遥感在福州南北港中淤变化研究中的应用

根据多时相的遥感资料对福州市闽江南北港近２０多年来的堤岸、沙洲、旱出滩、浅滩的冲淤变化进行研究,并对其变化原因作了一些分析,认为福州南北港及马尾港的冲液变化受人为因素影响极大。     

试论里下河地区引江冲淤保港之联合调度

本文根据2006年12月至2007年1月进行的里下河地区沿海引江冲淤保港及改善水环境试验成果,结合2000年以来的江都枢纽、高港枢纽引江资料、四大港道冲淤测验资料,初步分析了两枢纽的引江能力以及港道淤积规律、提高梅汛期四大港排涝能力的引江冲淤时机、可冲淤水量,提出了两枢纽与沿海四港闸的联合调度运用有关建议,可作为今后具体实施引江冲淤调度的参考,以实现冲淤保港、改善水环境和保障水资源供给的综合效益最大化.     

葛洲坝水利枢纽运行后泥沙冲淤变化分析

对葛洲坝水利枢纽及其运行情况和河段特性进行了介绍。分析认为葛洲坝水利枢纽运行前后的入库水沙特性基本一致。探讨了库区冲淤变化特点、淤积量及其分布,冲淤过程及达到冲淤平衡的时间。对坝下游河床的冲淤过程、冲淤量、达到冲淤平衡的时间以及河床粗化,河底高程历年变化及同流量水位降低的原因、降低量及变化过程进行了分析总结。研究结果可为进一步探讨三峡水利枢纽与葛洲坝水利枢纽联合调度运用后水库泥沙淤积变化规律提供参考。     

淤泥质海岸入海河口闸下港道河相关系

以江苏沿海北部的射阳河闸下港道为原型,建立二维水动力及泥沙输运概化数学模型,模拟了淤泥质海岸闸下港道淤积过程。分别在不考虑径流年内分配变化和考虑径流年内分配变化的情况下,研究了入海径流对港道内水沙动力和冲淤演变的影响。参考前人研究成果,结合量纲和谐准则,根据模型的计算结果,建立了淤泥质海岸闸下港道年均平衡流量与汛期排水比例、河床断面积、外海潮差、潮波变形、港道长度等因素间的河相关系式,对在实际情况中达到动态冲淤平衡的某条特定港道,可简化为港道年均流量与河床断面积间关系式的简化形式,并通过分析实测资料,对公式的简化形式加以佐证。     

海南博鳌海域冲淤灾害地质及其环境稳定性分析

利用海南博鳌海域2期海图,结合多期遥感影像和地形图对比,分析了博鳌海域的冲淤及海岸线变迁;根据博鳌港潮汐汊道纳潮量P和口门断面面积A之间的P-A关系研究和冲淤灾害因素判别,进行了口门稳定性评价,并对博鳌港的冲淤灾害和环境稳定性进行了分析.结果显示:博鳌港外海区域以淤积为主;万泉河口门海域以侵蚀为主,口门呈现单口门和双口门交替变化状态,口门北侧和玉带滩北部岸线主要以侵蚀后退为主,玉带滩中部和南部岸线近于稳定平衡态;沙美内海以淤积为主.采用潮汐汊道P-A关系进行分析,显示博鳌港口门处于不稳定状态.     

按输水因数的变化整編流量資料的方法

一、間题的提出受冲淤影响的水文測騐河段上,在中低水时期,河槽往往只在河底部分不断发生冲淤变化。河床兩岸部分的冲淤,此較是不显著的。这样的河道多半为槽形,并且具有下列特点: 1.河底高程呈連續性的变化; 2.沿河流縱断面的冲淤是局部性的; 3.由于冲淤的局部性,造成河底坡降和水面此降較大的变化; 4.随着冲淤現象的交替,河床組成不断变化,而     

