不同温度条件下气体压力升降过程中瓦斯运移规律的试验研究

利用自主研发的含瓦斯煤热-流-固耦合三轴伺服渗流装置,对不同温度条件下型煤试件在气体压力升降过程的渗流特性进行了试验研究,以模拟随采深增加引起的地温升高条件下煤的渗透特性。同时,为探讨低渗储层的滑脱效应进行了相同条件下氦气的平行试验。研究结果表明：（1）升压阶段,轴向应变增大,径向应变减小,近似呈线性变化;降压阶段,随气体压力降低,应变呈现出与升压阶段相同的变化趋势。随温度升高,应变随气体压力变化的斜率增大。（2）升压阶段,随气体压力升高,渗透率呈二次抛物线型变化,约在气体压力为3.0 MPa左右到达最小;降压阶段,随气体压力减小,渗透率先略有减小后增大,升压阶段渗透率大于降压阶段渗透率。（3）升压阶段滑脱效应引起的渗透率变化量大于降压阶段的变化量,且滑脱效应所引起的渗透率变化量随气体压力增加呈幂指数函数降低。     

气体吸附诱发煤强度劣化的力学模型与数值分析

在吸附性气体作用下,煤体将产生吸附应变,吸附应变通过使煤微观结构重新排列从而诱发煤损伤,并使其力学性质劣化。尽管大量试验证实了吸附性气体将会改变煤的力学特性,然而当前描述煤-气相互作用的力学模型并未将吸附诱发的损伤考虑其中,故也无法考虑气体吸附诱发煤强度劣化。基于此,建立一个考虑气体吸附损伤的双重孔隙介质力学模型,揭示气体吸附过程诱发的两个相互作用：一个是游离气体引起的常规弹性力学作用,一个是吸附气体诱发的内部膨胀应力,并在此基础上考虑两个力学作用所带来了煤的附加损伤。研究结果表明：气体吸附诱发煤基质产生细观损伤,以拉伸损伤为主,这使煤的力学性质劣化,表现为弹性模量和强度的降低。吸附能力越强的气体,诱发煤的微观结构改变越大,损伤越明显,甚至会诱发煤样呈现新的破坏形态。超临界CO2会诱发煤更大的损伤和强度劣化。     

真三轴气固耦合煤体渗流试验系统的研制及应用

为了更真实地模拟煤岩在掘进巷道迎头等环境下的应力状态,研究三向应力环境下煤岩的损伤变形及瓦斯渗流情况,自主研发了真三轴气-固耦合煤体渗流试验系统。该装置主要由真三轴压力室、液压伺服系统、气体渗流系统和监测与控制系统组成,采用的试件尺寸为200 mm×100 mm×100 mm,可施加的最大轴压(?1)为70 MPa、最大侧压（?2）为35 MPa、最大侧压（?3）为10 MPa、最大瓦斯压力为6 MPa。该装置具有以下特点：(1) ?1、?2采用刚性压头加载,?3采用柔性加载,三向应力分别独立加载;(2) 设计了刚柔性压头及传压滑杆,使得?1与?2方向压头在同时加载过程中互不干扰;(3) 通过伺服液压系统控制加载功能,使得装置性能稳定,应力与位移加载精确,易于控制;(4) 气体渗流系统采用蜂窝孔对试件进行面通气,确保试件进气端瓦斯压力均匀分布;(5) 采用多种高精度传感器进行监测,实时记录煤体所受应力值、变形量及瓦斯渗流量。用两种不同应力路径下的渗流试验对该系统准确性和可靠性进行了验证,结果表明,该装置性能稳定可靠。该装置可用于揭示煤与瓦斯在三向应力条件下的耦合作用机制,为防治瓦斯灾害及研究瓦斯抽采提供了可靠的试验基础。     

不同吸附性气体抽采过程中煤储层参数演化特征研究

利用自主研发的多场耦合煤层瓦斯抽采物理模拟试验系统,开展了不同吸附性气体抽采的物理模拟试验,探讨了煤层瓦斯抽采过程中煤储层气压、温度及煤层变形等参数的时空演化规律。结果表明:(1)煤储层气压在抽采前期下降较快并形成以钻孔为中心的气压等值面,距离抽采钻孔越远的区域煤层瓦斯流速越小,气压下降速率越低;(2)气体吸附性越强,抽采过程中的煤储层气压下降速率越低且持续时间越长;(3)煤储层温度的时间演化规律与气压基本一致,在抽采前期有显著的降低,在抽采后期受吸附态气体解吸吸热及热交换作用的影响,煤层温度出现先下降后小幅上升;(4)距离钻孔越近的区域气压下降量越大,煤层温度下降越明显,煤层所受有效应力越大,煤层变形量也越大;(5)抽采气体的吸附性越大,抽采所导致的煤层变形量越大。     

