新疆阿尔泰阿舍勒矿集区铜多金属矿床模型

阿舍勒是新疆十分重要的铜多金属矿集区,矿化均赋存于下–中泥盆统阿舍勒组火山岩系中。矿化类型多,成矿元素组合复杂(Cu、Cu-Zn、Cu-Zn-Au、Cu-Pb-Zn-Au、Cu-Pb-Zn-Ag)。阿舍勒组火山活动时间是402~375 Ma,矿化时间为394~379 Ma,持续了15 Ma。本文通过对阿舍勒铜锌矿和萨尔朔克金多金属矿的系统研究,提出阿舍勒矿集区矿床模型,认为尽管矿集区铜多金属矿化类型多,成矿元素组合复杂,但成矿均与火山作用有关,属同一VMS成矿系统,只是不同部位存在矿化差异。在火山斜坡和洼地喷流沉积形成层状铜锌矿体和重晶石矿体,补给通道中形成脉状铜(锌)矿体和铜铅锌银矿体,潜流纹岩中形成脉状金铜铅锌矿体,潜英安岩中形成铜矿体,潜火山岩接触带形成铜矿体,在断裂或裂隙中形成铜矿体。     

新疆阿舍勒盆地阿舍勒组火山岩锆石U-Pb测年及地球化学特征

新疆阿舍勒盆地中阿舍勒组火山岩主要为英安质、流纹质火山角砾岩,凝灰岩、沉凝灰岩等火山角砾岩及火山熔岩,顶部为玄武岩及碧玉岩、灰岩。玄武岩亏损Nb,Ta,Ti等高场强元素,富集Ba,Th,U,Sr等大离子亲石元素,具岛弧玄武岩特征;英安岩为钙碱性系列,富集Rb,Ba,Th,U等大离子亲石元素,Nb,P,Ti亏损十分明显,具火山弧英安岩特征。玄武岩和英安岩中分别获得(387±2.8)Ma和(398.1±6.9)Ma的锆石U-Pb年龄。Hf同位素研究表明,玄武岩、英安岩物质主要来自亏损地幔,受部分熔融地壳的混染。地球化学特征显示,早中泥盆世阿舍勒组火山岩形成于俯冲构造环境。     

阿尔泰阿舍勒铜锌矿床模型及找矿靶区预测

阿舍勒大型铜锌矿是我国典型的海相火山岩块状硫化物(VMS)型矿床,赋存于阿舍勒盆地早—中泥盆世阿舍勒组海相火山-沉积岩系中。结合阿舍勒铜锌矿最新勘探成果,通过对阿舍勒铜锌矿床矿物组合分带、矿石构造分带及成矿温度分带的研究,在Ⅰ号矿体9～21线0 m标高以下划分出一走向近NS向的火山喷流通道并总结了成矿模型。最终划分出Ⅰ号矿体9～21线-200 m以下及Ⅴ号矿化蚀变带深部两处找矿靶区。     

新疆阿尔泰阿舍勒铜锌矿床矿物学特征及其地质意义

新疆阿尔泰阿舍勒铜锌矿床位于阿舍勒盆地,矿体赋存于中-下泥盆统阿舍勒组海相火山-沉积岩系中,为典型的VMS型矿床。Ⅰ号矿化带主矿体为铜-锌矿体,呈似层状产于凝灰岩与玄武岩之间,补给通道相细脉-网脉状铜矿化。Ⅱ号矿化带产于凝灰岩中,上部为层状重晶石矿化,补给通道相为细脉-网脉状铜铅锌银矿化。文章对脉状矿化中黄铁矿、闪锌矿、黄铜矿、方铅矿、黝铜矿、辉碲铋和绿泥石进行了矿物学研究,电子探针分析表明,硫化物主成分含量接近其理论含量。黄铁矿中w（Fe）/w（S＋As）比值平均为0.874,暗示脉状矿化形成深度为中浅部。闪锌矿中w（Fe）较低,指示其在低温环境下形成。绿泥石为蠕绿泥石,形成温度为157~206℃,平均为190℃。黝铜矿普遍含Zn,可达到8%,Ⅰ号矿化带黝铜矿富砷,Ⅱ号矿化带富锑,指示Ⅱ号矿化带矿物形成时的温度相对Ⅰ号矿化带低。脉状矿体中Au主要赋存于黄铁矿、黄铜矿、黝铜矿和闪锌矿中,Ag主要赋存在黝铜矿中,可达2.365%,Se主要赋存在辉碲铋矿中,平均1.242%。脉状矿化的矿物在中、低温度,较高硫逸度的环境下形成。矿体从底部到上部硫逸度总体趋势降低并且层状矿体和脉状矿体为同期同源热液活动的产物。     

