risk of living in this area.     

Vertical distribution and water solubility of phosphorus and heavy metals in sediments of the St. Lucie Estuary, South Florida, USA

Accumulation and distribution of heavy metals and phosphorus in sediments impact water quality. There has been an increasing concern regarding fish health in the St. Lucie Estuary, which is related to increased inputs of nutrients and metals in recent decades. To investigate vertical changes of contaminants (P, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Mn) in sediments of the St. Lucie Estuary in South Florida, 117 layer samples from six of the 210 to 420 cm depth cores were analyzed for their total and water-soluble P and heavy metals, clay, total Fe, Al, K, Ca, Mg, Na, and pH. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in two sets of analytical data (total and water-soluble contaminant concentrations) to document changes of contaminants in each core of sediments. The PCA of total contaminants and minerals resulted in two factors (principal components). The first and second factors accounted for 61.7 and 17.2 % of the total variation in all variables, and contrast indicators associated with contaminants of P, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Mn and accumulation of Fe and Al oxides, respectively. The first factor could be used for overall assessment of P and heavy metal contamination, and was higher in the upper 45–90 cm than the lower depths of each core. The concentrations of P and heavy metals in the surface layers of sediments significantly increased, as compared with those in the sediments deeper than 45–90 cm. The PCA of water-soluble contaminants developed two factors. The second factor (Cu–P) was higher in the upper than the lower depths of the sediment, whereas the highest score of the first factor (Cd–Co–Cr–Ni–Pb–Zn–Mn) occurred below 100 cm. The water-soluble Cu and P concentrations were mainly dependent on their total concentrations in the sediments, whereas the water-soluble Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Mn concentrations were mainly controlled by pH.