徐州地区深部不可采煤层CO_2地质处置潜力分析

地下储存是降低大气中CO2含量以缓解温室效应的有效措施之一。在我国,深部不可开采煤层处置CO2显示出巨大的潜力。选择了徐州马庄煤矿的气煤做煤样,并对其进行等温吸附实验。结果表明,在相同条件(压力、温度、煤阶等)下煤对CO2的吸附量明显高于对CH4的吸附量,两者比值在2.68~3.26;吸附过程中,随着压力的升高,CO2/CH4的吸附量比值逐渐降低;CO2在含煤水中的离子反应所达到平衡的时间约为120 d。从而认为,徐州地区煤层在深度和位置适宜的情况下可以作为CO2地质处置的有利场所。     

煤矿瓦斯中H_2S气体的吸附特性及其对治理的影响

基于新疆和山西气煤及瘦煤对H_2S、CH_4和N_2的平衡水条件下的等温吸附实验及Langmuir模型和D-A模型对实验数据的模拟结果,来研究煤矿瓦斯中H_2S气体的吸附特性及其影响因素,并探讨其与H_2S异常矿井的治理关系。结果显示:不同于CH_4和N_2在煤中主要以微孔吸附为主(90%以上),煤中H_2S气体的微孔吸附量仅占Langmuir最大吸附量的36.26%~57.21%,平均为45.99%;气体分子本身的性质是影响煤中H_2S吸附的主要因素,尤其分子直径是影响H_2S气体V_0/V_L远小于CH_4和N2的这种现象的主要原因,也是造成微孔中H_2S气体难以解吸的主要原因;基于H_2S气体在煤中吸附解吸特征,提出应从H_2S气体分子本身入手,结合矿井煤层地质条件来治理煤矿中的硫化氢。     

河北开滦矿区晚古生代煤对CO2 和CH4 气体吸附模型探讨

对河北开滦矿区不同变质程度的煤进行了纯CO2和纯CH4气体等温吸附实验,并用Langmuir模型、三参数BET模型和吸附势理论模型（DR,DA）对煤的吸附实验数据进行了拟合,检验了各模型的拟合程度。结果表明：中煤阶烟煤的马家沟矿9号煤（Ro, ran = 1.21%）对CH4和CO2吸附能力比低煤阶烟煤的林南仓矿11号煤（Ro, ran = 0.58%）的吸附能力大;在相同压力下,同一煤样对CO2的吸附能力明显大于对CH4的吸附能力。马家沟矿9号煤对CO2和CH4的等温吸附线具有典型的I型特征,各模型对其吸附行为拟合误差相差很小,可用Langmuir方程描述;林南仓矿煤等温吸附线较复杂,因用Langmuir描述误差较大,应优先选择误差较小的吸附势理论DA模型来描述其吸附行为。9号煤对CH4和11号煤对CO2和CH4的吸附均以单分子层吸附为主。     

中煤级煤吸附甲烷的物理模拟与数值模拟研究

基于184个中煤级（镜质组最大反射率Ro,max介于0.65%~2.50%）煤在平衡水条件下的等温吸附实验成果,模拟了中煤级煤的朗格缪尔体积和压力与煤级的关系,建立了不同埋深（温度、压力）条件下不同煤级煤饱和吸附气量量板,探讨了压力和温度对中煤级煤吸附甲烷能力的综合效应,对比分析了中煤级煤吸附特征与低、高煤级煤的差异,提出了中煤级煤吸附气量预测的方法。     

河北开滦矿区晚古生代煤对CH_4/CO_2二元气体等温解吸特性

研究了河北开滦矿区不同变质程度的煤对不同配比CH4/CO2二元气体等温解吸特性,并用扩展Langmuir方程的推论计算了CH4/CO2二元气体各组分在吸附相中的浓度,分析了其变化特征。结果表明:在开滦矿区煤对CH4/CO2二元气体解吸过程中,中等变质程度煤(Ro=1.21%)对混合气体的吸附能力大于低变质程度煤(Ro=0.58%),且混合气体中CO2浓度越大,总吸附量越多。吸附相中CH4的相对浓度是逐渐降低的,CO2的相对浓度是逐渐升高的。开滦矿区中等变质程度煤相对于低变质程度煤,用CO2气体置换煤层中CH4,可以获得较高的单位压降CH4解吸率,注入CO2的量越多、相对浓度越高,其置换效果就越好,更适于往煤层注入CO2提高煤层气产量技术的实施。     