新疆阿舍勒铜锌矿区脆韧性剪切带中绢云母~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar年代学及其地质意义

新疆阿舍勒VMS型铜锌矿位于阿尔泰造山带西南缘的阿舍勒盆地,额尔齐斯深断裂的次级玛尔卡库里大断裂带以北,矿床赋存于下—中泥盆统阿舍勒组火山岩系中。矿床在主成矿期喷流-沉积阶段形成之后,遭受岩浆热液叠加、剪切变形作用改造以及表生氧化作用。片理、拉伸线理、S-C面理、旋转碎斑、黄铁矿不对称压力影、流劈理、石英带状消光及扭裂等剪切变形构造在矿区普遍发育。本文通过对脆-韧性剪切作用形成绢云母的40Ar/39Ar同位素测年获得等时线年龄和坪年龄分别为(251.6±2.9)Ma和(251.2±1.6)Ma,在误差范围内基本一致,从而限定矿区脆韧性剪切带形成时间为晚二叠世—早三叠世,为额尔齐斯断裂区域大规模剪切-走滑活动后的局部剪切运动。阿舍勒铜矿主成矿期形成于早泥盆世末期—中泥盆世,晚二叠世—早三叠世韧性剪切变形对矿床具有一定的改造作用。     

内蒙古苏尼特左旗乌兰德勒钼(铜)矿床地质特征及找矿标志

乌兰德勒钼(铜)矿床是近几年内蒙古国土资源大调查工作中新发现的一个中型钼(铜)矿床。矿床具典型的斑岩型矿床矿化特征, 并呈现较为复杂的上下两种矿化形态。上部矿体呈多层脉状、网脉状, 赋存于早期侵入的石英闪长岩及花岗闪长岩次生裂隙中, 辉钼矿呈大叶片状、细鳞片状集合体充填于围岩裂隙或硅化脉两侧; 下部矿体较厚大, 赋存于成矿母岩即中细粒二长花岗闪长岩、细粒花岗岩与早期石英闪长岩侵入接触带中, 构成矿床中的主要矿体, 辉钼矿呈细脉状、细脉浸染状产出。矿床具有典型的斑岩蚀变类型, 钾化(黑云母化)、黄铁绢英岩化、云英岩化与矿化作用密切相关。化探工作显示, 成矿元素Mo、Cu、W、Bi元素异常分布面积及强度大, 具有明显的浓度分带和浓集中心, 构成同心环状异常。而高精度磁测表明: 与矿化有关的石英闪长岩、黄铁矿化花岗闪长岩具有强磁性, 围岩黑云母花岗岩、蚀变花岗岩则显示无-弱磁性。激电中梯测量显示与成矿有关的闪长岩、蚀变花岗岩具有高极化低电阻率特征, 为本区的重要找矿标志。与成矿作用相关的细粒二长花岗岩中锆石的SHRIMP U-Pb年龄为131.3 ± 1.6 Ma, 而矿床中辉钼矿Re-Os同位素年龄为134.1 ± 3.3 Ma, 显示该斑岩型矿床形成于早白垩世。乌兰德勒钼(铜)矿床的地、物、化找矿标志和成矿时间的确定, 为本地区下一步找矿工作的开展提供了重要借鉴。     

阿舍勒铜锌矿综合找矿预测模型

通过新疆矿产资源潜力评价工作,对新疆阿舍勒海相火山岩型铜锌矿成矿环境、特征、成因、成矿规律及控矿要素进行总结,认为该矿床是产于阿舍勒拉张裂谷中心带、与早—中泥盆世火山岩有关的块状硫化物矿床,且严格受双峰式火山岩建造控制。基性火山岩与酸性火山岩接触界面是寻找此类矿床重要地质标志。高重力、低电阻和强铜、锌、银元素异常组合的出现是定位矿体的有效信息。重力+TEM+岩石化探是寻找此类矿床的最佳技术组合。     