长江澄通河段河床冲淤对流域减沙的响应

为研究潮汐河道不同区段在流域来沙减少条件下的冲淤响应机制,以长江澄通河段为例,根据水动力特性将其划分为江阴—天生港和天生港—徐六泾两段,结合1950—2014年的水沙资料及2005—2014年的地形资料,比较两段冲淤对流域减沙的响应差异。结果表明:上游江阴—天生港段对流域减沙敏感,较快地由淤积转为冲刷;下游天生港—徐六泾段1998—2004年期间受洪季平均径流流量减小、潮汐顶托作用相对增大的影响,冲刷速率为减小趋势,2004年以后受洪季平均径流流量增大、潮汐顶托作用相对减小及流域来沙持续减少的共同影响,冲刷速率为增大趋势。使得潮汐动力对天生港—徐六泾段由促淤变为促冲的临界洪季平均径流流量为36 000 m3/s,该径流流量也是使得潮汐顶托作用在江阴—天生港段由不显著变为显著的临界流量。目前,流域减沙已加剧澄通河段整体的冲刷。     

1998年三峡坝区水流特性与河道冲淤分析

在三峡工程建设过程中,三峡坝区河段水文泥沙及河床冲淤的变化情况对工程有着至关重要的影响,特别是１９９８年大洪水,使得三峡坝区河床冲淤及水文泥沙等要素的变化非常之大。根据１９９８年三峡坝区的实测资料,对坝区的水流冲淤等情况进行了分析,得出了坝区水流情况和河道冲淤的一般规律,同时也提出了一些值得关注的问题。     

基于平移相关法的黄河口溯源冲淤范围分析

河口延伸及流路改道的溯源影响是科学制定黄河下游河道治理与河口治理规划的关键问题之一,关系到治黄战略及策略的确定。基于沿程冲淤和溯源冲淤在时空上的传播特征,提出了平移相关分析方法,采用1950—1990年的水位数据,分析了黄河口流路演变对黄河下游河道的溯源影响过程和范围。结果表明:①黄河下游不同断面上的水位总体呈震荡上升趋势,水位变化过程在空间上并不完全同步,相同时间节点上各断面水位存在较大差别,具有扰动波的传播特征;②黄河下游沿程冲淤发展速率较快,冲淤扰动波从花园口传递到高村大约需要1 a,高村与艾山之间的冲淤变化则基本同步;③溯源冲淤发展速度较慢且存在滞后效应,泺口冲淤变化主要受利津前8 a冲淤变化的累积影响;④黄河口流路演变溯源影响主要在艾山以下,距离黄河入海口约350 km以内的河段主要受溯源冲淤影响。     

关于辽河干流河道冲淤量沿程变化规律探讨

河流断面的变化是研究河道冲淤情况及河流河床冲淤情况及河流河床演变最直观、最简洁的办法。在分析辽河下游河流输沙量变化特征的基础上,利用辽河干流具有代表性水文站的实测大断面,对河床泥沙冲淤及动态演变进行初步分析。结果表明辽河干流典型站径流输沙呈线性相关,关系相对稳定,2010-2013年显著减少,不同年代中冲淤基本交替进行,辽河干流整体是淤积的。     

台风浪作用下长江口深水航道骤淤数值模拟

极端天气条件下,波浪引起的高含沙水体会引起航道骤淤,增大航道回淤量。以"马勒卡"台风期间现场水文资料为基础,建立了波流共同作用下的长江口三维潮流泥沙数学模型,研究北槽航道骤淤问题。数学模型验证了"马勒卡"台风期间的北槽水沙过程,相似性较好,通过分离波浪,探讨了潮流与波流共同作用下的含沙量及航道淤积分布差异,研究了台风浪对航道骤淤的影响。研究表明,台风浪对-15 m等深线以浅水域含沙量影响较大,北槽含沙量自上游至口外逐渐增大,改变了常态天气北槽"中间高、两头低"的含沙量分布趋势。台风浪对北槽口内航道回淤分布影响较小,北槽口外航道淤积量剧增,即航道骤淤主要发生在北槽口外。     

黄河冲（淤）积粉质二灰土的配合比研究

试验研究了黄河冲（淤）积粉质二灰土的配合比问题。分析了黄河冲（淤）积粉质二灰土的强度标准龄期;研究了土质、二灰比、二灰含量对二灰土强度的影响规律;提出了黄河冲（淤）积粉质二灰土配合比设计的新思路。研究认为,对于黄河冲（淤）积粉质二灰土,应以21 d无侧限抗压强度作为配合比设计的依据;黄河冲（淤）积平原区土质适宜的二灰比为1：3,适宜的二灰含量在32 %～40 %之间;土中<0.005 mm颗粒含量、土的有机质含量,以及二灰土的粗细颗粒比Cf值对黄河冲（淤）积粉质二灰土的强度具有重要影响,且呈现规律性变化;当土中<0.005 mm颗粒含量在17 %～27 %之间时,黄河冲（淤）积粉质二灰土可获得较高的强度。     