煤与瓦斯突出过程中气压时空演化规律

煤与瓦斯突出是严重威胁煤矿安全生产的地质灾害之一。近年来,随着采掘深度不断增加,地应力与瓦斯压力不断加大,突出次数也日益频繁,同时由于煤矿井下开采活动,使煤岩体中地应力场发生变化,在掘进工作面或回采工作面前方形成由卸压区、应力集中区和原始应力区组成的三带,给煤与瓦斯突出的预防与治理带来更大的困难。以天府三汇一矿为工程背景,基于相似理论试验模拟了采动条件下的煤与瓦斯突出过程,并分析了突出过程中气压的时空演化规律。研究结果表明:突出的发展是煤体由突出启动点向周围逐渐破坏并抛出的过程,相对突出强度为8.79%,且突出过程具有阵发性,表现为煤体的间歇式多次抛出和气压的反复升降,其中突出口附近气压的升幅较大,达到69.2%,而远离突出口处气压表现为短时间内急剧下降,之后缓慢下降并逐渐趋于大气压;突出过程中气压等压面近似以突出口为中心呈球面分布,且气体解吸区域近似呈球壳状逐渐向外扩展,球壳的扩展速度约为130 mm/s,球壳附近气压梯度较大。     

孔隙压力对煤岩基质解吸变形影响的试验研究

煤层气开采过程中,伴随着煤层气不断地吸附、解吸和渗流,煤体产生变形,极易导致煤和瓦斯突出事故。以晋城天地王坡煤矿为例,通过实验室内试验,模拟煤层气在复杂地层漫长的形成和逐渐开采过程,得到了孔隙压力与解吸量、应变的变化关系,并拟合得出其相应关系表达式,揭示了一些新的规律:(1)初期解吸速度较快,解吸量随时间的增长而不断增加,后期解吸速度减缓,解吸量逐渐趋于稳定;(2)孔隙压力与解吸量、应变呈现抛物线曲线关系,随孔隙压力的升高,吸附和膨胀变形占主导,其值均在增大;(3)存在最小孔隙压力值,随孔隙压力的增大,解吸时间增长,孔隙压力越小,吸附解吸规律越不明显,对于晋城天地王坡煤矿3#煤样,该值在1.0MPa左右;(4)不同加载方式对解吸量和变形量影响较大,先部分加载吸附后全部载荷解吸结果同比加全部载荷吸附解吸结果高13%～77%。试验结果可为煤层气(CBM)抽放安全和煤与瓦斯突出防治提供理论依据。     

煤层处置CO2 的二元气- 固耦合数值模拟

利用不可开采煤层处置二氧化碳可以有效控制温室气体的排放量并可驱动和增加煤层气资源的开采量。二氧化碳注入煤层处置后引入一个复杂的CH4-CO2二元气体与煤体的气固耦合问题,耦合了二元气体竞争吸附、竞争扩散,气体渗流以及煤体变形过程。基于COMSOL Multiphysics建立了二元气固耦合的有限元数值模型,并应用数值模拟实验对二元气固耦合进行了机理分析。模拟结果表明,CO2注入煤层后不断驱替CH4,CH4组分明显减少;气体吸附引起的煤层膨胀量可以抵消部分有效应力引起的压缩变形,由于CH4-CO2二元气体较单一CH4引起的煤层吸附膨胀量大,二氧化碳注入煤层后可以缓解煤层的压缩变形;不同孔隙压力条件下,吸附膨胀与孔隙压力两者竞争作用引起的煤层净变形不同,而净变形也控制着煤层孔隙压力和渗流率的变化,煤层渗透整体呈现先降后升,模拟进行到4.66×107 s时煤层渗透率发生反弹。     