《新疆阿舍勒型铜-锌矿床成矿地质条件及成矿模式》简介

《新疆阿舍勒型铜-锌矿床成矿地质条件及成矿模式》由原地矿部西安地质矿产研究所周良仁研究员等著,西安交通大学出版社出版,全书30万字.本书主要论述了阿舍勒块状硫化物铜-锌矿床形成的构造环境,成矿时代为早中泥盆世,主矿层位于阿舍勒组“沉凝灰岩”的顶部;泥盆纪海相火山岩属反序列的细碧岩-石英角斑岩,具典型双峰岩套的特征,阿舍勒铜-锌矿床与此有明显的专属性;矿区由三个构造层组成,总体组成一个向北倾伏的复向斜构造,Ⅰ号铜-锌则为向西倒转向斜构造的组成部分;矿床具明显的双层构造及矿石的分带性;还总结了矿床的找矿标志,包括地、物、化标志,并提出了两个重点找矿预测区.本书的出版,无疑对推动阿尔泰南缘和开展我国同类型矿床以及与海相火山岩有关的块状硫化物矿床的研究和地质勘查具有重要的理论和实际意义.本书现有少量库存,每册30 元,需要者请与《西北地质》编辑部联系.     

西天山达巴特矿区火山岩的形成时代、构造背景及对斑岩型矿化的制约

本文通过对西天山地区比较典型的达巴特斑岩铜钼矿床矿区范围内出露的英安岩和花岗斑岩进行了系统的岩石地球化学分析,对流纹斑岩和花岗斑岩中的锆石进行了SHRIMPU—Pb定年研究,分别获得了315．9±5．9Ma和278．7±5．7Ma。岩石化学、微量以及稀土元素特征表明从英安岩到花岗斑岩,岩体具有明显的分异演化特征和很好的继承性。火山岩和次火山岩的精确定年为准确厘定火山岩形成的时限和地球动力学背景提供了依据。结合已有的Re-Os法获得的矿化年龄,表明晚石炭世末-早二叠世初（278．7±5．7Ma）,西天山地区进入板块碰撞-板内伸展阶段,由于深源岩浆侵位,在达巴特矿区形成了由花岗斑岩、流纹斑岩和流纹质角砾熔结凝灰岩组成的椭圆形火山机构,并导致相关矿床的形成。     

《新疆阿舍勒型铜-锌矿床成矿地质条件及成矿模式》简介

《新疆阿舍勒型铜 -锌矿床成矿地质条件及成矿模式》 (简称“阿舍勒”)。本书由原地矿部西安地质矿产研究所周良仁研究员等著。西安交通大学出版社出版。全书 30万字 ,每册 2 6元(含邮寄费 )。本书主要论述了阿舍勒块状硫化物铜 -矿床形成的构造环境 ,成矿时代为早中泥盆世 ,主矿层位于阿舍勒组“沉凝灰岩”的顶部 ;泥盆纪海相火山岩属反序列的细碧岩 -石英角斑岩 ,具典型双峰岩套的特征 ,阿舍勒铜 -锌矿床与此有明显的专属性 ;矿区由三个构造层组成 ,总体组成一个向北倾伏的复向斜构造 , 号铜 -锌则为向西倒转向斜构造的组成部分 ;矿床具有…     

Roles of xenomelts,xenoliths, xenocrysts,xenovolatiles, residues,and skarns in the genesis,transport, and localization of magmatic Fe-Ni-Cu-PGE sulfides and chromite

Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Parents,permission, and possibility: Young women,college, and imagined futures in Gujarat,India

This article advances critical geographies of youth through examining the spatiality implicit in the imagined futures of young women in rural India. Geographers and other scholars of youth have begun to pay more attention to the interplay between young people’s past, present, and imagined futures. Within this emerging body of scholarship the role of the family and peer group in influencing young people’s orientations toward the future remain underexamined. Drawing on eleven months of ethnographic fieldwork, my research focuses on a first generation of college-going young women from socioeconomically marginalized backgrounds in India’s westernmost state of Gujarat. I draw on the “possible selves” theoretical construct in order to deploy a flexible conceptual framework that links imagined post-educational trajectories with motivation to act in the present. In tracing the physical movement of these young women as they navigate and complete college, my analysis highlights the ways in which particular kinds of spaces and spatial arrangements facilitate and limit intra- and inter-generational contact, and the extent to which this affects young women’s conceptions of the future. I conclude by considering the wider implications of my research for ongoing debates surrounding youth transitions, relational geographies of age, and education in the Global South.     