Groundwater vulnerability assessment of the Cork Harbour area,SW Ireland

In the Cork Harbour area of SW Ireland, high yield karst and intergranular gravel aquifers are extremely vulnerable to pollution from a variety of sources, mainly due to the limited protection afforded by the thin cover of low permeability glacial and alluvial overburden. The main potential sources of pollution are due to rapid urbanisation of the Cork city area and its attendant infrastructure, and increased industrialisation in the area, with numerous new industries, particularly pharmaceutical and chemical industries, located around Cork Harbour. Other potential sources of pollution are a number of landfills in the area and an oil refinery near the mouth of Cork Harbour. Traditional agricultural sources of pollution also exist, due to increased use of chemical fertilisers. Finally, the susceptibility to saline intrusion of the karst and gravel aquifers around Cork Harbour is high due to the long coastline of the harbour and the low-lying nature of the karst synclines with their superimposed buried valleys.     

Sediment characteristics and sedimentations rates of a small river in Western Central Brazil

The purpose of this study is to characterise the alluvial sediments and to quantify sedimentation rates of a small river system, the Ribeir?o do Torto in Central Western Brazil. The study area provides an excellent opportunity to examine the effect of land use on sedimentation rates in the region for the first time and thus contributes to understanding sediment transport processes into water reservoirs (silting). ¹³⁷Cs, ²¹⁰Pb and ¹⁴C dating techniques were used to estimate natural sedimentation rates and those associated with land use development. Complementary use of physical and chemical analyses of the sediments and contained anthropogenic materials revealed that sedimentation dynamics had varied over time. Natural sedimentation rates are more than ten times lower than in the period since the mid-1950s for the alluvial system of the Ribeir?o do Torto. The results indicated that human impact had accelerated the sedimentation dynamics, which resulted in higher sediment quantities and sand content and changes of sediment sources. The variation of sedimentation rates may reflect also several other factors, e.g. natural fluctuation in flow energy or geomorphologic changes within the alluvial system. However, the multiple dating techniques and supplementary interpretation employed in this study show the potential use of radionuclides and soil/sediment parameters to identify changes in sedimentation rate, stream energy and sediment characteristics in floodplains.     

中国西北地区石炭纪岩相古地理?

根据研究区实测露头剖面沉积构造、岩矿、沉积地球化学、粒度分析、古流向资料、重矿物及沉积相的综合研究，结合地层、古生物、区域岩性资料等，对研究区石炭纪岩相古地理特征进行了分析。研究区早石炭世有5个古陆，即阿勒泰古陆南准噶尔古陆、敦煌-走廊古陆、阿拉善古陆、陇西古陆；有10个沉积相区，即库马苏滨浅海相区、布尔津-富蕴滨浅海相区、博格达滨浅海区、北准噶尔深海-半深海相区、北天山半深海-深海相区、克拉美丽冲积扇-湖泊相区、克拉玛依冲积扇-湖泊区、南天山-北祁连滨浅相区、柴达木碳酸盐台地相区、中祁连滨浅海相区。晚石炭世的岩相古地理与早石炭世相比，既有继承性，也有一定的差异，古陆范围有所小；有5个古陆，即阿勒泰古陆、北准噶尔古陆、马鬃山古陆、敦煌-阿拉善古陆、中天山古陆；有9个沉积相区，即库马苏河湖相区、布津-富蕴河湖相区、克拉美丽－巴里坤滨浅海相区、博乐－库尔勒－红柳园滨浅海相区、克拉玛依－哈密半深海－深海相区、乌鲁木齐生物滩丘区、柴达木碳酸盐岩台地相区、宗务隆山浅海-半深海相区、祁连滨浅海相区。半深海-深海相区、滨浅海相区和三角洲相区是较为有利的气分布区。     