The measurement of coal porosity with different gases

Sorption processes can be used to study different characteristics of coal properties, such as gas content (coalbed methane potential of a deposit), gas diffusion, porosity, internal surface area, etc. Coal microstructure (porosity system) is relevant for gas flow behaviour in coal and, consequently, directly influences gas recovery from the coalbed.This paper addresses the determination of coal porosity (namely micro- and macroporosity) in relation to the molecular size of different gases. Experiments entailed a sorption process, which includes the direct method of determining the “void volume” of samples using different gases (helium, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and methane). Because gas behaviour depends on pressure and temperature conditions, it is critical, in each case, to know the gas characteristics, especially the compressibility factor.The experimental conditions of the sorption process were as follows: temperature in the bath 35 °C; sample with moisture equal to or greater than the moisture-holding capacity (MHC), particle size of sample less than 212 μm, and mass ca. 100 g.The present investigation was designed to confirm that when performing measurements of the coal void volume with helium and nitrogen, there are only small and insignificant changes in the volume determinations. Inducing great shrinkage and swelling effects in the coal molecular structure, carbon dioxide leads to “abnormal” negative values in coal void volume calculations, since the rate of sorbed and free gas is very high. In fact, when in contact with the coal structure, carbon dioxide is so strongly retained that the sorbed gas volume is much higher than the free gas volume. However, shrinkage and swelling effects in coal structure induced by carbon dioxide are fully reversible. Methane also induces shrinkage and swelling when in contact with coal molecular structure, but these effects, although smaller than those induced by carbon dioxide, are irreversible and increase the coal volume.     

Binary gas adsorption/desorption isotherms: effect of moisture and coal composition upon carbon dioxide selectivity over methane

The effect of coal moisture content and composition upon methane/carbon dioxide mixed gas adsorption characteristics is investigated. Separation factors are used to quantify the relative adsorption of carbon dioxide and methane. Experimental data indicate that carbon dioxide separation factors vary slightly between coal lithotypes, but the effects of variable coal composition and moisture upon selective adsorption are difficult to isolate. Model predictions based upon single-component isotherms show that although some variability in carbon dioxide selectivity exists for different coal types, there is no clear relationship between coal composition and carbon dioxide selectivity. Model predictions also indicate that coal moisture decreases carbon dioxide selectivity. The ideal adsorbed solution (IAS) theory and the extended Langmuir model differ substantially in their ability to predict binary gas adsorption behaviour. Comparison of model predictions to experimental data demonstrates that IAS theory, in conjunction with the Dubinin–Astakhov single-component isotherm equations are more accurate for the prediction of mixed gas desorption isotherms collected in this study than the extended Langmuir. IAS predictions, however, are strongly dependent upon the choice of pure gas isotherm equation.     

多组分气体吸附预测及模型对比研究

为了更精确描述煤层气注气开发或二氧化碳煤层封存涉及到的多组分吸附过程,采用扩展Langmuir、理想吸附溶剂和二维状态方程预测不同煤对甲烷-二氧化碳混合气体的吸附,并将三种模型预测结果与实验数据进行对比分析,结果表明:二维状态方程模型对混合气体的吸附预测精度最高,并且能较好适用于高压系统的吸附预测。除此之外,从三种模型分离因子的变化规律可以看出,理想吸附溶剂和二维状态方程模型在吸附时都考虑了气体相对吸附性随平衡气相组分和压力的变化,而扩展Langmuir没有考虑该因素。因此,也表明理想吸附溶剂和二维状态方程模型在预测多组分气体相对吸附方面具有一定的优势。      

Swelling-induced volumetric strains internal to a stressed coal associated with CO2 sorption

It is generally accepted that typical coalbed gases (methane and carbon dioxide) are sorbed (both adsorbed and absorbed) in the coal matrix causing it to swell and resulting in local stress and strain variations in a coalbed confined under overburden pressure. The swelling, interactions of gases within the coal matrix and the resultant changes in the permeability, sorption, gas flow mechanics in the reservoir, and stress state of the coal can impact a number of reservoir-related factors. These include effective production of coalbed methane, degasification of future mining areas by drilling horizontal and vertical degasification wells, injection of CO₂ as an enhanced coalbed methane recovery technique, and concurrent CO₂ sequestration. Such information can also provide an understanding of the mechanisms behind gas outbursts in underground coal mines.The spatio-temporal volumetric strains in a consolidated Pittsburgh seam coal sample were evaluated while both confining pressure and carbon dioxide (CO₂) pore pressure were increased to keep a constant positive effective stress on the sample. The changes internal to the sample were evaluated by maps of density and atomic number determined by dual-energy X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT). Early-time images, as soon as CO₂ was introduced, were also used to calculate the macroporosity in the coal sample. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and photographic images of the polished section of the coal sample at X-ray CT image location were used to identify the microlithotypes and microstructures.The CO₂ sorption-associated swelling and volumetric strains in consolidated coal under constant effective stress are heterogeneous processes depending on the lithotypes present. In the time scale of the experiment, vitrite showed the highest degree of swelling due to dissolution of CO₂, while the clay (kaolinite) and inertite region was compressed in response. The volumetric strains associated with swelling and compression were between ± 15% depending on the location. Although the effective stress on the sample was constant, it varied within the sample as a result of the internal stresses created by gas sorption-related structural changes. SEM images and porosity calculations revealed that the kaolinite and inertite bearing layer was highly porous, which enabled the fastest CO₂ uptake and the highest degree of compression.     