Comparative study of As,Cd, Cu,Cr, Mg,Mn, Ni,Pb and Zn concentrations between sediment and water from estuary and port

The contents of As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn have been determined in sediment and water samples from Valle de las Garzas estuary and Port Manzanillo (Colima, Mexico) using ICP-AES. The concentrations of these elements were used for a comparative study to determine the distribution of heavy metals and to evaluate which elements reflect natural or anthropogenic backgrounds. For this purpose, seven sampling points were selected: Four of them correspond to the lagoon, and three were situated in the port. Statistical analysis of the mineral content was assessed. Initially, data comparison was assessed by statistical tests for each variable. Principal component analysis was then applied considering the influence of all variables at the same time by obtaining the distribution of samples according to their scores in the principal component space. In this way, four studies were carried out: (1) study of sediments collected during the dry season; (2) study of sediments collected during the rainy season; (3) comparative study between sediments from rainy and dry season; and (4) study of water composition collected during rainy season. From the results of the performed analyses, it can be concluded that metals distribution pattern reflected natural and anthropogenic backgrounds (e.g., sediments from the lagoon, situated at the beginning of the rain channel, presented high contents of Zn and Cu, perhaps related to anthropogenic activities or the influence of igneous sediments).     

Coprecipitation of Ti,Mo, Sn and Sb with fluorides and application to determination of B,Ti, Zr,Nb, Mo,Sn, Sb,Hf and Ta by ICP-MS

We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l^− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO₂.     

Models,validation, and applied geochemistry: Issues in science,communication, and philosophy

Models have become so fashionable that many scientists and engineers cannot imagine working without them. The predominant use of computer codes to execute model calculations has blurred the distinction between code and model. The recent controversy regarding model validation has brought into question what we mean by a ‘model’ and by ‘validation.’ It has become apparent that the usual meaning of validation may be common in engineering practice and seems useful in legal practice but it is contrary to scientific practice and brings into question our understanding of science and how it can best be applied to such problems as hazardous waste characterization, remediation, and aqueous geochemistry in general. This review summarizes arguments against using the phrase model validation and examines efforts to validate models for high-level radioactive waste management and for permitting and monitoring open-pit mines. Part of the controversy comes from a misunderstanding of ‘prediction’ and the need to distinguish logical from temporal prediction. Another problem stems from the difference in the engineering approach contrasted with the scientific approach. The reductionist influence on the way we approach environmental investigations also limits our ability to model the interconnected nature of reality. Guidelines are proposed to improve our perceptions and proper utilization of models. Use of the word ‘validation’ is strongly discouraged when discussing model reliability.     

Partition coefficients of Hf,Zr, and REE between zircon,apatite, and liquid

Concentration ratios of Hf, Zr, and REE between zircon, apatite, and liquid were determined for three igneous compositions: two andesites and a diorite. The concentration ratios of these elements between zircon and corresponding liquid can approximate the partition coefficient. Although the concentration ratios between apatite and andesite groundmass can be considered as partition coefficients, those for the apatite in the diorite may deviate from the partition coefficients. The HREE partition coefficients between zircon and liquid are very large (100 for Er to 500 for Lu), and the Hf partition coefficient is even larger. The REE partition coefficients between apatite and liquid are convex upward, and large (D=10–100), whereas the Hf and Zr partition coefficients are less than 1. The large differences between partition coefficients of Lu and Hf for zircon-liquid and for apatite-liquid are confirmed. These partition coefficients are useful for petrogenetic models involving zircon and apatite.     