黄河内蒙古河段河道冲淤演变与凌情响应机制

黄河上游内蒙古冲积性河道凌汛问题突出,研究河道冲淤演变与凌情响应机制可为该河段防凌减灾提供技术支持。根据内蒙古河段凌情、河道冲淤演变资料,分析凌情变化表征指标及与之密切相关的河道冲淤演变特征指标,研究河道冲淤演变特征指标与凌情变化表征指标的响应关系。结果表明:河道冲淤演变的特征指标平滩流量与凌情表征指标冰下过流能力、槽蓄水增量关系密切,冰下过流能力为平滩流量的1/5左右,随着平滩流量减小而减小,而槽蓄水增量随着平滩流量的减小而增大,有利内蒙古河段防凌的平滩流量宜不小于2 000 m3/s,槽蓄水增量宜不超过14亿m3。本研究成果可为内蒙古河段冰凌灾害防治提供参考。     

Evolution of a coastal alluvial deposit in response to the last Quaternary marine transgression, Bahía Blanca estuary, Argentina

The purpose of this research is to analyze the seismostratigraphic and paleoenvironmental features of an ancient fluvial deposit characterized by the presence of paleochannels and sedimentary structures in Bahía Blanca estuary, Argentina. To this end, high-resolution seismic methods were used. Paleochannels exhibiting v-shaped cuts were found at different topographic positions at the base of this deposit. It was observed that channel silting is indicative of the relative change of river base level and the consequent migration of fluvial tributaries. This alluvial deposit is composed of low compacted fine sand and its middle–upper facies is characterized by the presence of horizontal and discontinuous wavy reflectors. The upper boundary of this deposit is an erosive discontinuity resulting from Holocene sea-level rise during which the mouth of old fluvial courses underwent changes. The deposit was subsequently buried by sandy and clayey silt sediments. The paleodrainage at subbottom indicates that this deposit is associated with an ancient river mouth. Based on the seismostratigraphic and lithological characteristics and the paleochannel structures found in the study area, it can be concluded that the deposit analyzed is an alluvial sequence formed in the period from the Middle-Late Pleistocene to Holocene marine transgression.     

冲积性河流河床冲淤调整对洪水泥沙过程的响应——以黄河游荡型河段为例

为研究冲积性河流造床机理,基于能量耗散原理分析河床调整与水沙过程（变异特性）间的关系十分必要。以黄河游荡型河段为例,利用实测资料分析和平面二维水沙数值模拟方法,进行了各种洪水泥沙条件下河流冲淤规律的探讨。研究发现平滩面积、河相系数与径流泥沙特征值间存在的关联性映射出冲积性河流能量关系中的制约机制;不同洪水泥沙过程的河床冲刷强度变化具有阶段性,主槽累积刷槽效应与洪水泥沙过程有密切响应关系;高效输沙的洪水过程通过塑造最适宜的河床断面形态,能实现最佳输沙效率与主槽的最大冲刷。在不同漫滩洪水条件中,综合系数Φ最大时的洪水过程具有最大累积刷槽效应,因此对应流量可作为黄河下游漫滩洪水的调控指标。     

大连新港的红粘土及其工程特性的形成

在大连新港油罐区的建设中,发现了一种具有高孔隙性、高含水量、高塑性、中低压缩性的特殊土。作者对这种土及其母岩的矿物学、岩石学、地球化学、物理化学和工程特性进行了系统研究,揭示了该区红粘土及其工程特性的形成机理,该区红粘土乃是蒙脱石化的粗玄岩,在中温带气候区红土花作用的产物。     

Late Quaternary denudation of the Alps,valley and lake fillings and modern river loads

The coastal areas of the island of Delos, located at the centre of the Cyclades archipelago (Greece), are rich in submerged Hellenistic archaeological vestiges. This submersion can be explained by changes in relative sea-level: the recent 14C datings of submerged beachrock occurrences of Delos and the nearby islands of Mykonos and Rhenia suggest that the sea level was at about -2.5 m (± 0.5 m) around 400 BC [1, 2]. Such result has enabled to confirm and refine Negris'early-twentieth-century hypothesis that the submersion can be accounted for by the relative sea-level rise.

From this result, together with bathymetric maps, archaeological studies and stratigraphic data, the Hellenistic coastal landscapes on the western side of Delos have been reconstructed.

The Sacred Harbour (including the Agora of the Competaliasts) and the “Pointe des Pilastres” landscapes (located to the South) resembled those of the current Greek harbours: the paved walkways or esplanades bordering buildings or shops were separated from the sea by a beach onto which boats were drawn. The landscape of the “Maisons au flanc de la Colline” sector (located to the North) seems to have been different. These houses were located on a rocky platform, in a sector exposed to the north swell.