泥炭的热模拟实验及其在煤层气研究中的应用

采用高温高压多冷阱热解实验装置,在温度和压力分别为336.8~600℃和 50MPa,升温速率为 20℃/h和 2℃/h条件下,对泥炭进行了热解生气的模拟实验,获得了烃类甲烷和C₂-C₅气体以及非烃二氧化碳、氢气和硫化氢气体的产率和体积分数数据,研究了热模拟产物气体的组分特征和热演化过程。结果表明,泥炭高温热解产物气体主要由非烃二氧化碳气体组成,其次为烃类甲烷和C₂-C₅气体。随着实验温度的增高,非烃气体体积分数呈下降趋势,烃类气体体积分数呈上升趋势。不同升温速率实验条件下,泥炭样品热解生气表现出不同的特征,主要体现了时间因素控制着泥炭的生烃过程和生烃量,这符合化学反应动力学时间与温度之间互补的原理。并且与煤岩热解生气特征进行了对比,表明泥炭比煤岩具有更高的产烃气能力。根据热模拟实验研究结果,探讨了煤层气形成方面的地球化学意义。      

注入CO2提高煤层气产能的可行性研究

根据煤储层吸附一解吸机理,首次采用“解吸一注气一解吸”的实验方法,分别进行CH4,CO2的吸附一解吸和CO2注入置换煤层CH4实验,模拟了煤层气井“排采一注气一排采”的增产途径和效果。结果表明：在CH4和CO2二元体系的竞争吸附中,CO2组分的吸附速率是先快后慢,而CH4组分的吸附速率先慢后快,解吸时则相反,反映出CO2在竞争吸附中占据优势;注入CO2气体的数量越大和相对浓度越高,单位压降CH4解吸率和CO2吸附率就越高。实验结论对工业规模的煤层气开发试验具有指导意义。     

Strain development in unconfined coals exposed to CO2, CH4 and Ar: Effect of moisture

Field experiments and laboratory studies have shown that swelling of coal takes place upon contact with carbon dioxide at underground pressure and temperature conditions. Understanding this swelling behavior is crucial for predicting the performance of future carbon dioxide sequestration operations in unminable coal seams conducted in association with methane production. Swelling is believed to be related to adsorption on the internal coal surface. Whereas it is well established that moisture influences the sorption capacity of coal, the influence of water on coal swelling is less well-defined. This paper presents the results of laboratory experiments to investigate the effect of moisture on coal swelling in the presence of carbon dioxide, methane and argon. Strain development of an unconfined sample of about 1.0–1.5 mm³ at 40 °C and 8 MPa (and at other pressures) was observed in an optical cell under a microscope as a function of time. Both air dried and moisturized samples were used. Results confirmed different swelling behaviors of coal with different substances: carbon dioxide leads to higher strain than methane, while exposure to argon leads to very little swelling. The experiments on moisturized samples seem to confirm the role of moisture as a competitor to gas molecules for adsorption sites. Adsorption of water could also explain the observed swelling due to water uptake at atmospheric pressure. A re-introduction of carbon dioxide, after intermediate gas release, results in higher strains which indicate a drying effect of the carbon dioxide on the coal. The results of this study show that the role of water cannot be ignored if one wants to understand the fundamental processes that are taking place in enhanced coalbed methane operations.     

吸附–解吸状态下煤层气运移机制

带吸附作用的煤层气运移规律一直是煤层气地质学界关注的焦点问题之一。为研究吸附-解吸状态下的煤层气运移机制,推导了气体吸附-解吸方程并分析了多孔介质扩散-渗流理论,开展了煤层气运移实验并对实验结果进行了分析。研究结果发现:煤体孔隙结构对煤层气运移具有"容阻效应","容储""阻降"二重特性并存构成了煤基质的基本功能;气体运移过程中煤体对CO₂和CH₄吸附能力的差异体现在吸附响应时间、吸附速率增长率、吸附平衡时间和最大吸附体积等4项指标;煤层气运移过程中扩散和渗流两种方式并存,当裂隙及大孔内气体压力较中-微孔隙系统气体压力高时,气体运移速率以渗流为主,否则以扩散为主。