Pools,riffles, and channelization

The addition of regularly spaced deeps (pools) and shallows (riffles) that provide a variety of flow conditions, areal sorting of stream-bed material, cover for wildlife, and a positive aesthetic experience, may be desirable in many channel projects. Such designs will reduce adverse environmental impacts of stream channel modifications. Analysis of variance for pool-to-pool spacing data suggests that there is no significant difference with respect to channel width between pools that form in natural streams and those in streams affected by a variety of human uses. Short of channelization, which changes the channel width, pools and riffles, within limits, are not particularly sensitive to environmental stress. Experiments in Gum Branch near Charlotte, North Carolina, support the hypothesis that channel form and process evolve in harmony and that manipulation of cross-channel morphology can influence the development of desired channel processes. Planned manipulation of its channel form induced Gum Branch to develop as desired. Morphologic stability consisting of incipient point bars, pools, and riffles was maintained over a period of high magnitude flood events, only to be degraded later by a wave of sediment derived from upstream construction and stream-bank failures. Thus, environmentally desirable channel morphology in urban streams cannot remain stable if changes in the sediment load or storm-water runoff exceed the limits of the stream's ability to make internal adjustments while maintaining morphologic stability.     

Entropy,materials, and posterity

Materials and energy are the interdependent feedstocks of economic systems, and thermodynamics is their moderator. It costs energy to transform the dispersed minerals of Earth's crust into ordered materials and structures. And it costs materials to collect and focus the energy to perform work — be it from solar, fossil fuel, nuclear, or other sources. The greater the dispersal of minerals sought, the more energy is required to collect them into ordered states.But available energy can be used once only. And the ordered materials of industrial economies become disordered with time. They may be partially reordered and recycled, but only at further costs in energy. Available energy everywhere degrades to bound states and order to disorder — for though entropy may be juggled it always increases. Yet industry is utterly dependent on low entropy states of matter and energy, while decreasing grades of ore require ever higher inputs of energy to convert them to metals, with ever increasing growth both of entropy and environmental hazard.Except as we may prize a thing for its intrinsic qualities — beauty, leisure, love, or gold — low-entropy is the only thing of real value. It is worth whatever the market will bear, and it becomes more valuable as entropy increases. It would be foolish of suppliers to sell it more cheaply or in larger amounts than their own enjoyment of life requires, whatever form it may take. For this reason, and because of physical constraints on the availability of all low-entropy states, the recent energy crises is only the first of a sequence of crises to be expected in energy and materials as long as current trends continue.The apportioning of low-entropy states in a modern industrial society is achieved more or less according to the theory of competitive markets. But the rational powers of this theory suffer as the world grows increasingly polarized into rich, over-industrialized nations with diminishing resource bases and poor, supplier nations with little industry. The theory also discounts posterity, the more so as population density and percapita rates of consumption continue to grow. A new social, economic, and ecologic norm that leads to population control, conservation, and an apportionment of low-entropy states across the generations is needed to assure to posterity the options that properly belong to it as an important but voiceless constituency of the collectivity we call mankind.

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Zusammenfassung Rohstoffe und Energie sind die Grundlagen unseres ökonomischen Systems, das von den Gesetzen der Thermodynamik bestimmt wird. Es kostet Energie, um die auf der Erde verteilten Rohstoffe diesem System zuzuführen. Andererseits braucht man Rohstoffe, um die Energie nutzbar zu machen.Die verfügbare Energie kann nur einmal genutzt werden und das Material verbraucht sich. Verbrauchtes Material kann teilweise zur weiteren Nutzung zurückgeführt werden, das kostet wiederum Energie. Die verfügbare Energie nimmt überall ab, und einmal geschaffene Ordnung gerät wieder in Unordnung — das heißt, die Entropie des Systems nimmt ständig zu. Die Industrie ist jedoch abhängig von einem niedrigen Entropiezustand sowohl der Materie als auch der Energie.Je ärmer die Erze sind, um so höher wird die Energie sein, um sie in Metalle umzuwandeln, wobei die Entropie und die Belastung der Umwelt ständig zunimmt.Außer den Dingen, die wir wegen höherer ideeller Werte schätzen, ist eine niedrige Entropie der einzige realistische Wertmaßstab, und der wirkliche Wertzuwachs ist nur an einer höheren Entropie zu messen. Es ist unverantwortlich, Dinge, die eine höhere Entropie bedingen, billiger zu verkaufen oder in größerer Menge zu erzeugen, als unbedingt notwendig ist. Da wir dies heute in unserem Handeln nicht berücksichtigen, ist die derzeitige Energiekrise nur der Anfang einer Folge von Krisen, die Energie und Rohstoffe betreffen, solange wir nicht umdenken.Die Verteilung von niedriger Entropie in einer modernen Industriegesellschaft wird mehr oder weniger nach dem Prinzip der konkurrierenden Märkte erreicht. Das selbstregulierende System gerät jedoch mit zunehmender Polarisierung in reiche Industrienationen mit abnehmenden Ressourcen und armen Nationen mit geringer Industrialisierung in Unordnung. Dieses Prinzip berücksichtigt auch nicht die Nachwelt, vor allem wenn die Bevölkerungsdichte stetig zunimmt und die Konsumbedürfnisse anwachsen. Es sind neue soziale, ökonomische und ökologische Normen notwendig, die zur Populationskontrolle, zur Erhaltung der Umwelt und zu einem Zustand niedriger Entropie für zukünftige Generationen führen. Die nach uns kommenden Menschen haben ein Anrecht darauf.

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Résumé Matériaux et énergie sont les sources des systèmes économiques et sont régis par les lois de la thermodynamique. Il faut de l'énergie pour transformer les ressources minérales dispersées dans la croûte terrestre en matériaux et structures ordonnancées. Et il faut des matériaux pour receuillir et concentrer l'énergie, qu'elle soit solaire ou atomique, ou provienne de combustibles fossiles ou d'autres sources. Plus les minéraux recherchés sont dispersés et plus est côuteuse l'énergie pour leur donner une ordonnance.Or l'énergie disponsible ne peut être utilisée qu'une seule fois. Et les matériaux ordonnancés des économies industrielles se dégradent avec le temps. Ils peuvent être remis partiellement en état et recyclés, mais pour cela il faut de nouveau de l'énergie. Partout l'énergie disponible se dégrade et l'ordre devient désordre; -malgré toutes les jongleries possibles l'entropie augmente toujours.L'industrie dépend clairement d'états de basse entropie tant en ce qui concerne les matériaux que l'énergie, tandis que plus pauvres sont les minerais, plus; élevée est l'énergie à mettre en jeu pour en extraire les métaux, avec toujours augmentation à la fois de l'entropie et de la degradation des milieux.A l'exception de ce que nous apprécions pour leur valeur intrinsèque — la beauté, le loisir, l'amour ou l'or — la basse entropie est la seule chose de réelle valeur. Son prix est réglé par le marché, et sa valeur augmente au fur et à mesure que l'entropie s'accroît. Ceux qui en disposent seraient insensés de la vendre à bas prix ou en quantité supérieure à ce qu'exige leur propre niveau de vie. Pour cette raison, et à cause des contraintes physiques liées à la disponibilité en états de basse entropie, la récente crise d'énergie n'est, en ce qui concerne les matières premières et l'énergie, que la première d'une série de crises auxquelles il faut s'attendre aussi longtemps que se poursoit la marche actuelle des étènements.Dans les sociétés industrielles modernes, les approvisionnement en basse entropie s'effectuent plus ou moins conformément à la théorie de la concurrence des marchés. Cependant la rationalité de cette théorie se ressent de l'accentuation croissante de la polarisation, à l'échelle du monde, en nations riches, surindustrialisées, à ressources de base décroissantes, et en nations pauvres, sous-industrialisées, mais fournisseurs de resources-naturelles. De plus cette théorie ne tient pas compte de notre postérité, et ce, en face d'une densité de population et d'un taux de la consommation par tête d'habitant en augmentation continue.Nous avons donc besoin de nouvelles normes sociales, économiques et écologiques qui conduisent au contrôle de la population, à la conservation et à la répartition des états de basse entropie à travers les générations pour assurer à notre postérité les options qui leur riviennent de droit comme une constituante importante, mais encore muette, de la collectivité que nous appelons l'Humanité.

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Dedicated with appreciation to Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen, distinguished economist, realist among cornucopians